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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Studyonmappingofhumanresourceskillgapsin Indiatill2022
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Table of Contents
1. Environment Scanning and Competitiveness of Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Sector ........ 5 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 2. Overview ................................................................................................................................. 5 Chemicals ................................................................................................................................ 5 Pharmaceuticals .................................................................................................................... 19
Human Resource and Skill Requirements in the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector .. 34 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. Current Employment in the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector .................................... 34 Skill Requirements and Skill Gaps in the Chemicals Segment ............................................. 38 Skill Requirements and Skill Gaps in the Pharmaceuticals Segment ................................... 45 Projected Industry Size and Human Resource Requirements ............................................... 53 Skill Pyramid ........................................................................................................................ 55 Focus Areas for Skill Building.............................................................................................. 56
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
List of Figures
Figure 1: Composition of Petrochemical industry .................................................................................. 6 Figure 2: Composition of Chloro Alkali industry ................................................................................... 8 Figure 3: Composition of Inorganic industry .......................................................................................... 9 Figure 4: Share of nutrients of total fertiliser consumption .................................................................. 10 Figure 5: Composition of Dye & Dyestuff industry ............................................................................. 11 Figure 6: IIP for chemicals ................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 7: Value chain of the Chemical Industry ................................................................................... 13 Figure 8: Methanol usage in various sectors ......................................................................................... 14 Figure 9: Share of different states in production of chemicals* ........................................................... 15 Figure 10: Share of different regions in Fertiliser production .............................................................. 15 Figure 11: World pharmaceutical sales ................................................................................................. 19 Figure 12: PFCE on medical care & health services (Rs crore) .......................................................... 20 Figure 13: Pharmaceutical Exports (Rs. crore) ..................................................................................... 21 Figure 14: Share in exports ................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 15: Pharmaceutical imports (Rs. Crore) .................................................................................... 22 Figure 16: Pharmaceutical imports by countries................................................................................... 22 Figure 17: Value Chain of Pharmaceuticals ......................................................................................... 23 Figure 18: Share of various therapeutic segments ................................................................................ 26 Figure 19: Drivers of competitiveness of the Pharmaceutical industry ................................................ 33 Figure 20: State-wise share in employment in the Chemicals Segment .............................................. 35 Figure 21: Profile of people employed in the Chemicals Segment ....................................................... 38 Figure 22: Profile of people employed in the Pharmaceuticals Segment ............................................. 45 Figure 23: Skill Pyramid for the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Industry ......................................... 55
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
List of Tables
Table 1: Trends in Petrochemical production, capacity, imports & exports (000 MT) ......................... 6 Table 2: Trends in Organic chemical production, capacity, imports & exports (000 Metric Tonnes (MT)) ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Table 3: Production of major organic chemicals (000 MT) .................................................................. 7 Table 4: Trends in alkali chemical production, capacity, imports & exports (000 MT) ....................... 8 Table 5: Trends in inorganic chemical production, capacity, imports & exports (000 MT) ................. 9 Table 6: Trends in pesticide production, capacity, imports & exports (000 MT) ............................... 10 Table 7: Trends in fertiliser production, capacity, imports & consumption (000 MT) ....................... 11 Table 8: Trends in Dye & Dyestuff production, capacity, imports & exports (000 MT) .................... 12 Table 9: Key Players in the chemical industry* ................................................................................... 16 Table 10: End use sectors ..................................................................................................................... 16 Table 11: Key Players ........................................................................................................................... 28 Table 12: Current employment in Chemical Industries ........................................................................ 34 Table 13: Functional distribution of human resources in the Chemicals Segment ............................... 35 Table 14: Functional distribution of human resources in the Pharmaceuticals Segment ...................... 36 Table 15: Educational qualifications of personnel employed in the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Segment ................................................................................................................................................ 37 Table 16: Skill requirements and skill gaps in the Chemicals Segment ............................................... 38 Table 17: Skill requirements and skill gaps in the Pharmaceuticals Segment ...................................... 46 Table 18: Projected Industry Size ......................................................................................................... 53 Table 19: Human Resource Requirement for the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Industry (in 000s)53 Table 20: Incremental human resource requirement function-wise (in 000s) for the Chemicals and Petrochemicals sector............................................................................................................................ 54 Table 20: Incremental human resource requirement function-wise (in 000s) for the Pharmaceuticals sector ..................................................................................................................................................... 54 Table 22: Incremental human resource requirement education-wise Chemicals, Petrochemicals, and Pharmaceuticals sector ................................................................................................................... 55 Table 23: Focus areas for skill building in Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals ........................................ 56
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
1.2. Chemicals
1.2.1. Industry size and Growth
The major sub sectors of chemical industry are: Petrochemicals Organic chemicals Alkali Chemicals Inorganic Chemicals Pesticides Fertilisers Dye and Dyestuff
Petrochemicals Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of petroleum (hydrocarbon) origin. The distillation of crude oil yields naphtha, gas oil, natural gas (NG), and petroleum gases which are mainly used as feedstock by the petrochemicals industry. The cracking (process whereby complex organic molecules are converted to simpler molecules) of naphtha/NG yields six major petrochemicals. These are olefins such as ethylene, propylene, and butadiene; and aromatics such as benzene, toluene, and xylene. While NG-based crackers invariably produce light olefins (mainly
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
ethylene), naphtha-based crackers have a higher share of propylene and aromatics (benzene and xylenes). Indias petrochemicals production facility presently is categorised into five groups as in the figure below. Polymers are the largest segment of the Indian petrochemicals industry, accounting for around 64% of Indias aggregate production of major petrochemicals, followed by synthetic fibres (26%). Figure 1: Composition of Petrochemical industry
Surfactants 7% Elastomers 1% Performance Plastics 1% Synthetic Fibres 28%
Table 1: Trends in Petrochemical production, capacity, imports & exports (000 MT)
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Organic Chemicals Organic chemicals are a group of petroleum-derivative chemicals used as intermediates to produce other chemicals, which, in turn, are used to manufacture a wide variety of end-use products, including construction materials, apparel, adhesives, plastics, and tyres. The majority of the organic chemicals are derived from benzene, a petroleum derivative. The key organic chemicals are acetic acid, methanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, chloromethane, phenol, benzene and its derivatives (that include nitrobenzene, aniline, ortho nitro chlorobenzene (ONCB), para nitro chloro-benzene (PNCB). Indias organic chemicals production was estimated at around 1,736 kilo tonnes (kt) during 20072008. Imports accounted for 36% of the total domestic consumption in 2007 up from 29% in 2002. Table 2: Trends in Organic chemical production, capacity, imports & exports (000 Metric Tonnes (MT))
Table 3: Production of major organic chemicals (000 MT) 2003 Methanol Acetic Acid Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Chloromethane 362 252 182 126 79 2004 389 308 199 127 90 2005 392 288 196 140 92 2006 387 306 249 159 94 2007 396 288 235 164 92 2008 377 373 274 208 99
Alkali Chemicals The Chloro Alkali industry consists of Soda Ash, Caustic soda and liquid chlorine. Caustic soda, finds use in various applications, such as, finishing operations in textiles, manufacture of soaps and detergents, control of pH (softening) of water for various applications and general cleansing or
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
bleaching applications. Glass manufacturing is the largest application for soda ash. Liquid chlorine is used primarily for various bleaching applications, across paper and pulp, textiles and other industries. Figure 2: Composition of Chloro Alkali industry
Liquid Chlorine 24% Source: Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilisers, IMaCS Analysis
The total production of the sector stood at 52,69,000 MT in 2007.The sector had a CAGR of 3.9% between 2002-2007.Imports accounted for 7% of the total domestic consumption. Table 4: Trends in alkali chemical production, capacity, imports & exports (000 MT)
Inorganic chemicals The key organic chemicals are titanium dioxide, carbon black, and calcium carbide. Other inorganic chemicals include aluminium fluoride, potassium chlorate, red phosphorous, and sodium chlorate. The industry caters to a host of end user industries such as paints and dyestuff, tyres, leather, paper, detergent, explosives, rubber chemicals, cigarette, etc.
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Indias Inorganic chemicals production was estimated at around 6,02,000 MT in 2006-07.India has turned into a net exporter in 2007.Exports of inorganic chemicals have increased from 40,439 tonnes in FY2002 to 1, 01, 000 tonnes in 2007. Carbon black dominates exports with a share of 59%. Table 5: Trends in inorganic chemical production, capacity, imports & exports (000 MT)
Pesticides With expanding agricultural production supported by good monsoons, improvement in technology and growing awareness among farmers, the consumption of agrochemicals has been on the upswing. The agrochemicals industry is made up of insecticides (74%), herbicides (20%) and fungicides (6%). Cotton, paddy or rice, vegetables and fruits account for over 80% of the pesticide consumption in the country. While cotton is planted on about 4.5-5% of the total cultivable area (on about 9.3-9.6 million hectares or mha), it accounts for about 33% of pesticide consumption in India, followed by rice (23%), vegetables (9%), wheat (8%), and pulses (6%).
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
India is one among the most dynamic generic pesticides manufacturing countries with a total market size of Rs 8,900 crore per annum. And yet, Indias own average consumption of pesticides is very low at 480 gm per hectare which results in crops worth about Rs 12,000 crore being destroyed annually by pests. Table 6: Trends in pesticide production, capacity, imports & exports (000 MT)
2002 138 82 59 1 13 70
2003 139 70 50 1 26 45
2004 134 85 63 3 26 62
2005 146 94 64 3 27 70
2006 148 82 55 3 27 58
2007 145 85 58 3 33 55
Fertilisers The Indian chemical fertiliser (hereafter referred to only as fertilisers) industry mainly concerns itself with providing the three primary nutrientsN, P, and Kto the agricultural sector. While nitrogen is expressed in the elemental form (N), phosphorous and potassium are expressed as their oxide forms, viz. phosphate (P2O5) and potash (K2O). Besides, being used as fertilisers themselves, these three nutrients are combined to produce several complex fertilisers. Figure 4: Share of nutrients of total fertiliser consumption
Potassium 12%
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
The fertiliser consumption was 22,57,000 MT in 2008. The fertiliser consumption has been growing at a CAGR of 7.7 % for the period from 2004 to 2008. The share of imports of total consumption of fertilisers was 34% in 2008. Table 7: Trends in fertiliser production, capacity, imports & consumption (000 MT)
Source: Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilisers, Fertiliser Association of India, IMaCS Analysis
Urea is the most widely consumed fertiliser in the country, accounting for around 83% of total N consumption, and 53% of the total fertiliser consumption. The share of urea in total fertiliser consumption averaged 52% during FY2004-08. Other major fertilisers consumed include Diammonium phosphate (21% of total consumption in 2008), and Muriate of potash or MOP (66% of consumption and 8% of total fertiliser consumption).
Dyes and Dyestuffs The consumption of Dyes and Dyestuffs is closely related to the performance of the textile industry. The Dye & Dyestuff industry has grown at a CAGR of 5.7 % from 2002 to 2007. Organic pigment colours account for the largest share of dye industry followed by sulphur dyes and Azo dyes. Figure 5: Composition of Dye & Dyestuff industry
Others 21%
Sulphur Dyes/Sulphur Black 18% Source: Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilisers, IMaCS Analysis
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Human R Resource and Skill Requirem ments of the C Chemicals and Pharmaceuti d icals Sector
Table 8: Tren in Dye & Dyestuff production, capacity, imp T nds c ports & expo (000 MT orts T)
2002 49 25 51 9
2003 49 26 53.1 11
2004 54 26 48.1 14
2005 54 28 51.9 17
2 2006 52 30 57.7 27
20 007 53 5 33 3 62 2.3 31 3
Capa acity Prod duction Capa acity Utilisat tion (%) Impo orts
300 3
200 2
The IIP for chemicals and chemi products in India has shown an i ical s s impressive gr rowth over the years. t f production (I IIP) for basi chemicals increased 1 ic 10.6% in 200 07-08, as Overall the index of industrial p ed % 7, % 05-06. The II for basic chemicals increased IP i compare with 9.6% in 2006-07 and 8.3% during 200 2.4% (Y Y-O-Y) durin 2008-09. However, th IIP has de ng he eclined since October 2008 primarily because y of a slow wdown in pro oduction of m major chemicals.
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Gujarat 51%
Uttar Pradesh 8% Maharashtra 7% *Excluding Fertilisers and pharmaceuticals Source: Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilisers, IMaCS Analysis
West 47%
North 33%
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Table 9: Key Players in the chemical industry* Company Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) Haldia Petrochemicals Limited Tata Chemicals Ciba Rallis Hindustan Organic Chemicals (HOCL) Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers Corporation Products Oil & gas exploration, refining, polymers, polyesters. Petrochemicals Petrochemicals Alkali chemicals, fertilisers. Textile dyes, additives, pigments and polymers. Pesticides, Fertilisers Organic Chemicals Fertilisers, Organic chemicals * Indicative and not exhaustive
Note: The demand drivers for textiles & apparels, automobiles, construction are covered in detail under the
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Low per capita consumption of chemicals Petrochemicals: The low per capita consumption of polymers in India, presently at around 6 kg per capita per annum, indicates a potential for further strong demand growth in the future. The growth in per capita incomes in the country) would also lead to a rise in polymer consumption. Organic Chemicals: There is a significant scope for growth in the long term with the per capita chemicals consumption being only 5 kg per annum, much lower than the comparable figures in the developed markets.
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
1.3. Pharmaceuticals
1.3.1. Global pharmaceutical Industry
The global pharmaceutical market reached US$712 billion in 2007, up 6.4% from the previous year sales of US$649 billion. The global pharmaceutical market is expected to grow 4.5-5.5% in 2009, a rate similar to forecast growth of 5% in 2008. The global pharmaceutical sales to estimated to surpass US$820 billion in 20092, reflecting sustained double-digit growth in key emerging countries tempered by a slower pace in more established markets. Figure 11: World pharmaceutical sales
800 700 605 600 500 400 300 200 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 365 392 499 428 560 US$ billion Growth 649 14% 712 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
331
This includes the US, where growth is expected to be in the 1-2% range for both 2008 and 2009. In 2008, the US pharmaceutical market, the worlds largest, is forecast to grow 1-2% to US$287-297 billion. Contributing to the slower growth is less-than-expected demand for recently introduced products, as well as the economic climate, which appears to be having an impact on doctor visits and pharmaceutical sales. The top five EU countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK) are forecast to grow 3-4% in 2009, reaching sales of US$162-172 billion. In Europe, growth driven by the continued aging of the regions population and rising demand for preventive care will be tempered by the increased impact of health technology assessments, and the decentralization of government healthcare budgets. Japan, the worlds second-largest market, is expected to see higher growth of 4-5% in 2009, reaching US$84-88 billion.
Human R Resource and Skill Requirem ments of the C Chemicals and Pharmaceuti d icals Sector
By com mparison, the emerging m e markets of C China, Brazi India, South Korea, M il, Mexico, Tur rkey and Russia a forecast to grow at a combined 14-15% in 2009 to US$ are 2 $105-115 bil llion. Along with the pharmac ceutical indu ustrys increased focus on these high-growth markets, these count s h tries are benefitin from grea governm ng ater ment spending on healthcare and broa g ader public a private healthcare and funding which is d driving greate access to, and demand for, innovat medicine er d tive es.
152,296 1 132,014
114,3 377
Exports s India is currently rec cognised as a high-qualit low-cost skilled produ of pharm ty, s ucer maceuticals. It is seen y facturing base for Active Pharmaceut tical Ingredie (APIs) a formulat ents and tions, but not only as a manufa also as an emergi ing hub for biotechno ology, bioinformatics, c contract res search, clini ical data ment nical trials. A present, In is amon the top-20 pharmaceut At ndia ng 0 tical exporter worldrs managem and clin wide an with the largest num nd mber of US FDA inspec cted plants o outside the USA. Vario other ous agencies such as Me s edicines and H Healthcare p products Reg gulatory Agen (MHRA UK, ncy A) The erapeutic
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Goods Administration (TGA), Australia and Health Protection Branch Canada have approved scores of plants in India. Indias exports of drugs and pharmaceuticals have registered strong growth during the last few years. Exports have increased at a 5-year CAGR of 18% to around Rs. 29,100 crore in 2007-2008. Indias pharmaceutical exports are primarily to US, Germany, Russia, UK, and Nigeria.US is the largest export market accounting for 19% of the exports in 2007-08. India exports full basket of pharmaceutical products comprising intermediates, APIs, Finished Dosage Combinations (FDCs), biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, clinical services, etc., to various parts of the world. Figure 13: Pharmaceutical Exports (Rs. crore)
35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 15,213 17,858
CAGR 18%
26,895 22,116
29,140
Source: Report of the Task Force, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, December 12, 2008
Formulations 54%
Formulations account for 54% of the export value followed by bulk drugs & intermediates. Others include Herbal, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic drugs etc.
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Imports The import value of pharmaceuticals was Rs. 6,680 crore in 2007-08. The imports are mainly raw materials, which account for around 70% of the imports. Imports have been growing at a CAGR of 18.4% for the period 2002-03 to 2007-08. The key exporting countries to India are China, Switzerland, US and Germany. China is the largest exporter to India and accounted for 40% of the import value in 2007-08. Figure 15: Pharmaceutical imports (Rs. Crore)
8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2,958 3,169
CAGR 23%
6,680 5,852
4,551
Source: Report of the Task Force, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, December 12, 2008, IMaCS Analysis
China 41%
Source: Report of the Task Force, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, December 12, 2008, IMaCS Analysis
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Central Nervous System (CNS) Drugs: analgesics, anti psychotics, anti-epilepsy, tranquilisers and sedatives, and anti-Parkinsons disease. Gastro-intestinals: antacids, anti-ulcerants, anti-spasmodics, and anti-diarrhoeals. Anti-parasitics: anti-protozoa, anti-malarials, anti-fungals, anti-helmintic, etc., Corticosteroids: topical corticosteroids, systemic corticosteroids. Genito-urinary: gynaecological preparations, sex hormones and stimulants. Dermatological preparations: anti-fungal preparations, anti-acne drugs, other dermatological preparations Respiratory Drugs: cough and cold preparations, anti-asthmatics, anti-histamines, rubs, and anti-tuberculosis. Vitamins: plain vitamins and combinations, anti-oxidants. Mineral Supplements: calcium preparations, potassium preparations, anti-anaemic preparations, Iron combinations, etc. Anti-diabetics: insulin, oral anti-diabetics. Other Drugs: anti-obesity, digestive enzymes, blood plasma, anti-leukaemics, cytostatics and immunosuppressive drugs etc
The growing urbanisation, growing disposable income and lifestyles that are becoming ever more Western, this has resulted in increasingly high prevalence of Western lifestyle diseases. , the increase in the elderly population compounded with increasingly Westernised lifestyles has meant epidemiological trends in emerging market countries are growing closer to those seen in Western markets, prompting a shift in therapeutic focus: sales of anti-infectives that traditionally dominate emerging markets are slowing down and are being taken over by the CNS, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and metabolic agents. Sales of oncology drugs are still low compared to the major pharmaceutical markets, however, they are growing rapidly. The share of chronic and lifestyle segment is also increasing vis--vis the acute segment. The demand for these drugs is growing at a faster rate, at 18%, than domestic demand for the acute drug segment (12%). India has often been called the worlds diabetes capital and the rates of aliments such as hypertension and high cholesterol are increasing annually. The lifestyle drug segment will fuel the growth of Indias pharmaceutical industry and includes anti-diabetes, anti-ulcer, anti-depressants, cardiovascular, hypertension drugs, Alzheimers disease, osteoarthritis, and cancer.
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Generics & Brand name drugs These are copies of off-patent brand-name drugs that come in the same dosage, safety, strength, and quality and for the same intended use. These drugs are then sold under their chemical names as both over the counter and prescription forms. The generics segment can be further segmented into: Plain vanilla generics: These are commodity generics that are off-patent in the regulated markets. They offer little or no innovative value over the innovators product. Branded generics: Generic drugs for which a drug manufacturing company has attached its brand name and may have invested in its marketing to differentiate it from other generic brands Brand name drugs are innovator drugs patented by pharmaceutical companies to prevent them from being copied or reverse engineered by other companies. Indian pharmaceutical industrys strength lies in generic in both domestic and international market. Indian firms produce nearly 60,000 generic brands in 60 therapeutic categories. More than 90% of the drugs in the domestic market are generics. Indian pharmaceutical exports are also dominated by generics. The expertise that the Indian pharmaceutical sector developed in reverse engineering and production of generics can be directly attributed to the effects of Governmental policy such as the Patents Act, 1970 which played a major role in shaping the industry and bringing it to the present enviable position. The Act of 1970 excluded product patents on pharmaceuticals, allowing the mushrooming of a vigorous generics industry in India which could meet not only domestic demand for drugs at lower prices but could also export cheaper drugs to other Third World countries. Figure 18: Share of various therapeutic segments
Cancer 1% Dermatology Women's Health4% 5% Musculo-skeletal system 6% CNS 8% Respiratory 9% Anti-infectives 23% Cardiovascular 16% Others 2% Alimentary Tract & Metabolism 26%
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector Source: IMaCS Industry Comment-The Indian Pharmaceuticals Industry, March 2009
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
The domestic Indian pharmaceutical industry consists of both domestic companies and subsidiaries of MNCs. In the 1970s, the vast majority of foreign pharmaceutical companies abandoned the Indian market during the `process patent era due to inadequate product protection, government price controls, growing domestic competition, and declining prices and profitability. Consequently, the share of Indias market controlled by multinationals dropped to less than 19% by 2007. Table 11: Key Players Company Ranbaxy Labs Principal Products: bulk and generic drugs Anti-infectives, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, central nervous (diazepam, midazolan), ophthalmic & ointments, urologicals, nutritionals, sex hormones, analgesics, anti-asthma, cough & cold, vaccines. Dr. Reddys Cipla Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, anti-infectives, pain management Antibiotics, anti-asthmatics, anti-AIDs and TB drugs, anabolic steroids, analgesics-antipyretics, antacids, anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidepressant agents, anti-diabetic, anti-epileptic, anti-fungal, antimalarial. Wockhardt Pfizer India Sun Pharma Anti-infectives, pain management, nutraceuticals Nutritionals, cough syrup, anti-arthritis, anti-infectives, cardiovascular Neuro-psychiatry, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, diabetic, gynaecological, anti-allergic, antidepressants, cholesterol reducers, antiasthma, Parkinson, ADD, pain. GSK Lupin Cadila Anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastro-enterological, antiallergic, dermatological. Tuberculosis medication, antibiotics, cardiovascular. Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, anti-inflammatory and analgesics, antibiotics and anti-infectives, vaccines and immunomodulators, antidiabetics; vitamins. Nicholas Piramal Analgesics-anti-inflammatory, antibiotics, antifungal, antihistamines, antiseptics, cardiovascular, central nervous system, diabetic, dermatologic, endocrinologic, gastro-enterological, vitamins, pulmonary-respiratory, trauma-emergency, gastrointestinal, NSAIDs. Aurobindo Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics, anti-retrovirals, cardiovascular, central nervous system, gastroenterological, anti-allergy.
Source: Company websites, IMaCS Analysis
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Government has offered tax-breaks to the pharmaceutical sector. Units are eligible for weighted tax deduction at 150 per cent for the R&D expenditure incurred. Steps have been taken to streamline procedures covering development of new drug molecules, clinical research etc. Government has launched two new schemesNew Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative and the Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Research Programmespecially targeted at drugs and pharmaceutical research.
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
market is currently valued at US$33 billion, compared with US$34 billion in 2007, reflecting declining prices and fewer blockbusters losing patent protection in 2008. However, generics sales rose 10.2% in Japan, 16.9% in France, 12.5% in Italy and 10.5% in Spain in the twelve months through September 2008. The generics industry has increased its sales at a more rapid rate than the rest of the pharmaceutical market. The extent and rate of generic erosion following patent expiry varies across the 7 major markets, being most intense in the US, where it is estimated at 88% for standard oral solids 2 years after generic entry. This compares with much lower erosion in Southern European countries (for example, 19% in Spain) where generic use is more limited. In the US, 103 drugs are due to go off patent during 200812, with total sales of US$62 billion in 2006. Falling R&D Productivity and Decline in Output of New Drugs: In spite of continuously increasing R&D investment, output of new drugs has declined and most pharmaceutical innovation has been incremental. Because most R&D initiatives are unsuccessful in bringing a new product to market, the total amount of investment per successful drug an indication of the productivity of R&D spending in the pharmaceutical industry is very large. A decline in productivity has been evident since the mid-1990s, as increased R&D investment has coincided with a decline in the number of new chemical entities approved for marketing. As is true in other industries, most pharmaceutical innovation has been incremental, rather than radical. Most such innovation has little or no added therapeutic value over existing treatments. This has lead to shifting of focus to low cost countries for not only APIs and formulations but also for contract research and clinical trials.
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
marketing, rather than on manufacturing. India has emerged as the principal destination for global pharmaceutical companies across the pharmaceutical value chain. Strategic options for alliances include providing contract manufacturing for MNCs, providing clinical outsourcing for MNCs, supplying APIs to MNCs, R&D collaboration, partnering with MNCs for their sales channels, etc. Regulatory compliance & managing intellectual property: The Indian pharmaceutical industry accounts for the second largest number of Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs), is the worlds leader in Drug Master Files (DMFs) applications with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and has the largest number of FDA-approved manufacturing plants (75) outside of the US. Many of Indias leading Indian pharmaceutical companies have also been certified by regulatory authorities in Australia, South Africa, and the EU. The Indian companies have to ensure that there is no slip up in regulatory compliances.
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
manufacturing costs in India are between 30 to 40% lower than those in the US and Western Europe and labour costs are one-seventh of that in the US. Figure 19: Drivers of competitiveness of the Pharmaceutical industry
Skilled Manpower
Drivers of Competitiveness
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
2. Human Resource and Skill Requirements in the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
2.1. Current Employment in the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
2.1.1. Current Employment in Chemicals
Chemical industries are broadly classified under the National Industrial Classification (NIC) codes 241 and 242. The employment under these categories is given below. The number of workers engaged under both the NIC classifications is close to 5.4 lakh, while the total persons engaged is around 7.9 lakh. NIC code 232 refers to manufacture of refined petroleum products Table 12: Current employment in Chemical Industries NIC Code 241: Manufacture of basic chemicals NIC Code 242 : Manufacture of other chemical products NIC Code 232: Manufacture of refined petroleum products Number Workers Total Engaged
Source: Annual Survey of Industry
of
136,568
402,297
41,189
Persons
201,453
596,764
54,546
Thus the overall employment in this sector is about 8.5 lakh persons. Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu account for around 60% of the total employment in the chemical industry.
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Karnataka 4% Uttar Pradesh 5% Andhra Pradesh 8% Tamil Nadu 18% Maharashtra 18%
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function Production (including Maintenance) Procurement Research Sales and Marketing Support functions (HR, Finance, etc.)
Table 14: Functional distribution of human resources in the Pharmaceuticals Segment Function Production & Quality Control Research/Lab/Testing Sales, Marketing, Medical assistance Purchase, Logistics, Supply Chain Support functions (HR, Finance, etc.) Distribution 50% 20% 5-10% 5-10% 10-12%
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Table 15: Educational qualifications of personnel employed in the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Segment5 Function Ph. D / MTech / MSc etc. Graduate Engineers Diploma Engineers ITI and other vocational courses Graduates (BA/BSc/BCom/others) 12th standard or below Distribution 5%-8% 15%-25% 10% 15-20% 15-25% 20-25%
The educational distribution of personnel will change based on the level of automation more automated setups will have a lower need for ITIs, BSc (Chemistry), etc. Page 37 of 59
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Managers
Diploma / Graduate engineers / MSc Chemistry with 4-8 years industry experience
Supervisors
Supervisors
ITIs, BSc Chemistry, Minimally educated / 8th / 10th / 12th pass / fail
Operators / Helpers
Operators / Helpers
Operators / Helpers
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function / Role
Level
Skills required and quality targets as per the production plan Ability to aid the initial set-up and implementation of design mix for new products Ability to coordinate with third party manufacturers as well as with internal departments Ability to break down the production plan further based on the production target and ensure achievement of the targeted production Ability to identify opportunities for process improvement and ensure the implementation of the same Ability to ensure quality standards Awareness of emerging areas such as water soluble fertilisers Ability to oversee development, review and improvement of standard operating procedures Ability to oversee including all aspects of raw operations, ensuring
Skill gaps technology, processes Inadequate petrochemical knowledge Inadequate knowledge of safety procedures Limited availability due to lack of petrochemical specific courses Inadequate knowledge of terminal and container operations specific and
material ordering, production scheduling, catalyst replacements, etc. Ability to lead multi-disciplinary teams Ability to achieve maintenance and reliability goals and expectations Ability to work with the research team to modify or produce new products Supervisor Ability to adjust batch processing conditions based on process measurements Inadequate understanding chemical processes practical of
Page 39 of 59
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function / Role
Level
Skills required Ability to render appropriate feedback on the quality of input materials Ability to track and record process information and production data Ability to ensure cleaning of all process equipment at required intervals Ability to perform in-process and final product QA tests of finished product as required Ability to stringently comply with safety measures with respect to operations, equipments, environment, etc. and ensure that the safety measures are stringently followed by workmen Adequate knowledge of chemistry,
Skill gaps Lack of knowledge of pneumatic valves, rotary pumps etc. Lack of orientation of shop-floor culture Lack of specific petrochemical knowledge Training and assisting operators on the job Monitoring Truck turnover rate Poor people management and planning skills
chemical hazards and safety measures Ability to perform routine calibrations of equipment such as process pH meters Ability to monitor effectively operators, with them, communicate
assign specific jobs and ensure that the assigned jobs are carried out Ability to undertake documentation of process activities Awareness of safety procedures and environmental norms Knowledge on Distributed Control Systems (DCS) and Process Level Control (PLC) Operator / Helpers Basic understanding of compliance to safety issues while handling chemicals, especially hazardous chemicals Inadequate knowledge of conversion factors Inadequate ability to
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function / Role
Level
Skills required Ability to produce a variety of chemicals and chemical intermediates by following standard operating procedures Loading and unloading of bulk chemical trucks, chemicals, catalysts, etc. Ability to use reactors, pumps, stills, centrifuges, dryers, valves, mixers, pumps, control equipment and other manufacturing equipment Ability to read, understand and follow batch sheets Ability to enter production data into computer systems such as SAP Working knowledge of chemical reactors, chemical transfer systems, filtration systems, instrumentation used in chemical processing, etc. Ability to understand and use mathematical percentages, calculations fractions, etc. Ability to undertake grinding or milling operations (if required) for rock-based sources Ability to undertake chemical mixing Knowledge of conversion factors required when adding ingredients Ability to handle instruments Ability to use computer simulation software Ability to extract production and sales data from SAP and analyse it Ability to maintain the equipments and machineries in a continuous process plant
Skill gaps render feedback on the quality Inadequate orientation compliance to safety Inadequate sensitivity to the environment Inadequate understanding of basic chemical processes Inadequate exposure to tools, technology, and processes in chemical plants Inadequate this level Inadequate ability to handle multiple types of instruments Inadequate such as SAP Inadequate knowledge of distributed systems Inadequate understanding of basic chemical processes that will aid in complementing maintenance and repair control ability to work with ERP software computer knowledge required at of inputs safety and received for processing
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function / Role
Level
Skills required Understanding of various operations such as mixing operations (asbestos, fertilisers), briquetting, retorting, melting and casting, purification operations such as leaching, distillation, milling, layering, mixing of phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid, ammonia in industries such as fertilisers, mixing of chemicals for granulation, cutting, sheeting operations, detachment and heating (asbestos), calcinations, etc. Ability to undertake bagging, packaging, etc. Ability to lift heavy weights Knowledge on basics of distributed control systems
Ability
to
determine and
customer with
requirements
expectations
regards to products being manufactured by the company Detailed technical knowledge of the product(s) Ability to recommend specific chemical products and solutions based on customer needs Ability to coordinate with production personnel and ensure that customer orders are processed per customers specific requirements Ability to generate new and repeat sales by providing product and technical information to clients in a timely manner Ability to monitor competition by
Page 42 of 59
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function / Role
Level
Skills required gathering information on strategy of competitors w.r.t. pricing, new products, etc. Ability to sell to a variety of clients based on the product(s) manufactured by the company Ability to assist the research team in the introduction of new products Ability to understand commercial implications and the cost-to-company of inefficient sales Ability to manage sales through multiple channels Extension services to farmers in deciding type of fertilisers, crop and other technical support Ability to articulate technical aspects of agriculture
Skill gaps
Ability to conduct regular sales calls, make presentations about the companys products, correctly assess needs of customers during the sales call and be able to close the deal Ability customers Ability to undertake product trials at the customers end Ability to ensure that the companys products are set well into the customers processes and then handover the process to the customer Ability to resolve customer complaints, to develop & maintain relationships with existing and potential
Inadequate knowledge of chemical processes Inadequate towards detailed knowledge Inadequate ability to execute the end-to-end selling process Inadequate ability to negotiate prices and a tendency to compromise on price or based on customer potential orientation attaining product
customer feedback
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function / Role
Level by
developing solutions Ability to negotiate prices with existing and potential customers and secure the best price for the company Ability to service existing accounts by tracking demand
Source: Primary Research and IMaCS analysis
functional
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Scientists
Managers
B Pharm, BSc
Supervisors
Supervisors
ITI/12th Standard
Workmen
Workmen
Workmen
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Table 17: Skill requirements and skill gaps in the Pharmaceuticals Segment Function / Role Production & Quality Control Level Managers Skills required Ability to ensure that the factory for manufacture of drugs is aptly located and follows procedures so as to avoid risk of contamination from external environmental Ability to ensure that the manufacturing environment is maintained at the required levels of temperature, humidity and cleanliness Ability to ensure that the layout and design of the equipment minimises the risk of errors and permits effective cleaning and maintenance Ability to identify avenues for cost reduction and optimum resource utilisation by implementing best practices in production-safety, pollution control and quality Ability to develop a manufacturing process economically adaptable to mass production Ability to ensure continuing upgradation of skills and continuous education for employees Ability to lay emphasis on cost effectiveness of production Adequate orientation towards Intellectual Property Management (IPM) and ensuring compliance to regulatory requirements Ability to undertake continuing Skill gaps Inadequate orientation towards quality management Inadequate understanding of intellectual property management Inadequate understanding of regulatory aspects Inadequate people management and leadership skills
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function / Role
Level
Skills required improvements in manufacturing processes Ability to ensure efficient manufacturing and timely delivery of finished products Ability to ensure adherence to regulatory and internal process compliance such as WHO-GMP, Schedule-M and SOPs across all levels
Skill gaps
Supervisors
Ability to ensure orderly and logical placement of equipment, materials and movement of personnel so as to avoid the risk of mix-up between different categories of drugs or with raw materials, intermediates and inprocess material, and avoid the possibilities of contamination and cross-contamination Ability to ensure that disposal of waste is in conformity with various requirements, such as, those of the Environment Pollution Control Board, the Bio-Medical Waste Rules, 1996, etc. Ability to ensure proper labelling of raw materials, materials under process and finished products Ability to practice safety measures when working with infectious cultures and poisonous chemicals and ensure that workmen follow instruction with respect to. the same
Inadequate understanding of quality management practices Inadequate practical exposure to high quality lab settings Inadequate communication skills for communicating with operators Inadequate understanding of intellectual property management Inadequate task orientation Inadequate leadership skills
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function / Role
Level
Skills required Ability to conduct in-process inspection e.g. inspecting ampoules for discoloration and foreign particles, inspecting tablets for hardness, chipping and weight, etc. Ability to liaison with stores to ensure adequate raw material Technical knowledge about products (chemical compounds and their properties) and processes (temperature requirements, etc) Knowledge of good quality practices and the ability to ensure compliance to SOPs and quality standards Ability to assist R&D personnel in process design Ability to undertake batch planning and issuance of batch sheets Ability to undertake mentoring and training of operators
Skill gaps
Workmen
Ability to operate processing equipment and other sophisticated equipment Ability to adhere to health, clothing and sanitation e.g. avoiding direct contact with raw materials, intermediate or finished, and unpacked products Ability to undertake material handling and drive industrial trucks or tractors to move materials around
Inadequate knowledge of chemical compounds and laboratory testing processes Inadequate practical orientation and exposure to machines High degree of handholding required Inadequate self motivation to enhance
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function / Role
Skills required
Skill gaps and update skills Inadequate ability/knowledge to work in the following: Clean Room Air Handling units Current Goof Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) standards
Ability to load and unload material Ability to package products Ability to operate various machines such as capsule filling, blister packing, ampoule filling, granulation, etc. Ability to comply with Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and quality standards Ability to package and transport the drugs Technical machine knowledge Ability to identify problems such as identifying unusual noises and functioning of machines and undertake maintenance and repair of machines to minimise shutdowns Knowledge of the following: Clean Room Air Handling units GMP standards Technician (Lab) Ability to perform routine jobs such as cleaning and arranging bottles, test tubes, and other equipment Ability to maintain laboratory equipment, monitor experiments, analyze data, and record and interpret results Ability to help plan equipment layout and workflow to maintain efficient use of plant facilities Knowledge of the drug approval
Inadequate knowledge of compliance to processes Inadequate technical knowledge of Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) Inadequate knowledge of relevant USFDA rules
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function / Role
Level process
Skills required
Skill gaps
Ability to create molecules and test them rapidly for desirable properties Detailed knowledge of one or more fields such as biology, biochemistry, microbiology, physiology, bacteriology, virology, pathology, pharmacology, zoology, etc. Ability to undertake ongoing research and the manufacture of new products Ability to undertake basic and advanced research Ability to undertake documentation and analyse data such as sales data, data generated through clinical research, etc. Since the drug discovery process is typically a lengthy process, patience and the ability or capacity to be involved till the end is critical Ability to coordinate with pharmacists, chemists, chemical engineers, packaging engineers, production specialists, etc. Sales, Marketing, Medical assistance Ability to explain companys products to physicians, pharmacists, dentists, health services administrators, etc. Ability to call upon physicians regularly, provide information about product(s) and provide free drug Convincing skills and objection handling Relationship management Basic knowledge of logistics, commercial aspects, legal aspects,
Page 50 of 59
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function / Role
Level samples
Skill gaps
Ability to undertake marketing efforts through not only direct marketing, but also digital media Ability to ensure a prompt and effective product recall system for defective products, if any Ability to adhere to regulatory guidelines and provide accurate information to customers Ability to undertake market research and analysis for pharmaceutical sales and develop effective marketing strategies accordingly Ability to undertake brand building, direct marketing, business development and market research Ability to avoid inaccurate, misleading or unethical promotion of medicines Ability to undertake development of promotional materials, detailing, account & brand management Ability to determine suitable pricing of the product Ability to assist pharmacists in checking for outdated products Adequate product knowledge as well as knowledge of how the product helps cure or mitigate an illness, so as to be able to effectively sell to physicians
Page 51 of 59
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Function / Role
Level
Skills required Ability to maintain good working relationships with customers and ensure repeat sales Ability to handle objections
Source: Primary Research and IMaCS analysis
Skill gaps
Page 52 of 59
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Source: CSO, ASI, Annual Report Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals 2008-09, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers, IPA, IMaCS analysis
6 7
Source: Annual Report, Ministry of Chemicals and Ferilisers, 2008-09 Source: IBEF Pharmaceutical Industry Overview Page 53 of 59
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
in '000s
2008
2012
2018
2022
The incremental human resource requirement is expected to be about 1.9 million persons by 2022, led by the requirement in the Pharmaceuticals manufacturing sector.
Production Procurement Research Sales and Marketing Support functions (HR, Finance, etc.) Total
Source: IMaCS analysis
Table 21: Incremental human resource requirement function-wise (in 000s) for the Pharmaceuticals sector Function Incremental human resource requirement (in 000s) 832 333 166 166 166 1,664
Production and QC Research/Lab Sales, Marketing, Medical Assistance Purchase Support functions (HR, Finance, etc.) Total
Source: IMaCS analysis
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Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Table 22: Incremental human resource requirement education-wise Chemicals, Petrochemicals, and Pharmaceuticals sector Educational Qualification Incremental human resource requirement (in 000s) 113 470 226 320 376 376 1,880
Ph.D/M Tech/etc. Graduate Engineers Diploma Engineers ITI/ITC Graduate (BSc.,BCom) 12th standard and below, but requiring skilling Total
Source: IMaCS analysis
5%-6%
Skill Level 4 (skills which are highly specialised involving research and design) Skill Level 3 (skills which require long drawn preparation as demonstrated by acquisition of degrees, and involve highly technical or commercial operations) Skill Level 2 (skills which require technical training inputs, knowledge of complex operations and machinery, skills of supervision) Skill Level 1 (skills which can be acquired with a short/modular and focussed intervention and thereby enhancing employability of those with minimal education)
44%-45%
25%-30%
20%-25%
It is to be noted that the relative proportion of skills is much different from industries such as Textiles, Food Processing, Gems and Jewellery. It can be said that the requirements of skill here are much higher due to activities involving research, automated processes, lab, and a large sales force too, apart
Page 55 of 59
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
from the sector being under regulatory purview and requiring compliance to strict production and safety requirements.
for
measurement Rotameter,
Orificemeter,
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Sector
Personnel building
for
Operation of Plate & Frame Filter Press Operation of Rotary vacuum Filter Operation of Basket Centrifuge Operation Of Mixing Equipment Operation of settler & decantation Knowledge of GMP, SOPs, etc. Lab Attendant Identification and testing Filtration, crystallisation, distillation, etc. Operation and installation of plates, heating mantles, oven, pump, furnace, incubator, fire extinguisher, etc. Equipment Operator Operation of distilling columns Operation of absorption towers Operation of rotary drier, rotary drier, spray drier Operation of mixers, extractors Operation of leaching unit Sales Functional knowledge of product Understanding Advising clients Knowledge of basic of commerce billing, taxation Marketing and communication, especially in vernacular language Pharmaceuticals Operators Knowledge of API and formulations basic Cleanliness and hygiene Operations of equipment Compliance to cGMP, WHO guidelines, USFA guidelines Understanding of SOPs farm patters, diseases (fertilisers and pesticides)
Page 57 of 59
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
Sector
Personnel building
for
Understanding of safety, handling of waste, etc. Sales Knowledge of drug and intended use Conveying benefits of schemes and offerings Fundamentals of pricing tax, discounts, etc. Selling skills and communication skills.
Source: MES, DGET, and IMaCS analysis
The above areas, put together, account for over 70% to 80% of the human resource requirement where skill building would be required in the future.
Page 58 of 59
Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sector
This report has been prepared by ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited (IMaCS). IMaCS is a multi-line management and development consulting firm headquartered in India. It has an established track record of over 15 years in consulting across various sectors and countries. IMaCS has completed over 950 consulting assignments and has worked in over 30 countries across the globe. Through the process of carrying out several assignments over the last decade and half, IMaCS has accumulated considerable analytical and consulting expertise, backed by the following capabilities: Deep understanding of policy formulation. Extensive and organised database on several sectors. Knowledge of key factors of success in different projects and programmes. Ability to research emerging trends in the economy, as well as in specific sectors. Insight into different programmes and organisational processes. Ability to carry out economic analysis, build quantitative and financial models to project future performance and identify imperatives. Ability to identify the various types of risks and suggest appropriate strategies to mitigate the same.
The Education and Skills practice at IMaCS focusses on identifying skill gaps, mapping future skill requirements, and formulating strategies to address them. Our service offerings encompass diagnosis, design and implementation of education and skill development interventions for government and private sector.
R. Raghuttama Rao Managing Director IMaCS 4th floor, Electric Mansion Appasaheb Marathe Marg, Prabhadevi Mumbai 400 025 Tel: 91 22 3047 0047, Fax: 91 22 3047 0081 Email: raghuttama.rao@imacs.in
M. Sairam Head Process Consulting IMaCS 5th floor, Karumuttu Centre 634, Anna Salai, Nandanam, Chennai 600 035 Tel: 91 44 2434 0043, Fax: 91 44 2434 3663 Email: sairam.m@imacs.in
Page 59 of 59
National Skill Development Corporation D-4, Clarion Collection, (Qutab Hotel) Shaheed Jeet Singh Marg New Delhi 11 0 016 Tel : 011 46 56 0414 Fax : 011 4656 0417 Email : nsdc@nsdcindia.org
www.nsdcindia.org