Fourier transform and its uses

(Exploring the foundation of the communication and advancement)

Kumar Gopinath Khandagle
1 Department

of Electronic and telecommunication, R.C. Patel institute of technology .Shrpur-425405 kumarkhandagle33@gmail.com

Fourier transform begins with definition saying universe activity are made of sine and cosine waves when this idea indulged into public thousand of question arises after a long term evolution it had found that what the Fourier had thought was absolutely correct. As the year runs it render more and more application in almost every branch of science. Some of the branch consisting fourier as the basic building block include communication systems, vibration nature, wave nature, spectral analysis, biomedical instrumentation, acoustics and so on. research is still going on to explore additional application of this precious transform who know how much more we have to see. Fourier series is used for analysis of the periodic signal continuous in nature whereas aperiodic signal utilizes the Fourier transform. Similarly discrete signal which is periodic (periodic samples) uses discrete Fourier series while the aperiodic sampling uses discrete Fourier transform. The necessary and sufficient condition for the Fourier transform is Dirichlet condition which states that a periodic signal is Fourier realizable if and only if : 1) It is absolutely integrable. 2) It has finite discontinuities. 3) It has finite maxima and minima. Fourier series: ( ) ( )

Where a0 denotes the dc content of the signal (part of the wave whose amplitude remain constant throughout), an and bn represent harmonic content at the particular frequency. Fourier transform: ( ) ( )

Where F( ) represent the fourier transform of the function f(t).

Now before proceeding towards application we must have the basic of how to obtain the Fourier transform and various properties of it. With this prerequisite we begin to explore the application of Fourier transform. Applications: 1. Analyzing the behavior of system by frequency domain representation. 2. Effective direction in which directivity of antenna is maximum. 3. Frequency ranges where the noise probability is worst owing to avoid the transmission in that range. 4. Energy content in the signal (Parsevals theorem)

Analyzing behavior of the communication system:

As the advancement in the communication growing day by day to understand them the basic past communication system should be clearly understood so as begin advance study. Our agenda in this application is to understand basic communication model. Now considering the basic carrier modulation scheme it become very undesirable to study the various modulation waveforms by their original nature as transmitted through the channel so generally they being transform to some other form and thats we termed as transform. Consider the DSB-FC modulation scheme. Let us analyze the various waveforms by considering the original nature of the signal. Now the frequency versus time plot show in the upper pot seems typical to understand but the lower one plot seems very easy to interpret. The plot show that as we move from the axis or as the frequency increases the power content of the signal decreases hence more probability of being anticipated by noise hence while considering the carrier modulation the major point to be consider is not to go beyond a typical frequency range. The minimum possible bandwidth required for faithful reception of the signal required is fc> 2B as specified by the Nyquist sufficient condition for the good reception. The information obtaining from the Fourier transform are as stated below: Easy spectral analysis. Discrete representation of the carrier band, sidebands and original signal. Representation with the magnitude scale. Easy bandwidth calculation just by simple subtraction the USB and LSB frequency. Can be used for the comparison of the various modulation scheme.

Analyzing DSB-FC modulated scheme: Amplitude modulation scheme serves as the basic for many of the past decade as the efficient modulation scheme. Today also VSB (vestigial sideband modulation) is served as the basic for the Television color transmission also ISB (independent sideband modulation) serves as the key for multiplexing various signals. Analyzing the spectra through original waveform doesnt seems to occupy more of information hence it is transformed in the fourier domain for easy analyzing and extracting more content of the spectra. let us look at the two waveform. The original spectra is shown in the fig a where we see the information content of the signal is content in the triangular waveform. After the modulation with the carrier signal we got the two waveforms both with same amplitude as that of spectra. Baseband signal has been modulated with the high frequency carrier to get the modulated signal which has same shape as the original one but with amplitude as half of the original signal. While transforming into the Fourier domain the result is same as that of the original spectra content but with less complication so it is often preferred over the original spectra. INFORMATION EXATRACTED FROM THE FOURIER SPECTRA Bandwidth required for the faithful reception of the signal over the noisy channel is fs > 2fm Carrier power is also transmitted with baseband signal adding to wastage of the power. Bandwidth increases due to the transmission of the carrier therefore loss in bandwidth. Power content can be easily obtain by considering area of the waveform or considering Parsevals theorem.

( )

( )

Fig: Original spectra of DSB-SC A)Original signal B)Modulated signal

2) Determining the power content of the signal (Importance of the Parsevals theorem ) PARSEVALS THEOREM : The parseval theorem state that power content of the signal can be obtained by considering the area occupied by the curvge when it is Fourier transformed. Parsevals theorem play a central importance in the physics and the communication as it specified the total content or the power content of the signal without the time dependent information of the signal. Consider the two spectra are convulated and we wish to find out the power content then we have

( )

( )

Now if we assume that two signal are same in nature and are just delayed version of each other then

( ) Simplifying further we get

( )

( )

( )

Thus the total power can be easily calculated as follow.

3) Determining the direction of maximum directivity. Fourier transform found typical application in the antenna theory not much of it being discovered but showing a gate to new era. Still more work has to be done, antenna is an device which continuously emit the electromagnetic radiation in specified direction. The antenna emitting the EM waves in one direction are one aperture antenna while the two dimensional aperture antenna still required some modification. The branch of antenna is far more versatile than it seems only a bit of the part of this theory is being explain to flexibility of fourier transform as tool. A fig below shows the one dimensional aperture of the antenna states that the maximum power is radiated in the direction perpendicular to the radiator also various pattern is shown in consecutive figures

Fig: Some aperture pattern and their respective transform

Reference:
Fourier transform and its application, Ronald Bracewell, Mcgraw hill publication, ISBN 0-07-303938-1. A student Guide to Fourier Transform, Cambridge university press.