MESUT BARAN ISMAIL EL-MARAKABI North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695
sinusoidal voltage and current at the ac side. A controller block is added to the inverter in order to facilitate the interface between the generator and the system. To facilitate the development of these models, the PSCAD/EMTP is used, mainly because EMTP simulate the basic power electronics devices, such as GTOs and IGBTs that are used in converters [3]. The modules developed are quite flexible, the user can change most of module parameters: fuel cell type, filters, switching schemes and control schemes. The paper illustrates the use of the simulator by simulating a distributed generator connected to a distribution system. The detailed simulation results are given to illustrate the feasibility and advantages of such a new system.
BOP
NO2 NH2
Stack
Controller
The fuel cell consists of a stack, Balance Of Plant (BOP) and a controller. As indicated in figure 1, the controller checks if the Idc demanded by the load is within operating limits to avoid over heating or permanent damage to the unit. The two important limits are the utilization factor limit and the differential pressure limit. The controller output will be the demanded Idc if it is within limits; otherwise it will be the maximum or minimum permissible Idc. The BOP deals with the fuel and oxidation process. The BOP feeds the stack with values of oxygen NO2 and fuel NH2 needed to fulfill the Idc requirement. The stack performs fuel oxidation and delivers DC power. Figure 2 shows the stack and the BOP models as implemented in PSCAD.
current * 9.95e-7
P - controller: The control of the active power supplied by the DG is important if the DG is working in parallel with the utility grid. This requires the inverter controller functions to be extended to include the regulation of output active power P. A generic PI-controller module has been developed to control the output power of the DG unit. Figure 4 shows the inverter controller block diagram, where the P controller uses the active power Pactual and command power signal Pset to minimize the incoming error signals ep = Pset.- Pactual The PWM controller generates the corresponding firing pulses for the IGBTs that will yield the required P.
DC input
C + G 1 + sT P_O2 X *
AC output
Inverter circuit
F N/D D ln X ++ N * 0.0541 0.8792 Eo E * 0.0754
Oxygen
* 9.95e-7 * 19.9e-7
Fuel
C + G 1 + sT G 1 + sT P_H2
G 384 *
P_H2o V N/D D N
1000.0
* 19.9e-7
PWM
P - Controller ep
_ +
B. Inverter module
The fuel cell needs to be connected to an inverter to convert its DC output voltage to AC. We developed a generic 3-phase inverter module (figure 3). The inverter module consists of IGBTs for switch realization and input & output filters for smoothing the output voltage. The IGBTs are controlled using Pulse Width Modulation technique (PWM); PWM compares 3 sinusoidal signals with a triangular wave to produce the correct firing pulses for the IGBTs. The inverter is controlled by changing the amplitude of the modulating triangular waveform. This will maintain a constant output voltage, even if the magnitude of the input DC voltage changes.
0.001 1.0E-005 D 0.02 0.1 1 comp1 D 3 comp2 D 5 comp3 2.66E-005 2.66E-005 4 6 2 2.66E-005 900.0 900.0 900.0
Pset
Pactual
60.0
comp1
comp2
comp3
Main supply
+0.1
Feeder MW
P command
P inverter
+0.084 +0.068 +0.052 +0.036 +0.02 0.19 0.284 0.378 0.472 0.566 0.66
Inverter
Controller
Time (sec)
3-phase resistive load Induction motor Load
IV.
CONCLUSION
Figure 5: Simulated system studied. Figure 8 shows that the increase in Pset results in an increase in the power supplied by the DG unit and a corresponding decrease in the power supplied by the Utility grid, maintaining the power delivered to the load at a constant level. Figure 9 shows that the bus voltage has not been impacted by the controller operation.
This paper illustrates that new modules for DG and inverter interface extends the capabilities of EMTP. EMTP with new modules is essential in investigating the issues related to the connection of new technologies of distributed generators, such as fuel cells and microturbine, to the utility network. The simulator results illustrate the ability of the simulator to test and experiment new system concepts.
T T
S 1 S B
W W A Motor
Induction motor
60.0
comp1
comp2
comp3
Feeder cable
3-ph Inverter
A 0.001 B C3
Utility supply
REFERENCES
[1] A. M. Gole, V. K SOOD, A Static Compensator Model For Use With Electromagnetic Simulation Programs, Transactions of Power Delivery, Vol. 5 No. 3, July 1990, pp. 1398-1407. [2] S Lefebvre, L Gerin-Lajoie, A Static CompensatoModel for the EMTP, Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.7 No. 2, May 1992, pp. 477-484. [3] Manitoba HVDC Research Center, PSCAD/EMTDC V2 Users Manual, Copyright Manitoba HVDC Research Center. [4] M. Begovic, A. Pregelj, A. Rohatgi, D. Novosel, Impact of renewable distributed generation on power systems, System Sciences, 2001. Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii Intern. Conference, 2001, pp. 654-663 [5] J. Padulles, G.W. Ault, J.R. McDonald, An approach to the dynamic modelling of fuel cell characteristics for distributed generation operation, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting 2000. IEEE, Vol. 1, 2000, pp. 134-138. [6] J. Padulles, G.W. Ault, J.R. McDonald, Fuel Cell Plant Dynamic Model for Power Systems Simulation, Proceedings of the 34th University Power Engineering Conference, 14-16 September 1999, Leicester, UK. Vol.1, pp. 21-25. [7] Hirschenhofer, J. H.: Fuel Cell Handbook, Published by Federal Energy Technology Center, US Department of Energy. Fourth Edition: November 1998
+1.65 +1.634 +1.618 MW +1.602 +1.586 +1.57 0.3 +0.13 +0.116 +0.102 MW +0.088 +0.074 +0.06 0.3 +0.17 +0.156 +0.142 MW +0.128 +0.114 +0.1 0.3 +1.7 +1.36 +1.02 MW +0.68 +0.34 +0 0.3
Untitled
power AC supply
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power DG unit
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power R_load
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Time (sec)
Figure 8: Active power
BIOGRAPHIES
Mesut E Baran (S 87 M 88) is currently as associate professor at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC. He received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1988. His research interest include distribution and transmission system design. Ismail M. El-Markabi is a graduate student in Dept. of ECE, North Carolina State University. Currently he is studying towards his Ph.D. degree. His research interest includes distributed generation, power electronics control and PSCAD.
op Voltage AB
op VoltageBC
op VoltageCA
0.417
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0.433
0.441
0.449
Time (sec)