MANAGEMENT BY DECEPTION (MBD): THE NEED FOR DESIGNING A VIABLE STRATEGY

Qeis Kamran
Kamran Management GmbH Pfraundorfer Weg 33 83026 Rosenheim Germany Phone: +49-17666814739 email: qeiskamran@aol.com Doctoral Student of University of Latvia

Abstract Calling organizational effectiveness a strategy is just as much a scientific flaw as navigating organizations in accordance with so called strategies, based solely on military minded-, shareholder oriented-, and financially reduced tactics and surgical measures. [21, p. 1] Dysfunctional organizations per se are not the only problem moreover; we severely violate our perception of organizational and environmental reality. In this state of chaos we not only do not understand what we are doing but most importantly why we are doing it. We ignore the main duty of business, namely survival [9, p. 46], and additionally we observe the reality of the world as we can see it, via reduction ad absurdumof mere tactics and measures. Additionally we violate our perception of reality by limiting our awareness of the problems to be defined and the action taken to solve them. These actions regarding the managerial problems we have observed are largely dependent on the view that we as individuals or as groups who have encountered them have of the system and perception of reality to which they refer. [27, p. 199] The doctrine of todays management1, its value and strategy is viciously directed towards the mass2 to underscore its effectiveness as the one and only embodiment of truth to be observed for the mass3 not by mass and not by its real meaning but by its deceptive certitude. [12, p. 83-84] This distorted perception of reality played a vital role in Orwellian Newspeak [19, p. 3], a ubiquitous application of indoctrinated managerial truth. Our Business Schools may not become The Ministry of Truth [19, p. 3], but as the reader might observe, this has already been successfully manifested by a discipline called business administration. We as management scientists must be aware of this and not violate the most fundamental principle of scientific discourse, which has always demanded the separation of the observer from the observed as the principle of objectivity required for a scientific discipline. [27, p. 4] Actions according to the principles or ethics cannot be articulated, as Wittgenstein rightfully observed as they always reside in the action itself. [28, p. 5-6] Then morals cannot be separated from facts [8, p. 1], since facts, truths and actions based upon the empirical perception of reality and the preconditions created by organizations in the interests of claiming organizational viability and achieving its objectives are the embodiment of viable strategic management. This paper intends to foster awareness of the points mentioned above via a cybernetics lens in its creative circularity.

The author is referring to stakeholders The author is referring to shareholder value doctrine 3 The author is underpinning the created falsification of an untruth
2

Purpose This paper attempts to underpin the theoretical and practical4 claim that we need to change our perception of our environmental reality and our perception and model of organizational structure, its identity and strategy as the necessary and sufficient preconditions and measure of organizations viability. Findings The evidence documented in the paper both examines the current problems and provides sufficient evidence for a vital need in changing our perception of organizational management, the model, and its strategy. Originality/value The problems shown exemplify the unparalleled loss of direction, identity and strategy in management. Managers are today dangerous agents of the society. This misdirection and misperception must be corrected. Management is the most vital, most essential, and most rewarding vocation of the society, but it has been reduced to obscuring the society by clouding the perception of reality. This paper examines this misdirection and claims that a radical change in management doctrine and its strategy is much overdue. Key terms: Organization, Cybernetics, Reality, Strategy
'We are aware that the many techniques of cybernetics, by transforming the control function and the manipulation of information, will transform our whole society. With this knowledge, we are wide awake, alert, capable of action; no longer are we blind, inert powers of fate.' (Beer, 1985, after Pierre Trudeau) Pierre Trudeau Harrison Liberal Conference 21st November 196

1. Introduction
Viability5 is not a matter of choice for the firm, its its necessity6. Reducing viability only to shareholder value7 as the fitness indicator of a firm and measuring its health and longevity only through the lenses of financial analysts is not only a dangerous practice to the firm and the society, but its unscientific, too.8 Both doctrines the shareholder value and its generally observed salvation as the stakeholder approach, the first one, which has failed as the corporate and Western economical system collapses tell their own story and the later, which is just taking a step backwards have group interests [15, p.11]. Group interests differ from the interests of the company, its health, and survivability. When Peter Drucker, the doyen of management argued that the purpose of a business is to create a customer [9, p. x], he knew that other definitions will not have the seeds of survivability of the organization within their system. He went further and stated another definition of what needs to be done after the customer is created and a profit is made, profits are the costs of staying in business [9, p. 40]. Here again he embedded survivability as the main purpose of a business. Thus the main purpose of profits is to stay in business and everything else comes second. Science as an observer of probable truth must act and correct its way ubiquitously by errors detected and new insights gained. We have described, says Reichenbach, the principle of

4 5

As the examples will prove and describes through-out the paper Viability is used as a cybernetics term and means: able to maintain a separate existence after (Beer, 1985) 6 An organization is viable if it can survive in a particular sort of environment. For although its existence is separate, so that it enjoys some kind of autonomy, it cannot survive in a vacuum (Beer, 1985). 7 A stock markets valuation of a companys shares 8 Financial analysts can only judge the current situation of a business, in the last three months and may be one or two more months ahead

induction as the means whereby science decides upon truth. To be more exact, we should say that it serves to decide upon probability. For it is not given to science to reach either truth or falsity . . . but scientific statements can only attain continuous degrees of probability whose unattainable upper and lower limits are truth and falsity [23, p. 6]. Here we approach a major problem; business administration, which has not emerged because of scientific pursuits and curiosity of the scientists, but moreover from the training and educational necessity of the practitioners, was nothing more and didnt want to be anything else. Only by the want of scientification of the field by the teachers, who wanted to make themselves a place at the university has the process began [26, p.17]. However, since, most of the Professors after achieving their objective still adhered to their prior objective of teaching a practical and useful knowledge to the practitioner and their students, we have achieved a state of chaos9, which took away the field of business administration its scientifically deserved place among its older sister, the field of Economics and additionally it did not give the practitioner a needed craftsmanship to navigate businesses [26, p.17]. The purpose of the teaching of the field has to be to prepare a scientific trained and practical handling human, who is a problem specialist (26, p. 24), not a part, nor is he the cause of the problem, whose whole power and training is directed towards solving a problem. The burden on the field is high, since it is not any function, but has to be the most essential societal function. [16, p.52] The author intends to reduce the current gap between the scientific and the practical environment of the field, while enhancing its scientific depth and practicability for the creation of viable organizations, healthier business environment and successful societies.

2. Uncrowning the beast

As this interdisciplinary scientific field lost its way and made the declaration that the creation of shareholder value [13, p. title] by all means as the for profit enterprises main objective, it paved the way for misguidance in managers behavior as, deception, illegality, beautificationssurgery and obscuring the reality in their accounting called also as financial engineering, delusion of youth and children also called as social engineering, behavioral and psychographic manipulations as a part of marketing, breaking most of the social structures as schools, health care, public transportation, energy- and water companies, etc., which a healthy society needs called as privatization and deregulation. Following the Chicago boys doctrine [13, p. 94] and economical school; a society which is socialist cannot also be democratic, in the sense of guaranteeing individual freedom [10, p. 7]. Clearly, economic freedom, in and of itself, is an extremely important part of total freedom. [10, p. 7], has pushed the rate of uninsured Americans to 16.7 percent in 2009, when there were 46.3 million uninsured [11, 2010]. What a perception of freedom.10 In scientific and educational literature problems are handled in terms of a) what has been done in the field before, b) what real and useful knowledge exists in the present time, and c) what should be done [1, p.142]. Reviewing the literature in the business administration we see none in the first category, a little in the second and many in the third category but sadly without the

Note: the author emphasizes that in the field, we have descriptive analysis, generalized experiences, illustration examples for hypotheses and much more. Additionally the want of modernity in the literature, creates additional problems because it adds more to the unproved models and thesis. 10 The citizen of the United States who is compelled by law to devote something like in per cent of his income to the purchase of a particular kind of retirement contract, administered by the government, is being deprived of a corresponding part of his personal freedom. (10, p.1). What if somebody lets say a police officer limits my car speed, because of some governmental law, is he depriving me, too?

needed scientific standing, supporting evidence and proper investigation. This published bulk sadly does not qualify to the terms described above [11, p.142]. Popper observed that scientists, whether theorists or experimenters have to put forward statements, or systems of statements, and tests them step by step (23, p.3). In the field of the empirical sciences, more particularly, he constructs hypotheses, or systems of theories, and tests them against experience by observation and experiment.[23, p.3] In business administration we do case studies, which are anticipated generalization of a single case and which must be rejected at the university level, without reducing the worth of the experience described in it. [26, p.28].Business is changing rapidly, but textbooks and cased dont [18, p.22-23]; [Ulrich, p.28].Business education must set prerequisites and requirements in the practitioners capabilities to mainly solve the problem of tomorrow, which the business world has not experienced before [26, p. 28]. In addition, looking closely at the Enrons11 by observing the pursuit of immediate shareholder value or called the darkest side of shareholder value12 and the scandals of Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Adelphia, Rite Aid, Health South, Arthur Andersen, Earnest & Young, J.P Morgan, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Xerox, and Boeing Corporation, called as corporate misconduct [20, 2010-2011], Lehman Brothers, called the spectacular failure of the devils casino [Ward, 2010], the most recent BP13 corporations saving for the shareholder value on the costs of employees lives and the environment and causing the worlds deadliest environmental crises of Deepwater Horizon or the very recent Fukushima nuclear disaster, as the summaries of TEPCOs14 nuclear scandals, misconducts, failure of the safety checks and the absence of having a corporate culture that requires employees to strictly observe the code of ethics [14, 2004], reveal much empirical evidence that the author did not need to do his own additional empirical research to substantiate his claim. In the case of later, TEPCO suffered much in publics eye in 200415, and 2011 reveals that nothing has been learned and all those statements by Mr. Kurda the CEO of TEPCO in 2004 were false as claimed by at that time. We need just to look at the news today16 and will have all the needed scientific evidence as required in science to put the following hypotheses into examination by observing the environment and the behaviours: The management profession is seriously in trouble. The insatiable greed, lust for money and power, and the predatorism of free market economy with its most spectacular case of bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers during the 2008s financial market crisis, the collapse of Icelands financial system17, which is especially intriguing as Iceland is not an underdeveloped country18 [2, 2011, p.1], not only ruined these organizations and country by dismantling them as card houses due to a short period of discontinuity, observed for the mass as the financial crises, which in fact was nothing more than a management crises, it more a regulation and system crises and which heavily wounded the society at large. However, it is to doubt that shareholder value thinking alone has lead to the financial crisis. It is rather a lack of regulation of the financial markets, poor corporate governance, and management incentive schemes as status and salaries and bonuses with, which favored short term thinking. Shareholders are among the big losers in this crisis, since they need regulations which protect

11 12

Enron was the 7th largest US corporations See also (Burton 2002) 13 British Petroleum PLC 14 Note: TEPCO stands for, Tokyo Electric Power Company 15 TEPCO, has a history of noncompliance and environmental disasters 16 Fukushima disaster achieved the level of Chernobyl Catastrophe (INES) Level 7 17 See also the cases of Ireland and Greece 18 Iceland ranked third in the United Nations 2009 Human Development Index

the long term interest of the shareholders not depriving them of their assets in their name. (17, 2010) This policy of perversion of the capitalistic economical system has done irreparable damages to society and in particularly to the small investors. The two major scams (Harshad and Ketan Parekh) in the Indian stock market and major brokerage houses in the US as Smith-Barney and Merrill-Lynch have betrayed their small investors with inflated stock recommendations [20, 2010- 2011] and Lehmanns betraying its employees out of their lifetime savings and itself out of existence. The reader might notice that the authors focus is not only on the board of management or the CEOs19 of the firm, but more on a doctrine, the ultimate doctrine of so a called scientific field the business administration. Its easier to blame the managers or politicians and bankers, etc. However, it requires a bit more in depth analysis to find the real monster with an unquenchable lust and thirst. This member of the society claims to be a legal persona, it wants to have all the rights of a natural person under the human designed laws, wants to be able to immigrate from country to country, wants to be protected under human made law, wants to be secure, wants to gain from the society, to have children or sisters20, but it still calculates if obeying the human and environmental laws is necessary or if caught to pay the fine is cheaper, it acts destructive to the society, it creates slaves and brain washed members of its own organization although it is itself a slave of a false doctrine, which is the maximization of profits under all costs in a short time period. This doctrine creates wars, manipulates policy makers21, causes the delusions of our children22, restricts humans in their privacy23, invest more in creating and manufacturing diseases24 by disease mongering and in its marketing than in finding cure for real diseases, but above all it strictly declines and refuses to serve the society and humans. If any service has been done, it was only if a scandal arouses and if the companies products were boycotted, as the

19

CEOs are slaves of the doctrine of shareholder value themselves and have been mostly blamed as problems of the late management crises, but looking deeper into the roots of the problem we can see the problems also in their training 20 Note, the author refers to organisational immigrations, M&As, Joint Ventures, etc. 21 See Atom Lobby in Germany 22 Sophie Bissonnette's documentary film Sexy Inc. Our Children Under Influence, analyzes the hypersexualization of our environment and its noxious effects on young people. Psychologists, teachers and school nurses criticize the unhealthy culture surrounding our children, where marketing and advertising are targeting younger and younger audiences and bombarding them with sexual and sexist images. These stereotypes treat girls of all ages as sexual objects, and exercise a damaging effect on their identities. Because they see degrading images of sexuality on the Internet, some children confuse sexual relations with pornography (Bissonnette, 2007). www. http://www3.onf.ca/sg/100522.pdf 23 See: Big brother, big business(www.cnbc.com). The story of the EU Security Research Programme is one of Big Brother meets market fundamentalism. It was personified by the establishment in 2003 of aGroup of Personalities (GoP) comprised of EU officials and Europes biggest arms and IT companies. The GoPs concern was a simple one: European multinationals are losing out to their US competitors because the US government is providing them with a billion dollars a year for security research it recommended the EU match this level of funding to ensure a level playing field. The European Commission has obliged with a preparatory budget for security research 2004-6, with the full ESRP to begin in 2007, and appointed an EU Security Research Advisory Board to oversee the programme. This makes permanent the GoP and gives profit-making corporations an official status in the EU, shaping not just security research but security policy. (Hayes, 2006, p. 1) 24 Disease mongering is the selling of sickness that widens the boundaries of illness in order to grow markets for those who sell and deliver treatments. It is a process that turns healthy people into patients, causes iatrogenic harm, and wastes precious resources. Disease mongering is the contemporary form of medicalisation. It is a process now driven by both corporate and professional interests, and it has become part of the global debate about health care. International consumer groups now target drug companybacked disease mongering as a wasteful threat to public health, while the global pharmaceutical industry has been forced to defend its promotion of lifestyle medicines for problems like slimming and sexual difficulties

cases of Nike by tolerating and enhancing inhuman conditions and abuse of the labour force in Malaysia and Shell by wanting to sink Brent Spar [22, p.1] Ladies and gentlemen welcome to our modern Corporation misguided by so called monetarist managers [15, p.10], who are trained by Ivy League Business Schools teaching business administration (by case study methods) with an objective of maximizing shareholder value, and who is unable to distinguish between dealmakers and genuine entrepreneurial manager or between the company as a productive social system or an object of financial scams [Ulrich, title]; [15, 2006, p.1]. But, now its time to call an end to the tyrants actions designed by a false doctrine [15, p. 9 ] and to correct a self-destroying thing claiming to be a being. Only science can do what needs to be done, since it deals with the metas25 of management. Nevertheless, the science itself has to purify itself from the dust of betrayal, blindness and misconduct. However, only science is capable to create that something ubiquitously present in human being and in his affairs, called conscience26 and the need of standing by and revealing of the truth to our future managers. In our case this we speak of a genuine management27, which is the profession of control28, whichs science is cybernetics29 as the science of control [7, p. 319] And the author emphasizes that: control is the ethos30 of management.

3. Man31 and management

The evolving man today however overwhelmed by challenges created by himself or others in the so called higher clans of society for him to control him, is still able to reflect. This quality, which is sadly mostly taken for granted differs him from other animals. But this unique capacity of man is in danger. The situation is highly alarming and we can surely consider that the mans evolution may have taken a wrong turn. [6, p. 23]. Every man made problem of society is a management problem, since management is the most vital profession of a society. Reality especially, managerial reality on which a manager must perform his three main tasks as 1) setting business policy, 2) making decisions 3) control32 [3, p.10] , can only be understood and measured by an interdisciplinary awareness and understanding of the scientific trained manager. This we observe as a holistic approach. Although the job of the manger is undeniably of an intellectual art [3, p. 9], nevertheless it is sadly to say that this approach has been chunked in our business schools into departmental compartments. This approach fosters not the ability of problem solving specialist but it is to restrict him of his managerial freedom. This training by limitation creates problems of reflection and observation thus reduces the managers ability to navigate correctly. Man and management require a control system, which not only makes the organization safer but him too. This control system can only be trained by the quality of the managers reflection and his most accurate judgment of the environmental reality in which he navigates his organization. The Environment as We Perceive It Is Our Invention. [27, p. 212] The way in which a problem is defined or a question is asked, is the way in which an answer may be found. Therefore we create as we proceed and may not separate; 1) fact, 2) moral and 3) consequence form the action itself, thus in managerial actions responsibility must be embedded

25 26

Means; after Beer identity, intelligence, control, audit and coordination in an organization Control is used as a cybernetic term, which means; the righteous navigating a firm 27 Management is not Business Administration 28 Used as a cybernetic term. Means: navigating and steering a firm 29 Cybernetics: or the science of control and communication in the animal and the machine, was coined by its founder the late MIT mathematician Norbert Wiener. See also 4. On management cybernetics 30 Means; the ability in the firm to guide its actions 31 Note: the author uses man synonyms to human 32 Used as a cybernetic term means: steering and navigating an organization

by design in its system as a whole within the organizations system recursively and it can not be imposed on it from the outside. The definition of a problem and the action taken to solve it largely depend on the view which the individuals or groups that discovered the problem have of the system to which it refers. A problem may thus find itself defined as a badly interpreted output, or as a faulty output of a faulty output device, or as a faulty output due to a malfunction in an otherwise faultless system, or as a correct but undesired output from a faultless and thus undesirable system. All definitions but the last suggest corrective action; only the last definition suggests change, and so presents an unsolvable problem to anyone opposed to change [27, p. 199 after Herbert Brn, 1971]. Management as a system of control must be of an autonomous nature. This we call self- organizing. Social-self-organisation means the self-regulation of order as an emergent phenomenon in a social system as a firm. This order has a spontaneous and unintentional character and is the result of multiple experiences, interactions, expectations, actions, plans, perceptions and decisions (24, p, 34). In this view, order emerges all by itself; it is not made or planned consciously or intentionally by managers. Self-organisation deals with endogenous, unintended emergence and differentiation of order in social systems independently from interventions, i.e. as the dictation of shareholder value as a whole reality for the managers lens to see the environment and steering as a tool to bring the organization to achieve this objective at all costs. Thus we become problems of survivability and viability, which are not a cause from environmental disturbances but moreover from management failure. Managerial self- organizing- and self- control- systems are recursive and can be only based and function by feedback. But here we come to appoint where we are present with a problem. A self organizing control system must be designed to receive feedbacks, which are essential to its survival. These feedbacks must be of the highest quality33 and be transmitted ubiquitously. We can only achieve a state of control by ubiquitous communication of the organization with its environment in which its embedded and within its internal recursive systems of organization.34

4. Complexity^3
Absorbing variety also coping (Schwaninger, 2000) with complexity is at the heart of management and leadership in the turbulent environments faced by the organizations and societies.. Managing complexity lies at the soul of management.35 Taking about communication in the above part of the paper, we should first understand the definition of complexity in an organization before we try to solve it and proceed to communication. To define complexity, let us go back to the Latin root complexus, which means entwined or embraced. Complex systems are 1) two or more distinct parts 2) that are joined in such a way that it is difficult to separate them.36 3) they function as a whole, and 4) they have Eigen behaviours.37 To understand a human being viable by his embedded recursive subsystems to create a whole inside his organism, we can not understand him if we chunk him only to hands, feet or his nose. They are a part of his system but to understand him as a whole and to deal with him we must be deal with the whole human. The laws of viability lie at the heart of any enterprise. So too do human beings. [6, p. x] Here we find the basic duality between parts which are at the same time distinct and connected. Therefore, the analytical method alone wont allow us to understand a complex, as by taking apart the components it will destroy their connections and

33

Quality here means the essentiality and order of importance of the feedback to the managerial selfregulating System of the organization 34 See the Viable System Model 35 Note. At the next paragraph the author would command you to the soul of organization 36 See also Heylighen on Competity and complex systems 37 See (von Foerster, 2003, p. 321)

we are ended up with a dismantled system.38 Complexity, in addition is also a systems property, which enables it to assume a large diversity states or modes of behaviour [Schwaninger, vs, 2009, p.2 after Malik, 1996].

Fig. 1 agent and environment connected to amplify complexity Source: [Schwaninger, 2009] Complexity^3 = Managerial complexity to navigate a complex adaptive system in a complex and turbulent environment by the increase of complexity and unpredictability of the future due to many factors not yet known to the manager. Furthermore, we have to work on an additional problem, which we are facing. This is the save the environment and the future from the monetarist manager [Malik, 2006, p. 10]. He has had more than two decades of training in a false doctrine namely the pure quantification of money; his sole purpose for the business is profits and he will sacrifice even organizational survival for it. He can show us leadership and charisma in times of continuity, but his training makes him ridicules if it comes in managing complexity and uncertainty, where precise decisions must be made and where the wheel of the organizational ship needs to be taken to steer it in stormy waters.

38

The same is true about our dismantled and chunked into pieces business administration, which therefore has nothing to do with management

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Definition of uncertainty according Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary gives the following six clusters of meaning for the term uncertainty: not certainly known; questionable; problematical; vague; not definite or determined; doubtful; not having certain knowledge; not sure; ambiguous; not steady or constant; varying; liable to change; not reliable or dependable Here we can taste the qualities of the manger, who rarely are trained in the skills to navigate constructively. Managers must construct an accurate reality for the organization as they navigate. Fig. 2 the showmaster and monetarist manager [after Beer, 1967-1969] If I know an object, then I also know all the possibilities of its occurrence in atomic facts. (Every such possibility must lie in the nature of the object.) A new possibility cannot subsequently be found. In order to know an object, I must know not its external but all its internal qualities. Wittgenstein

5. Conclusion
(Wittgenstein, 1922) rightfully observed the logic of knowing an object in its environment. For us to know and to navigate in management we have to understand management and its environment, internally and externally. (Hofer, 1951) He dealt in depth on the peculiarities of mass movements; his conclusions were more in terms of religious and social revolutions and nationalist movements [12, p, xxvii]. Times have changed and we are no longer threatened by the totalitarian communist doctrine, we have created an additional threat of islamistic fundamentalism. This threat has brought many gains to corporations as Halliburton, Blackwater, KBR, etc. These corporations are large and are manipulating not only the policy makers but do not care about environment and above all about their customers. This is because they know how to control them by fear, since they manage by deception. They are manipulate the youth and spending more on the marketing the products than on the effects their products will have on the society, especially the next generation. Our governments act more for the benefits of corporations39 than on the behalf of the environment and the society.40 The author emphasizes that there is an academic institution, on whichs shoulder a heavy burden is laid, and which needs to wake up and organize itself as whole and train the future managers as the only real safeguards of tomorrow, as (Drucker, 2007) rightfully observed. (Wittgensten,1989) observed we have to set on the fallacy and convey it to the truth, which means we have identify the routs of all delusion, otherwise the knowing of the truth does not help us, if something else has taken its place. The solution was given to us by (Darwin, 1859), who claimed: Only the organisms that are fit will survive. We have to define fit for our corporations and our academia. This fit can and must only be designing an organizational conscious system, embedded to maintain the ethos of the organization not only for its own survival (Beer, 1972) but for the survival of the environment in which it needs to be embedded in to exist. Amen to that

39 40

See the decision of the German Government, which was subject to the Atom Lobby in Germany See the case of Fukushima, the governmental authorities knew that TEPCO has security problems

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