1/14

Reg.
No.


MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MANIPAL UNIVERSITY, MANIPAL
I YEAR B.E. END-SEMESTER MAKE- UP EXAMINATION JULY 2011
SUBJECT: ENGINEERING PHYSICS (PHY101/102)
(NEW SYLLABUS)
Time: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 50
Note: Answer any FIVE FULL questions. Each question carries 10 marks
Answer all the sub questions of a main question in a continuous sequence.
Write specific and precise answers.
Write question number within the margin. Draw neat sketches wherever necessary.

Physical Constants:
Speed of light in vacuum = 3.00 X 10
8
m/s Electron charge = 1.60 X 10
19
C
Mass of the alpha particle, m

= 6.64 X 10
27
kg 360 = 2 rad
Boltzmann constant = 1.38 X 10
23
J/ K Plancks constant = 6.63 X 10
34
J.s
1 atomic mass unit, u = 1.66 X 10
27
kg; Mass of Carbon = 12 u; Mass of Oxygen = 16 u
Ionization energy for Hydrogen in the ground state = 13.6 eV Bohr radius = 52.9 pm

1A Explain a wavepacket, and its (i) group speed (ii) phase speed. 3 M

1B Which are the features of photoelectric effect-experiment explained by Einsteins
photoelectric equation? 2 M

1C Obtain an expression for the radius of m
TH
order bright ring in the case of
Newtons rings. 5 M


2A Explain Rayleighs criterion for resolving images due to a circular aperture. 2 M

2B Obtain an expression for the quantized rotational energy of a diatomic molecule. 3 M

2C Sketch the lowest three energy states, wave-functions, probability densities for the
particle in a one-dimensional infinite potential well. 3 M

2D Explain (i) spontaneous emission (ii) stimulated emission with reference to lasers. 2 M


3A Give the physical interpretation of spin magnetic quantum number, m
s
. 3 M

3B Assuming the expression for the allowed states of a particle in a 3- dimensional box,
derive the density-of-states function. 5 M

3C Explain Meissner effect in superconductors. 2 M


4A Monochromatic light with wavelength 538 nm falls on a slit with width 25.2 m. The
distance from the slit to a screen is 3.48 m. Consider a point on the screen 1.13 cm
from the central maximum. Calculate the ratio of the intensity at this point to the
intensity at the central maximum. 3 M
MI T- MU I BE SECOND SEMESTER- MAKE- UP EXAMI NATI ON JULY 2011 ENGINEERING PHYSICS (NS)

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4B How many complete fringes appear between the first minima of the fringe envelope on
either side of the central maximum for a double-slit pattern if = 557 nm, d = 0.150 mm,
and a = 0.030 mm? 2 M

4C Electrons bombard a molybdenum target, producing both continuous and
characteristic x-rays. If the accelerating potential applied to the x-ray tube is
50.0 kV, what values of (i)
MIN
(ii)
K
(iii)
K
result ? The energies of the
K-shell, L-shell and M-shell in the molybdenum atom are 20.0 keV, 2.6 keV,
and 0.4 keV respectively. 3 M

4D When red light in vacuum is incident at the polarizing angle on a certain glass slab, the
angle of refraction is 31.8 . What are (i) the index of refraction of the glass and (ii) the
polarizing angle? 2 M


5A A grating has 40000 ruling spread over 76 mm. What is its expected dispersion D in
/nm for sodium light of wavelength 589 nm in the first order? 3 M

5B An alpha particle in a nucleus can be modeled as a particle moving in a box of length
1.0 x 10
14
m. Using this model, estimate the wavelength and momentum of the alpha
particle in its first excited energy state (n=2). 2 M

5C The frequency of photon that causes v = 0 to v = 1 transition in the CO
molecule is 6.42 x 10
13
Hz. Ignore any changes in the rotational energy. (i)
Calculate the force constant, k for this molecule. (ii) What is the maximum classical
amplitude of vibration for this molecule in the v = 0 vibrational state? 3 M

5D The lifetime of an electron in the state n = 2 in hydrogen is 10 ns. What is the
uncertainty in electron energy in this state? 1 M


6A Calculate the probability of finding the electron in the ground state of an infinite
potential well of length L, between x = 0 and x = L /4. 3 M

6B A hydrogen atom is in the first excited state (n = 2). Using the Bohr theory of
the atom, calculate (i) the radius of the orbit (ii) the kinetic energy of the
electron (iii) the potential energy of the system and (iv) the total energy of the
system. 3 M

6C Most solar radiation has a wavelength of 1 m. What energy gap should the
material in solar cell have in order to absorb this radiation ? 2 M

6D Calculate the energy of a conduction electron in silver at 800 K, assuming the
probability of finding an electron in that state is 0.950. The Fermi energy is
5.48 eV at this temperature. 2 M



MI T- MU I BE SECOND SEMESTER- MAKE- UP EXAMI NATI ON JULY 2011 ENGINEERING PHYSICS (NS)

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PHYSI CS DEPARTMENT, MI T, MANI PAL
SCHEME OF EVALUATI ON
I I SEMESTER MAKE- UP EXAMI NATI ON- PHY 101/ 102 on 15-07-2011

Q1A Explain a wavepacket, and its (i) group speed (ii) phase speed. 3 M

Ans. 1A Quantum particle which is associated with the dual nature is represented with the
help of a wavepacket.
To create a wave packet, large number of simple harmonic waves are added. This addition
creates a small localized region of space where constructive interference takes place and is
called a wavepacket, which represents the particle.






------------------------ 1 M





(i) The amplitude envelope of the wavepacket can travel through space with a different
speed than the individual waves. This speed is called the group speed or the speed of
the wave packet. ---------------------- M

For a superposition of large number of waves to form a wave packet, the group speed is
given by
---------------------- M

Here d and dk are difference in angular frequencies and wavenumbers of the added
waves respectively.

(ii) The phase speed is the speed with which the resultant wave crest moves ------ M

Is the phase speed of the wavepacket. ---------------------- M


Q1B Which are the features of photoelectric effect-experiment explained by Einsteins
photoelectric equation? 2 M

Ans. 1B Einsteins photoelectric equation showed that (i) the maximum kinetic energy of
the emitted electrons, K
max
depends only on frequency of the incident light.
(ii) the almost instantaneous emission of photoelectrons due to one -to one interaction
between photons and electrons.
(iii) the necessity of a minimum light frequency, thereby a minimum photon energy for
the photoelectric effect to take place since photons should have energy greater
than the work function in order to eject an electron.
(iv) the existence of a cutoff frequency f
c
which is related to by f
c
= /h. If the
incident frequency f is less than f
c
, no emission of photoelectrons.
----------------------( 4) = 2M

wave packet
dk
d

g
=
= = f
k

p
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Q 1C Obtain an expression for the radius of m
TH
order bright ring in the case of
Newtons rings. 5 M

Ans.1C Figure with explanation and all the quantities shown ------------------------1 M



Write / show the interfering beams and
deduce the path difference between the
interfering beams. ------------------------1M
For Constructive interference in this case
2d = (m - ) (n = 1 for air film) ------ M





------------------------ 2M
Substituting d in the equation 2d = (m - ) , we get

---------------- M



Q2A Explain Rayleighs criterion for resolving images due to a circular aperture. 2M

Ans. 2A Raleighs criterion for optical resolution: The images of two closely spaced
sources is said to be just resolved if the angular separation of the two point sources is such
that the central maximum of the diffraction pattern of one source falls on the first minimum
of the diffraction pattern of the other. ------------------------1M

----- M

R
is the smallest angular separation for which we can resolve the images of two objects.

------------- M


Q2B Obtain an expression for the quantized rotational energy of a diatomic molecule. 3 M

Ans. 2B A diatomic molecule aligned along an x-axis as shown in figure has only two
rotational degrees of freedom, corresponding to rotations about the y- and z-axes.
2
1
2
2 2
R
r
1 R R r R R d
(

\
|
= =
R 2
r
. . .
R
r
2
1
1 R R d 1 R r
2
2

+
|

\
|
= << get, we expansion, binomial using
( ) (maxima) . . . , 2 , 1 m where , R m r
2
1
= =
d
22 . 1 is .
d
22 . 1 sin
1
R

=
|

\
|

=

R R
as d appoximate be can it small, very since
a. Not resolved
b. Just resolved
c. Well resolved
a
b
c
1/14


Rotational kinetic energy of the molecule
about these axis = E
ROT
, where

--------------------- M

where I is the moment of inertia of the
molecule.


------------- M

Here, m
1
, m
2
= masses of the atoms
r = inter-nuclear separation, and = reduced mass of the diatomic molecule.



Magnitude of the classical angular momentum, L = I --------------------- M

And the quantized angular momentum of the molecule, ------------ M
Where J = 0, 1, 2, . . . are the rotational quantum number.

------------1 M


Q 2C Sketch the lowest three energy states, wave-functions, probability densities for the
particle in a one-dimensional infinite potential well. 3 M

Ans. 2C

Energy states Wave functions Probability densities

Figure 1 M each---------------(1 3) = 3 M


Q2D Explain (i) spontaneous emission (ii) stimulated emission with reference to lasers. 2M

Ans. 2D Spontaneous emission: The atoms excited to higher energy states are unstable
there. The excited atoms from these states spontaneously make transition to lower energy
states emitting a photon whose energy h is the difference between the two energy states
E
2
and E
1
i.e, E
2
- E
1
. This type of transition of an atom from a higher to a lower energy
2
2
1
ROT
I E =
2 2
2 1
2 1
r r
m m
m m
I =
|
|

\
|
+
=
2 1
2 1
m m
m m
+
=
h ) 1 J ( J L + =
( )
2
2
2
1
ROT
I
I 2
1
I E ., e . i = =
( )
I 2
) 1 J ( J
I 2
L
2
2
h +
= =
) 1 J ( J
I 2
2
+ =
h
n
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state without any outside stimulus is called spontaneous emission. The photons so emitted
are in random phases and in random directions. -----------------Figure + Definition 1 M

Excited atoms

E
2




emitted photon Incident photon



emitted photons
E
1





spontaneous emission stimulated emission

Stimulated emission: When a photon of energy h = E
2
E
1
is incident on an atom which is
already in an excited state, say E
2
, the atom being disturbed or stimulated by the incident
photon, makes a transition to a lower energy state E
1
emitting a photon. The emitted
photon has the same frequency, phase & direction as the incident photon. This type of
emission is called stimulated emission. -----------------Figure + Definition 1 M


Q3A Give the physical interpretation of spin magnetic quantum number, m
s
. 3 M

Ans. 3A The experimental evidence suggested the electron to have some intrinsic angular
momentum. To quantitatively indicate this quantized energy, spin quantum number is
introduced. This originates from Diracs relativistic treatment for electron. ------------ M

There can be only two directions for the
spin angular momentum vector spin-up
and spin-down as shown in the figure.
Spin is an intrinsic property of a
particle, like mass and charge. The
spin angular momentum magnitude S
for the electron is expressed in terms
of a single quantum number (spin
quantum number), s = .

-----------------Figure + Explanation 1 M

--------------------- M


S is quantized in space as shown in the figure.
It can have two orientations relative to a z-axis,
specified by the spin magnetic quantum number
m
s
= .

The z-component of is
S
Z
= m
s
= /2

-----------------Figure + Explanation 1 M
( ) h h
2
3
1 s s = + = S
1/14

3B Assuming the expression for the allowed states of a particle in a 3- dimensional box,
derive the density-of-states function. 5 M

Ans. 3B The quantized energy of a particle (mass m) in a one dimensional box of
(length L) are

Where n = 1, 2, 3, . . .


For a free-electron (mass m) in a metal cube of side L (three-dimensional box), the
quantized energies are

n
x
, n
y
, n
z
= quantum numbers.

-------------- M
Each allowed energy value is characterized by this set of quantum numbers (n
x
, n
y
,
n
z
) and the spin quantum number m
s
(two values). Because of the macroscopic
size L of the box, the energy levels for the electrons are very close together. As a
result, the quantum numbers can be treated as continuous variables. In a three-
dimensional quantum number space with axis representing n
x
, n
y
, n
z
, the allowed
energy states can be represented as dots located at positive integral values of the
three quantum numbers. --------------------------- M

Energy equation in 3D-box can be written as



-------------------- M


This is the equation of a sphere of radius n.
Thus, the number of allowed energy states
having energies between E and E+dE is equal
to the number of points in a spherical shell of
radius n and thickness dn. The volume of this
shell (NUMBER OF STATES FROM E TO
E+dE) is --------------------------- M


G(E) dE = ()(4n
2
dn) = ()n
2
dn ------------------ M
Since all the n
x
, n
y
, n
z
can have positive values only in an octant of the three-
dimensional space.
The number of states per unit volume [v in normal space] per unit energy range is
called density of states g (E)

------------------- M

Replacing n by ; we get ------------- M

2
2
2 2
2
2
2
n
n
L m 2
n
L m 8
h
E

= =
h
( )
2
z
2
y
2
x
2
2 2
n
n n n
L m 2
E + +

=
h
2
2 2
o
2
o
2
z
2
y
2
x
L m 2
E where n
E
E
n n n

= = = + +
h
o
E
E
n and =
V
) E ( G
) E ( g =
o
E
E
(
(

|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
=
2
1
o o
2
1
E
E
d
E
E
dE ) E ( G
MI T- MU I BE SECOND SEMESTER- MAKE- UP EXAMI NATI ON JULY 2011 ENGINEERING PHYSICS (NS)

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------------- M








---------------- M


To consider the spin states, each particle-in-a-box state should be multiplied by 2.


------------------ M
Where



Q 3C Explain Meissner effect in superconductors. 2 M

Ans. 3C Meissner effect is the exclusion of magnetic flux from the interior of
superconductors when their temperature is decreased below the critical temperature.
------------------ M
----------- M
From Meissner effect, one can write, B = 0
or
B
= 0 inside a superconductor, below
T
C
. the superconductor is a perfect
diamagnet. ----------- M
A superconductor expels magnetic flux
by forming surface currents.
These surface currents induced in the superconductor produce a magnetic field that exactly
cancels the externally applied magnetic field inside the superconductor. ----------- M

Q 4A Monochromatic light with wavelength 538 nm falls on a slit with width 25.2 m. The
distance from the slit to a screen is 3.48 m. Consider a point on the screen 1.13 cm
from the central maximum. Calculate the ratio of the intensity at this point to the
intensity at the central maximum. 3 M

Ans. 4A Given = 538 nm; a = 25.2 m ; = ? D = 3.48 m

tan ( ) = 1.13 X 10
-2
/ 3.48 = 3.25 X 10
-3
rad.
= 0.186 . ------------------ M
dE E E dE E E
E
E
dE ) E ( G
2
1
2
3
o 4
1 2
1
2
1 2
1
o
o
2
1

=
|
|

\
|
=
dE E
mL 2
dE ) E ( G
2
1
2
3
2
2 2
4
1

\
|
=
h
V L , dE E
L m
2
2
dE ) E ( G
3
2
1
3 2
3
2
3
=

=
h
dE E
m
2
2
dE
V
) E ( G
dE ) E ( g
2
1
3 2
2
3
h
= =
dE E
h
m 2 8
dE ) E ( g
2
1
3
2
3

=
g(E) is called the density-of-states function.
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= (2 / )(a sin ) /2 = 0.478 rad = 27.4 & sin = 0.460. ------------------1 M
=
m
sin
2
( ) /
2
. =
m
sin
2
(27.4 ) / 0.478
2
=
m
0.926. ------------------1 M
i.e., /
m
= 0.926

Q 4B How many complete fringes appear between the first minima of the fringe envelope on
either side of the central maximum for a double-slit pattern if = 557 nm, d = 0.150 mm, and a =
0.030 mm? 2 M

Ans 4B Given = 557 nm, d = 0.150 mm, and a = 0.030 mm
We have for diffraction minima,
a sin = p where p = 1, 2, 3 ------ ------------------ M
and for interference maxima,
d sin = m where m = 0, 1, 2, 3 ------ ------------------ M
Since d / a = 5 , above equations suggest 5
th
order interference maxima (m = 5) coinciding
with the first diffraction minima (p = 1). 5
th
order interference fringe will be missing. 9
complete fringes will appear, 4 each on both sides of the central maximum (corresponding
to m = 1, 2, 3, 4) + one at the center corresponding to m = 0. Total 9 complete fringes.
------------------1M

4C Electrons bombard a molybdenum target, producing both continuous and
characteristic x-rays. If the accelerating potential applied to the x-ray tube is
50.0 kV, what values of (i)
MIN
(ii)
K
(iii)
K
result ? The energies of the
K-shell, L-shell and M-shell in the molybdenum atom are 20.0 keV, 2.6 keV,
and 0.4 keV respectively. 3 M

Ans. 4C Given V = 50.0 10
3
V ; c = 3.00 10
8
m/s ; e = 1.60 10
19
C ;
h = 6.63 10
34
J.s

(i)
------------------( + ) = 1 M

(ii) ------------------ M





------------------ M
. pm 25 m 10 49 . 2
10 50 10 6 . 1
10 3 10 63 . 6
V e
c h
11
3 19
8 34
MIN
= =


=

nf ni
E E
c h
f h =

=
. pm 63 m 10 3 . 6
10 6 . 1 10 ) 4 . 0 0 . 20 (
10 3 10 63 . 6
E E
c h
11
19 3
8 34
M K
k
= =


=

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(iii)


------------------( + ) = 1 M

Q 4D When red light in vacuum is incident at the polarizing angle on a certain glass slab,
the angle of refraction is 31.8 . What are (i) the index of refraction of the glass and (ii)
the polarizing angle? 2 M

Ans. 4D Given
r
= 31.8
(ii) We have p + r = 90 ------------------ M

p
= 58.2 ------------------ M
(i) n = tan
p
------------------ M
and n = tan 58.2 = 1.6 ------------------ M

Q 5A A grating has 40000 ruling spread over 76 mm. What is its expected dispersion D in
/nm for sodium light of wavelength 589 nm in the first order? 3 M

Ans. 5A Given order m = 1 ; N = 40000 ; Width, W = 76 10
3
m ; = 589 10
9
m

Distance between the successive slits in grating, d = W / N = 1.9 10
6
m ------------- M
d sin = m ------------------ M
and for first order = sin
1
( / d) = sin
1
(0.31 ) = 18.1 ------------------ M

------------------ M

Solving, we get Dispersion D = 5.54 rad / nm ------------------ M
= 0.032 / nm ------------------ M

Q 5B An alpha particle in a nucleus can be modeled as a particle moving in a box of
length 1.0 x 10
14
m. Using this model, estimate the wavelength and momentum of the
alpha particle in its first excited energy state (n=2). 2 M

Ans. 5B Given L = 1.0 x 10
14
m ; n=2
For a particle in infinite potential well (box), L = n / 2 ------------------ M
Wavelength of the alpha particle in its first excited energy state, = L = 1.0 x 10
14
m
---------------------- M
Momentum of a quantum particle, p = h / ------------------ M
. pm 71 m 10 1 . 7
10 6 . 1 10 ) 6 . 2 0 . 20 (
10 3 10 63 . 6
E E
c h
11
19 3
8 34
L K
k
= =


=

c
o
s
c
o
s
c
o
s
c
o
s
d dd d
m mm m

= = D , Dispersion
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Momentum of the alpha particle in its first excited energy state, p = 6.63 x 10
20
kg-m/s
---------------------- M

Q 5C The frequency of photon that causes v = 0 to v = 1 transition in the CO
molecule is 6.42 x 10
13
Hz. Ignore any changes in the rotational energy. (i)
Calculate the force constant, k for this molecule. (ii) What is the maximum classical
amplitude of vibration for this molecule in the v = 0 vibrational state? 3 M

Ans. 5C Given f = 6.42 x 10
13
Hz ; Mass of Carbon = 12 u; Mass of Oxygen = 16 u
1 atomic mass unit, u = 1.66 X 10
27
kg ; vibrational quantum numbers, v = 0 to v = 1
Reduced mass of CO molecule is .
---------------------------- M


(i) We have


(ii) The maximum elastic potential energy = kA2 ---------------------- M
For v = 0 vibrational state, Ev=0 = hf ---------------------- M

---------------------- M
Solving we get,
---------------------------- M
---------- M
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Or
Write vibrational frequency = frequency of the photon absorbed or emitted in vibrational
spectra.
i.e. kA
2
= hf and solving for A, by directly substituting for f, we get
A = 4.79 pm. ---------------------1 M

Q 5D The lifetime of an electron in the state n = 2 in hydrogen is 10 ns. What is the
uncertainty in electron energy in this state? 1 M

Ans 5D Given t = 10 x 10
9
s and n =2 (this data not needed)
We have E t = h / 4 ----------------------1 M
Solving for E, we get E = 33 neV ---------------------- M

Q 6A Calculate the probability of finding the electron in the ground state of an infinite
potential well of length L, between x = 0 and x = L /4. 3 M

Ans 6A The probability density is given by ( )
2
n n
x ) x ( P = ---------------------- M
i.e.,
2
n
L
x n
sin
L
2
) x ( P
(

\
|
=
Given n = 1 ---------------------- M
Probability for finding the electron in the x = 0 to x = L / 4 is
---------------------- M
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=
=
4 / L x
n
0 x
dx ) x ( P


= == =
= == =
( (( (

( (( (



| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
L/4 x
0 x
dx
L
x (1)
sin
L
2
2
---------------------- M

= == =
= == =
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (






| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |

= == =
4 / L x
0 x
dx
2
L
x 2
cos 1
L
2
----------------------M
4 / L x
0 x
4 / L x
0 x
L
2
L
x 2
sin
L
1
L
x
= == =
= == =
= == =
= == =
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (







| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |

= == =
---------------------- M

= 0.25 0.159 = 0.091 = 9.1 % ---------------------- M

Q 6B A hydrogen atom is in the first excited state (n = 2). Using the Bohr theory of
the atom, calculate (i) the radius of the orbit (ii) the kinetic energy of the
electron (iii) the potential energy of the system and (iv) the total energy of the
system. 3 M

Ans. 6B (i) We have r
n
= n
2
a
0
---------------- M
Given n = 2 , a
0
= 52.9 X 10
-12
m
r
2
= 2.12 X 10
-10
m = 0.21 nm = 212 pm ---------------- M
(iv) E
n
= 13.6 / n
2
eV ---------------- M
E
2
= 3.4 eV = 5.44 X 10
-19
J ---------------- M
(iii) Potential energy = 2 X Total Energy = 6.8 eV
& (ii) Kinetic energy = 3.4 eV --------------- 1 M
(Marks should be given if students solve this numerical from basic equations)

Q 6C Most solar radiation has a wavelength of 1 m. What energy gap should the
material in solar cell have in order to absorb this radiation ? 2 M

Ans. 6C

-------------------1 M
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---------------- M

Q 6D Calculate the energy of a conduction electron in silver at 800 K, assuming
the probability of finding an electron in that state is 0.950. The Fermi energy is
5.48 eV at this temperature. 2 M

Ans. 6D
Given f ( E) = 0.950 ; T = 800 K ; E
F
= 5.48 eV.; Boltzmann constant, k = 1.38 X 10
23
J/ K

We have

------------------------1 M



Substituting all the values and solve for E, we get

E = 5.28 eV ------------------------1 M
( )
1
kT
E E
exp
1
E f
F
+
|

\
|

=