ECU Designing

By Deependra Magarde
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Electronic Control Unit - ECU

In the Automobile industry an electronic control unit (ECU) is a embedded electronic device ECU basically a digital computer, that read signals coming from sensors placed at various parts and in different components of the car and depending on this information controls various important units e.g. Engine
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ECU Key Funtions

Read signals coming from sensors Controls various units according to sensor signals Keeps a check on the performance of components

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An ECU is basically made up of hardware and software (firmware).

The hardware components is a microcontroller chip along with an EPROM or a Flash memory chip. The software (firmware) is a set of lowerlevel codes that runs in the microcontroller.
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The ECU is characterized by:

Many analog and digital I/O Power device interface/control Different communication protocols (CAN, KWP-2000, etc.). Large switching matrices for both low and high power signals High voltage tests Intelligent communication interface adapters (standard or custom) Automatic fixture recognition and software sequence enable Power device simulation
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Different Types of ECU's

ECM Engine Control Module EBCM Electronic Brake control module PCM Powertrain control module VCM Vehicle control module BCM Body control module

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ECM Engine Control Module

ECM is an ECU in an internal combustion engine that controls various engine functions e.g Injection Ignition timing Idle speed control system.

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EBCM Electronic Brake control module.

The EBCM regulates the braking systems on the basis of five inputs that it receives.

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PCM Powertrain control module

PCM is an ECU that monitors and controls speed, charging and Automatic Transmission The inputs that are fed to the PCM are from: throttle position sensor, output shaft speed sensor, vehicle speed sensor engine speed sensor (CKP) brake switch cruise control switches ignition overdrive on/off switch governor pressure sensor.

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VCM Vehicle control module

VCM is an ECU that takes care of systems like: Electronic Powersteering (EPS) systems Adaptive Cruise control (ACC) systems Airbag control system (ACS) systems. Electronic Stability Control (ESC) systems.
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BCM Body control module

BCM is an ECU that takes care of seating control unit, wiper control, power windows and power hoods in convertible cars (e.g. Benz SL Roadster).

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ECU functional blocks

1. Power Supply digital and analog 2. MPU microprocessor and memory 3. Communications Link (e.g. CAN bus) 4. Discrete Inputs On/Off Switch type inputs 5. Frequency Inputs encoder type signals 6. Analog Inputs feedback signals from sensors 7. Switch Outputs On/Off Switch type outputs 8. PWM Outputs variable frequency 9. Frequency Outputs constant duty cycle

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Sensors and Actuators Connected to an ECM

Manifold Air temperature Sensor (MAT) Coolant Temperature Sensor (CTS) Camshaft/Crankshaft Position Sensor (CPS) Knock Sensor (KS) Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP)
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Different types of Protocols used

Diagnostics ODBII protocol CAN ISO 11898 Body and Powertrain LIN Multimedia and Drive by wire MOST IDB 1394 Drive by wire FlexRay

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Design and Testing

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Three Academic options for building a software model.

LabVIEW System Identification Toolkit and Control Design Toolkit Simulation Module MATRIXx Xmath SystemBuild AUTOCODE Document It
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Three Academic options for building a software model cont.

LabVIEW + Simulink Simulation Module Simulation Interface Toolkit (SIT)

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Rapid Control Prototyping

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Targeting
In this step the core ECU model is modified to interface with the I/O available in the actual ECU and then is converted into a C code using a C code generator. In some cases they are also converted into an ada code. And then this code is downloaded as the control algorithm to the 32-bit microcontroller inside the ECU.
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Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation (HIL)

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AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) is a worldwide development partnership of car manufacturers, suppliers and other companies from the electronics, semiconductor and software industry. The AUTOSAR scope includes all vehicle domains.
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AUTOSAR
Improve performance, safety and environmental friendliness One common standard: "Cooperate on standards, compete on implementation Improve cost-efficiency without making any compromise with respect to quality Facilitates the exchange and update of software and hardware
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Technical Overview
Technical goals Modularity Scalability Transferability Re-usability

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Technical Overview
AUTOSAR enables configuration process optimization (e.g. partitioning and resource usage) and where necessary, to allow local optimization if required to meet the runtime requirements of specific devices and hardware constraints.

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AUTOSAR ECU Software Architecture

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Standardized interfaces

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AUTOSAR Software Components

Virtual Functional Bus (VFB) System Constraint and ECU Descriptions Mapping on ECUs Runtime Environment (RTE)

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Software Component
A fundamental design concept of AUTOSAR is the separation between: Application Infrastructure

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Sensor/Actuator Software Components

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AUTOSAR Runtime Environment

The RTE provides a communication abstraction to AUTOSAR Software Components attached to it by providing the same interface and services whether inter-ECU communication channels are used (such as CAN, LIN, FlexRay, MOST, etc.) or communication stays intra-ECU.

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AUTOSAR Basic Software

Services System services such as diagnostic protocols; NVRAM, flash and memory management Communication Communication Framework (e.g. CAN, LIN, FlexRay...), I/O management, Network management Operating System As AUTOSAR aims at an architecture that is common for all vehicle domains it will specify the requirements for an AUTOSAR Operating System
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Microcontroller Abstraction layer (MCAL)

Digital I/O (DIO) Analog/Digital Converter (ADC) Pulse Width (De)Modulator (PWM, PWD) EEPROM (EEP) Flash (FLS) Capture Compare Unit (CCU) Watchdog Timer (WDT) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) I2C Bus (IIC)
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ECU specific components

ECU Abstraction The ECU Abstraction provides a software interface to the electrical values of any specific ECU in order to decouple higher-level software from all underlying hardware dependencies. Complex Device Driver (CDD) The CDD allows a direct access to the hardware in particular for resource critical applications

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The AUTOSAR Methodology

System Configuration Description: Configuration Extractor:
includes all system information and the information that must be agreed between different ECUsSystem extracts the information from the System Configuration Description needed for a specific ECUECU extract: is the information from the System Configuration Description needed for a specific ECUECU

Configuration Description:

all information that is local to a specific ECU the runnable software can be built from this information and the code of the software component

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AUTOSAR Specifications Released

Release 4.0 Release 3.2 Release 3.1 Release 3.0 Release 2.0

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User Groups

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Artop User Group

The Artop User Group is a group of licensed users of the AUTOSAR standard with a special interest in AUTOSAR compliant tools The AUTOSAR Tool Platform (Artop) is an implementation of common base functionality for AUTOSAR development tools.
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ARText - An AUTOSAR Textual Language Framework

ARText is a framework for building textual modeling languages for AUTOSAR ARText is based on Xtext. ARText extends Xtext with features specific to the AUTOSAR domain and provides a full integration of your editor within Artop.
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Artop IDE Screenshot

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AUTOSAR Designing Softwares

AUTOSAR Builder Infineon AUTOSAR Software Freescale AUTOSAR Software Solutions RTI AUTOSAR Package EB tebros
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AUTOSAR Solution By Maths Work

Simulink Stateflow Embedded Coder Vector Informatik DaVinci Developer KPIT Cummins ECU SPECTRUM and AUTOSAR Basic Software Modules

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THANKS FOR YOUR PATIENCE

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