1.5!!Hybrid!functions! !

Hybrid!functions!are!several!functions!drawn!on!a!single!set!of!axes.!An! example!of!a!hybrid!function!is:! ! ! Note!that!for!a!hybrid!relation!to!be!a!function,!it!must!succeed!in!the!vertical! line!test.! This!hybrid!function!would!have!the!following!graph:! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!Be!sure!to!include! hollow!circles!for! nonOincluded!end! points!and! discontinuities,!and! coloured!circles!for! included!end!points.! ! ! ! ! ! ! If! because:! !when! ,!then!the!graph!does!not!succeed!in!the!vertical!line!test!

or

.!Therefore!this!graph!would!be!a!hybrid!

relation,!but!not!a!hybrid!function.! !
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2.1.1!!Transformations:!Translations! !
Consider!two!functions,! !and .!

Now,!if!the!we!take!f(2),!it!will!not!equal!g(2).!If!f!and!g!are!to!have!the!same!yvalue,!we!need!to!put!into!g!an!x-value!that!is!1!greater!than!the!x-value!of!f.!! That!is:! ! ,!but! ! ! ! ! From!this,!we!can!see!that!the!graph!of! !is!that!of! ,!translated!

by!1!unit!in!the!positive!direction!parallel!to!the!x-axis.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! Therefore:!

Replacing!x!with!x8h!is!a!translation!of!h!units!in!the!positive! direction!parallel!to!the!x8axis! !
In!the!same!way:!

Replacing!y!with!y8k!is!a!translation!of!k!units!in!the!positive! direction!parallel!to!the!y8axis!
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If!the!original!graph!is!not!in!a!simple!form!as!in!the!example!in!chapter!3.4,!the! dash!method!becomes!a!very!useful!tool.! e.g.,! Determine!the!sequence!of!transformations!which!map!the!graph!of! to! Solution:! Since! and!y.! ! !is!the!equation!of!the!image,!we!can!put!dashes!on!x image! graph!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!original!graph! .!

!!!!!!

!!

Equating!x!with!

!and!y!with!

:! !

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!and!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Since!

,! !and!the!transformations!can!be!read!off!from!

here:! A!dilation!by!factor!2!along!the!xOaxis!followed!by! A!translation!of!3!units!in!the!negative!direction!parallel!to!the!xOaxis! followed!by! A!dilation!of!factor! along!the!y-axis!followed!by!

!
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A!reflection!in!the!xOaxis!followed!by! A!translation!of!! units!in!the!negative!direction!parallel!to!the!yOaxis!

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Section!4:!Applications!of!Differentiation!
4.1.1!O!Tangents!and!Normals:!Introduction!
!

At!this!point!we!need!to!remember!what!differentiation!is!all!about.! Differentiation!gives!us!a!rate!of!change.!The!most!common!rate!of!change!that! we!deal!with!is!the!rate!of!change!of!y!with!respect!to!x,!more!commonly! known!as!the!gradient.! When!we!differentiate! ,!we!get! !

f !(x) !is!known!at!the!gradient!function!and!tells!us!the!gradient!of!the!original!
function! f (x) !at!a!given!value!of!x.!! The!definition!of!a!tangent!is!a!line!that!just!touches!the!graph.!Thus!the! tangent!will!have!the!same!gradient!of!the!graph!at!the!tangent!point,!with!the! gradient!given!by! f !(x) .! The!definition!of!!normal!is!a!line!that!is!perpendicular!to!the!tangent,!but!also! passes!through!the!graph!at!the!tangent!point.! These!lines!are!shown!in!the!graph!below.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tangent!Line! Normal!Line!

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4.3.3!!Linear!Approximation:!The!steps!
! 1) First!work!out!what!is!a!reasonable!function!and!define!the!function! ! 2) Work!out!an!appropriate!value!for! ,!and!hence!what!h!should!be! 3) Differentiate 4) Substitute!in ! ! and!find! ! !into!the!linear!approximation!formula.!

4.3.4!!Linear!Approximation:!Worked!Example!
"

Find!an!approximate!value!for! 1) Let! f (x) =

1 !! x

1 !! 99

2) Let!us!use! x = 100 !(as!it!has!a!square!root!of!10!meaning!we!can!find!the! exact!value!of! f (100) !easily)!and!thus! h = !1 !! 3) f !(x) =

"1 ! 2x 3/2

f (x + h) ! f (x) + h " f #(x) = f (100) $ 1" f #(100)

4)

100 = 0.1$ 0.001 = 0.099

$1 1003/2

! ! !

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! e.g.!1,! Ralph!has!two!boxes,!A!and!B.!Box!A!contains!3!white!marbles!and!4!black!marbles.!Box!B!contains! 2!white!marbles!and!5!black!marbles.!Ralph!first!chooses!a!box!at!random!and!then!randomly! chooses!a!marble!from!it.!Find!the!probability!that:! ! ! i)! ii)! He!chooses!a!white!marble! He!chooses!a!marble!from!box!B,!given!that!he!chose!a!white!marble!

solution:! ! ! ! i)! Let!W!be!the!event!that!he!chooses!a!white!marble,!and!B!be!the!! event!that!he!chooses!a!black!marble.!! ! ! !

! e.g.!2,!

ii)!

At!a!petrol!station,!20%!of!customers!buy!premium!fuel,!50%!buy!unleaded!and!30%!buy!diesel.! When!customers!buy!premium,!unleaded!or!diesel,!there!is!a!60%,!40%!and!70%!chance! respectively!that!they!will!fill!the!tank.!! ! i)! Find!the!probability!that!a!random!car!leaving!the!petrol!station!has!! ! ! a!full!tank! ! ii)! Given!that!car!leaving!the!petrol!station!has!an!empty!tank,!what!is!! ! ! the!probability!that!the!customer!bought!diesel?! Solution:! ! ! i)! Let!P,!U,!D!and!F!be!the!events!that!a!customer!buys!premium,!! ! unleaded,!or!diesel,!and!the!customer!fills!the!tank!respectively.! !

! !

ii)! ! !

!
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11.3!!!Inverse!Normal!and!zOscores! !
Say!the!score!out!of!100!for!two!tests,!A!and!B!are!distributed!normally!where!the!distribution!for! test!A,!X,!has!a!mean!of!75!and!standard!deviation!of!8,!whilst!the!distribution!for!test!B,!Y!has! mean!63!and!standard!deviation!2.5.!If!two!students!score!79!and!68!on!tests!A!and!B!respectively,! how!can!we!gauge!which!student!performed!better?!!

! ! Since!the!tests!have!different!distributions,!the!scores!are!not!directly!comparable.!Instead,!we! give!the!scores!a!zOscore,!which!is!where!that!student!would!lie!on!the!standard!normal! distribution,!a!normal!distribution!with!a!mean!of!0!and!standard!deviation!of!1,!usually!denoted!Z.!! A!score!of!x!on!a!distribution!with!mean! !and!standard!deviation!of! has!a!zOscore!given!by:!

!
So!for!the!score!of!68,! For!the!score!of!79,! ! ! ! !
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! !