(a) Size of a database (b) Size of a data item (c) Size of a record (d) .........
(2) R = (A, B, C, D). We decompose it into R1 = (A, B), R2 = (C, D). The set of functional dependencies is: A B, C D, Then decomposition is a
(a) Dependency preserving but lossy (b)Dependency preserving and lossless (c) lossless
(3) if A(x) = {0.1,0.2,0.3, .....} B(x) = {0.3,0.4,0.5,......} then find out Complement of A B
Solution: (1)find out Intersection first using below rule Standard intersection (A B)(x) = min [A(x), B(x)] (2) Find out complement using complement rule Standard complement cA(x) = 1 A(x)
(4) Find out which of the following grammer is in GNF(Greibach Normal Form )
Options: given 4 grammers and we need to find out the grammers which are in GNF
(5) Find out the Regular expression produced by the following DFA
Answer: (B)
(6) (1) Every context-sensitive language is recursive (2) There exist recursive languages that are not context-sensitive which of the following are correct statements
(a) (1) only (b) (2) only (c) Both (1) and (2) (d) Neither (1) nor (2)
Answer: (C)
Explanation:
Every regular language is context-free, every context-free language is context-sensitive and every context-sensitive language is recursive and every recursive language is recursively enumerable. These are all proper inclusions, meaning that there exist recursively enumerable languages which are not recursive, recursive languages that are not context-sensitive, context-sensitive languages which are not context-free and contextfree languages which are not regular.
(7) One Question on the closure properties of Recursively enumarable languages, Recursive languages and context free languages
CLOSURE PROPERTIES
Recursively enumerable languages are closed under the following operations. That is, if L and P are two recursively enumerable languages, then the following languages are recursively enumerable as well: the Kleene star the concatenation the union the intersection of L of L and P
Note that recursively enumerable languages are not closed under set difference or complementation. The set difference L - P may or may not be recursively enumerable. If L is recursively enumerable, then the complement of L is recursively enumerable if and only if L is also recursive. Recursive languages are closed under the following operations. That is, if L and P are two recursive languages, then the following languages are recursive as well: The Kleene star The image (L) under an e-free homomorphism The concatenation The union The intersection The complement of The set difference The last property follows from the fact that the set difference can be expressed in terms of intersection and complement.
CLOSURE PROPERTIES
Context-free languages are closed under the following operations. That is, if L and P are context-free languages, the following languages are context-free as well: the union the reversal of L the concatenation the Kleene star the image of L of L under a homomorphism of L and P
of L and P
the image
the cyclic shift of L (the language ) Context-free languages are not closed under complement, intersection, or difference. However, if L is a context-free language and D is a regular language then both their intersection difference are context-free languages. and their
[edit]Nonclosure under intersection and complement The context-free languages are not closed under intersection. This can be seen by taking the languages and , which are both , which can be shown to be non-
context-free. Their intersection is context-free by the pumping lemma for context-free languages.
Context-free languages are also not closed under complementation, as for any languages A and B: .
CLOSURE PROPERTIES
The regular languages are closed under the various operations, that is, if the languages K and L are regular, so is the result of the following operations: the set theoretic Boolean operations: union From this also difference follows.
, intersection
, and complement
the regular operations: union , concatenation , and Kleene star . the trio operations: string homomorphism, inverse string homomorphism, and intersection with regular languages. As a consequence they are closed under arbitrary finite state transductions, like quotient with a regular language. Even more, regular languages are closed under quotients with arbitrary languages: If L is regular then L/K is regular for any K. the reverse (or mirror image) .
(2) Deterministic and non-deterministic PDA's are equivalent which of the following are correct statements
(a) (1) only (b) (2) only (c) Both (1) and (2) (d) Neither (1) nor (2)
Answer: (A)
(9)
Options (a) G1 only (b) G2 only (c) Both G1 and G2 (d) Neither G1 nor G2
Answer (b)
(10) (a+b) (a+b) (a+b) ..... (a+b) n times ... minimum number of states required to implement using DFA
Answer: (c)
OLAP OLTP
Datawarehouse RDBMS
...............................
(14) Which of the trees needs to have all leaves in the same level
Answer: B trees
(15) which of the following tree gives sorted list during traversal
Software verification asks the question, "Are we building the product right?"; that is, does the
software conform to its specification. Software validation asks the question, "Are we building the right product?"; that is, is the software doing what the user really requires. (17) CMM level 4 also included in
(18) A grammer has given ... four grammers given as four options . we need to find the equivalent grammer to the given grammer
(19)On a disk with 1000 cylinders, numbers 0 to 999, compute the number of tracks the disk arm must move to satisfy all the requests in the disk queue. Assume the last request serviced was at track 345 and the head is moving toward track 0.The queue in FIFO order contains requests for the following tracks : 123,874,692,475,105,376.Perform the computation for SCAN scheduling algorithm :
Answer: 1219
It is often advised to focus system design on hardware scalability rather than on capacity. It is typically cheaper to add a new node to a system in order to achieve improved performance than to partake in performance tuning to improve the capacity that each node can handle. But this approach can have diminishing returns (as discussed in performance engineering). For example: suppose 70% of a program can be sped up if parallelized and run on multiple CPUs instead of one. If that is sequential, and is the fraction of a calculation
is the fraction that can be parallelized, the maximum speedup that can be
to 8 processors we get . Doubling the processing power has only improved the speedup by roughly one-fifth. If the whole problem was parallelizable, we would, of course, expect the speed up to double also. Therefore, throwing in more hardware is not necessarily the optimal approach.
(21) java.util.*
I think...
1. 2. 3.
Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.
Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database and what relationship among those data. View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.
(a) Strings (b) lists (c) Queues (d) All the above
(25) optimal binary search tree if probability of successful and unsuccessful search are same
(27) Deadlock is
Explanation :
DB2 allows you to put a limit on the amount of time youll wait at a database level using the LOCKTIMEOUT configuration parameter.
(28) Software is
(29)A common property of logic programming languages and functional languages is:
(a) both are procedural languages (b) both are based on -calculus (c) both are declarative (d) both use Horn-clauses
Answer: I think (B)
(30) A* Algorithm ..heauristic function = g+h ...................... .................................................... (a) g=0 (b) g=1 (c)h=0 (d) h=1
(32) In unit testing of a module, it is found for a set of test data, at the maximum 90% of the code alone were tested with the probability of success 0.9. the reliability of the module is
a. Atleast greater than 0.9 b. Equal to 0.9 c. Atmost 0.81 d. Atleast 1/0.81
Answer: (C)
(33) which of the following software metric does not depend on programming language
(a) LOC ( Lines of code ) (b) Function Point (c) member of token (d) None
(35) There is an edge between u and v.. (u,v). shortest path from s to u is 53 and shortest path from s to v is 65 then what can you say about (u,v)
(a) (u,v) =12 (b) (u,v) >= 12 (c) (u,v) <=12 (d) (u,v) > 12
(a) Bourne Shell (b) C Shell (c) Net Shell (d) Korne Shell
(a) user mode (b) kernel mode (c) super user mode
(39) Printf("%c",100)
8051
Instructions
addressing modes
..........................................................
...........................................................
(47) In pre-emtive scheduling algorithm if time quantum increases, effective turn around time
(50) if an integer takes 2 bytes.. what is the maximum value can be represented
(51) interrupts
(54) when one transaction updates a database item and then the transaction fails for some reason is called
(56) Number of binary trees with 5 nodes (a) 32 (b) 36 (c) 120 (d) .....
(57) Given post order traversal ... need find out the preorder traversal\
(58) Consider the methods used by processes P1 and P2 for accessing their critical sections whenever needed, as given below. The initial values of shared boolean variables S1 and S2 are randomly assigned.
Method Used by P1 while (S1 == S2) ; Critica1 Section S1 = S2; Method Used by P2 while (S1 == S2) ; Critica1 Section S2 = not (S1);
Which one of the following statements describes the properties achieved? (GATE CS 2010) (A) Mutual exclusion but not progress (B) Progress but not mutual exclusion
(C) Neither mutual exclusion nor progress (D) Both mutual exclusion and progress
Progress Requirement: If no process is executing in its critical section and there exist some processes that wishes to enter their critical section, then the selection of the processes that will enter the critical section next cannot be postponed indefinitely.
(59) if virtual address space and logical address space is same then
(a) Bridges
(b) switches
Explanation:
Layer 6:Presentation Layer The presentation layer presents the data into a uniform format and masks the difference of data format between two dissimilar systems. It also translates the data from application to the network format. Presentation layer is also responsible for the protocol conversion, encryption, decryption and data compression. Presentation layer is a best layer for cryptography. Network Devices: Gateway Redirector is operates on the presentation layer
(67)
(68)
K=0; for i=1 to n for i1=1 to i for i2=1 to i1 ................ .......... ............. for im=1 to im-1 k=k+1 output for this program?
Answer: C(n+m-1,m)
(a) House banking (b) for evaluating employee performance (c)....... ...........
(70) if virtual address space is equal to physical address space then ...
(72) How many relations are there on a set with n elements that are symmetric and How many relations are there on a set with n elements that are reflexive and symmetric ?
Solution:
Let R be the set with n elements. Then RxR has n^2 elements in it, and the relationson R correspond exactly to the subsets of RxR, giving us 2^(n^2) relations in general.
If the relation is symmetric, we can think of it slightly differently. Let P2(R) be all subsets of R with 2 elements, and P1(R) be all the subsets of R with a single element. Then all symmetric relations will correspond exactly to the subsets of P2(R) U P1(R). Notice that P2(R) is exactly like RxR, except the pairs aren't ordered, and it only considers pairs with distinct x and y (the pairs where they aren't distinct are covered by P1(R)). How many elements does P2(R) have in it? Well, we are looking for all pairs of the form:
{x, y}
where x and y are distinct and in R. They correspond to an unordered selection of 2 objects from n objects, giving us:
n C 2 = (1/2)n(n - 1)
How many elements of P1(R) are there? Well, clearly, there will be n elements. So, the total number of elements in P2(R) U P1(R) will be:
2^[(1/2)n(n + 1)]
As for all relations that are antisymmetric, that's a bit more tricky. I'll have to think about that one. The relations that are neither reflexive nor irreflexive are not too difficult to count. Assuming that n > 0, it's impossible for a relation to be simultaneously reflexive and irreflexive, so if we count the number of
reflexive relations, and the number of irreflexive relations, then we will not have counted the same relation twice, and we can just subtract this number from 2^(n^2).
In both the reflexive and irreflexive cases, essentially membership in the relation is decided for all pairs of the form {x, x}. This leaves n^2 - n pairs to decide, giving us, in each case:
2^(n^2 - n)
choices of relation. That is the number of reflexive relations, and also the number of irreflexive relations. The number of relations that are either reflexive or irreflexive will be the sum:
If we subtract this from the total number of relations, 2^(n^2), then we get the number of relations that are neither reflexive or irreflexive:
2^(n^2) - 2^(n^2 - n + 1)
OK, I've just thought of a way to deal with the antisymmetric case. Again, we will consider P2(R) U P1(R). We can choose freely which pairs of the form (x, x) we want in our relation, so we can choose freely our subset of P1(R), giving us 2^n possible contributions from P1(R). As for our contribution from P2(R), for each {x, y} pair in P2(R), we must have exactly one of the following three possibilities:
1) Neither (x, y) nor (y, x) is in our relation. 2) Only (x, y) is in our relation. 3) Only (y, x) is in our relation.
Each choice for each {x, y} can be made independently of the other choices chosen previously. Also, making two distinct choices will result in two distinct relations, i.e. we are not counting anything twice. Therefore, the number of contributions from P2(R) will be:
The contributions of P2(R) and P1(R) are independent, so the total number of antisymmetric relations will be:
(73) Which data structure is used when you do the post order traversal
answer: stack
(74) what would be the top of elements in stack when u do post order traversal
23^8/23*
Answeer: 6,1
Answer: class D
(77) x.25 is
(a) connection oriented (b) connection less (c) both (d) neither of them
Answer : (a)
(78)HTML standard
(79) if an instruction takes i nano seconds ... if it takes extra j nano seconds for every k instructions then effective access time is
Answer: i+j/k
(80) if Q(x,y) represents x+y=0 and x,y are real numbers then
(1)
xy Q(x,y)
(2) xy Q(x,y)
which of the statements are true
Explanation:
Compare these two sentences: "For all x, there exists at least one y such that Q(x,y)" and "there is at least one y such that, for all x, Q(x,y)". Here Q(x,y) is some sentence about x and y, such as "x+y=0". The first of these means that for all x, there is a y WHICH IS ALLOWED TO VARY WITH EACH x which makes Q(x,y) true. So, for example, "for all x, there exists at least one y such that x+y=0" is true because y=-x makes it true.
The sentence "there is at least one x such that, for all y, Q(x,y)" means that there exists one x which does the job for all y of making Q(x,y) true. This is a much tougher statement to make true! Notice that "there is at least one x such that, for all y, x+y=0" is false for the real numbers---there x has to be -y and must vary with y which this sentence does not allow.
http://www.math.hawaii.edu/~ramsey/Logic/ThereIs.html
(84) 10 base Tx
Answer is Tree
(87) which logic family is fastest Answer: TTL (88) To connect diffrent technology networks
Answer: bridge
(89) Consider unsigned integer representation. How many bits will be required to store a decimal
Answer: 10 bits
Explanation:
we have to find the lowest power of 2 that is higher than that range. For instance, 3 decimal digits -> 10^3 = 1000 possible numbers so you have to find the lowest power of 2 that is higher than 1000, which in this case is 2^10 = 1024 (10 bits).