Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Perlis Jalan Raja Syed Alwi , 01000 Kangar ,Perlis.

Chemistry Folio Chapter 9 Manufacture Substances in Industry

Name IC Class

: : :

Contents
No.
01. 02. 03. 04. 05.

Title
Acknowledgement Objectives Synthetic Polymers and Their Uses The Uses of Glass and Ceramics The Uses of Composite Materials

Page
1 2 3-5 6-7 8

Acknowledgement
I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following persons who have made the completion of this chemistry project. First of all, I am grateful to my chemistry teacher, Puan Hamiza that gave me the opportunity to do this wonderful project. She had given me continuous support for this project and for the help and inspiration that she extended. Secondly, I would like to give a special thanks to my classmates, who helped me in finishing this project within the limited time and had given me a lot of information while doing this project. Lastly, I would also like to thanks my parents for their undivided supports who inspired me and motivated me, Without them, I would unable to complete this project. Thank you.

Objectives

Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymers Apply the uses of glass and ceramics Evaluate the uses of composite materials Appreciate various synthetic industrial materials

Synthetic Polymers and Their Uses 1. Polymers

Polymers are long-chain molecules made up of many identical repeating units called monomers. These monomers are joined together by covalent bonds. Process of joining together the monomers is called polymerisation. Polymers are divided into : ( a ) Natural polymers ( b ) Synthetic polymers

2. Natural Polymers
Natural polymers are natural occurring polymers. Natural polymers are usually found in living things.

3. Synthetic Polymers
Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers. Synthetic polymers are used to make plastics, fibres, resins, and synthetic rubbers. The monomers are usually obtained from petroleum, coal and natural gas. There are two types of polymerisations: ( a ) Addition polymerisation ( b ) Condensation polymerisation

4. Addition Polymerisation
Unsaturated monomers that contain carbon-carbon double bonds are joined together through addition polymerisation. In the addition reaction, one molecule adds to another, forming single covalent bonds.

Some of the Common Addition Polymers Name (s)

Polyethylene low density (LDPE)

Formula --(CH2CH2)n---(CH2CH2)n--

Monomers ethylene

Properties soft, waxy solid rigid, translucent solid atactic: soft, elastic solid isotactic:hard, strong solid strong rigid solid dense, highmelting solid hard, rigid, clear solid soluble in organic solvents high-melting solid soluble in organic resistant, smooth solid hard, transparent solid soft, sticky solid soft, sticky solid tough, rubbery solid

Uses film wrap, plastic bags electrical insulation bottles, toys similar to LDPE carpet,upholstery

CH2=CH2
ethylene CH2=CH2 propylene CH2=CHCH3

Polyethylene High density (HDPE) Polypropylene (PP) different grades

--[CH2CH(CH3)]n--

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) Poly(vinylidene chloride) (Saran A) Polystyrene (PS)

--(CH2-CHCl)n---(CH2-CCl2)n--

--[CH2CH(C6H5)]n--

vinyl chloride CH2=CHCl vinylidene chloride CH2=CCl2 styrene CH2=CHC6H5

pipes, siding, flooring seat covers, films

toys, cabinets packaging (foamed)

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, Orlon, Acrilan) Polytetrafluoroethyl ene (PTFE, Teflon) Poly(methylmethacr ylate) (PMMA, Lucite,Plexiglas) Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) cis-Polysoprene natural rubber Polychloroprene (cis+ trans) (Neoprene)

-(CH2-CHCN)n-

CH2=CHCN

rugs, blankets, clothing

--(CF2-CF2)n---[CH2C(CH3)CO2CH3]n---(CH2CHOCOCH3)n---[CH2CH=C(CH3)CH2]n---[CH2-CH=CClCH2]n--

tetrafluoroet hylene CF2=CF2 methyl methacrylate CH2=C(CH3)C O2CH3 vinyl acetate CH2=CHOCOC H3 isoprene CH2=CHC(CH3)=CH2 chloroprene CH2=CHCCl=CH2

non-stick surfaces electrical insulation lighting covers, signs skylights l atex paints, adhesives requires vulcanization for practical use synthetic rubber oil resistant

Examples of addition polymerisation and their uses.

5. Condensation polymerisation
Monomers without carbon-carbon double bonds are joined together through condensation polymerisation. Two important groups of fibres such as polyamides (nylon) and polyesters (terylene) are produced through condensation polymerisation.

6. Synthetic polymers in daily life

The manufacture and use of synthetic polymers especially in disposable consumer goods has grown tremendously. With the increasing use of synthetic polymers, there are some drawbacks : ( a ) Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. Disposal of synthetic polymers will use up a large fraction of available landfill space. ( b ) Improper disposal of synthetic polymers also destroys the beauty of the nature, causes flash floods and endangers the wildlife.

The Uses of Glass and Ceramics 1. Glass

The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide,SiO2. Silicon dioxide is the second most abundant elements in the Earths crust. It is commonly found in sand. The main characteristics of glass are : ( a ) Hard but brittle ( b ) Chemically inert ( c ) Transparent and impermeable (non-porous) ( d ) Withstand compression ( e ) Good heat and electrical insulators

2. Types, composition, properties and uses of glass

There are four types of glasses : ( a ) Soda-lime glass (soft glass) The most common glass and least expensive glass

( b ) Lead crystal glass (soft glass) ( c ) Borosilicate glass (hard glass) ( d ) Fused glass (hardest glass) The simplest and most expensive glass

Type Fused glass

Composition
SiO2: 100%

Properties
Transparent High melting point Good heat insulator Low melting point, easily molded into desired shape and size low resistant to chemical attacks Brittle Resistant chemical attack and durable high melting point good insulator to heat High refractive index High density Attractive glittering appearance

Uses
Lens Telescope mirrors Laboratory apparatus Drinking glass, bottles Electric bulbs Window glass

Soda-lime glass

SiO2: 75% Na2O:1 5% CaO: 9% Other: 1%

Borosilicate glass

Lead crystals glass ( flint glass )

SiO2: 78% B2O3: 12% Na2O: 5% CaO: 3% Al2O3: 2% SiO2: 70 % PbO /PbO2: 20% Na2O: 10%

Cooking utensils Laboratory glass ware such as conical flasks and boiling tube Lenses and prisms Decorative glass ware and art object Imation jewellery

The composition, properties and uses of glass

3. Ceramics
Ceramics are made from clay. The major component of ceramic is silicate. Silicate is a chemical compound containing silicon, oxygen and one or more metals. Ceramic that has been hardened after heating cannot be melted again due to its extremely high heat resistance. The main characteristics of ceramic are: ( a ) Extremely hard but brittle ( b ) Chemically inert ( c ) Opaque and porous ( d ) Withstand compression ( e ) Good heat and electrical insulators

The Uses of Composite Materials

1. The needs for new materials for specific purposes With the high demand of items with specific properties, scientists have invented many new substances to replace many traditional ones. However, alloys, ceramics, glass, polymers produced still have their disadvantages and do not meet certain requirements in industry, communication, construction and transportation. Therefore, composite materials are created for specifics application.

2. What are composite materials? A composite material is a mixture of two or more different substances such as metaks, non-metals, alloys, glasses, ceramics and polymers.

3. Examples of composite materials : ( a ) Reinforced concrete When concrete is reinforced with steel bars, steel wires or rods, it produces a very tough material with more tensile strength called reinforced concrete. A superconductor is capable to conduct electricity without any electrical resistance when it is cooled to an extremely low temperature. A fibre optic cable consists of a bundle of glass or plastic threads that are surrounded by a glass cladding. When glass fibres are reinforced in plastic, a strong composite material called fibre glass is produced. Silver chloride and copper (I) chloride crystal are embedded in glass to produce photochromic glass.

( b ) Superconductor -

( c ) Fibre optic -

( d ) Fibre glass -

( e ) Photochromic glass -