LECTURE 1 UHS 2052 INTRODUCTION TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

LILY SURIANI MOHD ARIF JPSM/FPPSM S44-B101-10 lily@fppsm.utm.my

COMMUNICATION THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION

Of all the knowledge and skills you have, those concerning communication are among the most important and useful. Communication will always play a crucial part in your personal and professional lives and its mastery and competence will influence how effectively you live these lives.

COMMUNICATION THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION

Present yourself in a positive light Build interpersonal relationships Interview effectively Participate in relationships and task groups Influence attitudes and behaviors of audiences Use media critically

COMMUNICATION THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION

To Improve Employability To Improve Relationship To Improve Physical and Mental Health

COMMUNICATION TYPES OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION

Intrapersonal communication Interpersonal communication Interviewing Small group communication Organizational communication Public communication Computer mediated communication Mass Communication

THE COMPETENT COMMUNICATOR

Communication Skills

A large and ready arsenal or interpersonal skills that can be used as

the situation warrants.

Cultural Sensitivity

Skills for communicating effectively in intercultural situations.

Critical Thinking

Skills for thinking logically and reasonably about communication and message appropriateness.

THE COMPETENT COMMUNICATOR

Ethical Foundation

Skills for communicating effectively and in a way thats consistent with sound and ethical principles

Power

Skills for increasing and maintaining power and influence as well as for empowering others.

Listening

Skills for listening effectively and appropriately, depending on the situation.

COMMUNICATION DEFINITION

Communication is the process understanding and sharing of meanings

Keywords:

Process Understanding Sharing of Meanings

OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION

We communicate for a purpose, and our basic objectives in communication are generally these: To be understood exactly as we intended. To secure the desired response to our message. To maintain favorable relations with those with whom we communicate.

WHY STUDY COMMUNICATION?

To understand human communication we must first examine its uses.There are at least seven uses for communication. Consider how effective you will be if you can successfully master these abilities. We use communication to inform We use communication to persuade We use communication to motivate We use communication to amuse Communication is used to control We use communication to create We use communication to destroy.

WE USE COMMUNICATION TO INFORM.

As speakers and listeners, as writers and readers, we need communication for informative purposes. Unless we can speak clearly, listen efficiently, write cogently, and read effectively, we cannot accomplish our communicative goals.

WE USE COMMUNICATION TO PERSUADE

We use communication to persuade, influence others, on a daily basis. In our private lives we sell ourselves on dates and to gain the admiration of our friends. In the business world, we sell ourselves in employments interviews or our proposals to colleague and supervisors

WE USE COMMUNICATION TO MOTIVATE

It is not just jogging that can make our hearts race. Effective motivational communication can have the same physical effect and still spurs us on to even greater achievements. Pep talks, annual addresses or written requests can have beneficial motivational effects.By motivation others we help to bring out their best qualities.

WE USE COMMUNICATION TO AMUSE.

Amusement does not detract from the importance of communication-it enhances it. We communicate constantly to amuse ourselves and others. Orally, we tell jokes and stories to amuse. We also amuse ourselves in writing and reading.

COMMUNICATION IS USED TO CONTROL

It should come as no surprise that we control others through communication. When a judge declares a defendant guilty, the future of the accused is controlled by the mandate of the court. When a law is passed reducing the speed limit to 55 miles per hour, we are compelled to comply or run the risk of speeding tickets and high-speed accidents.

WE USE COMMUNICATION TO CREATE

We build through communication. No skyscraper was constructed without thousands of words being exchanged among realtors and developers, architects and venture capitalists, engineers and etc.etc.etc. We also build relationships with others through our communication. Our connections with parents and siblings are created through our communication.

WE USE COMMUNICATION TO DESTROY.

Oral and written communication can be used to destroy as as to create. We destroy building by a demolition order, we destroy relationships by harsh words spoken in haste. We refuse promotions, terminate contracts, and reject loan applications all through communication. Studying communication is critical because we must learn to say no emphatically but emphatically, with conviction but with proper concern for the other person.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION

Communication Context Channels

Source/encoder MESSAGES Receiver/decoder Receiver/decoder Source/encoder

FEEDBACK

Noise

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS

SOURCE/ RECEIVER Each individual engaged in communication with others is both a message source and a message receiver. A source is an encoder A receiver is a decoder

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS

ENCODING/DECODING

Message encoding is the process of formulating messages-choosing content and symbols to convey meanings. Message Decoding is the process of assigning meaning in the role of receiver to message symbols generated by the message source.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS

MESSAGE The message is the symbolic attempt to transfer meaning; it is the signal that serves as a stimulus for a receiver. CHANNEL The channel is the medium through which the message is transmitted. It is the link or links between source and receiver. Channels include the five senses and any technological means used for message transmission.

HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

FEEDBACK Throughout the listening process, a listener gives a speaker feedback messages sent back to the speaker reacting to what is said. Feedback tells the speaker what effect he or she is having on the listener(s).

Characteristics of feedback: i.Positive-Negative ii.Person/Message focused iii.Immediate-Delayed iv.Low/High monitoring v.Supportive-Critical

HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

NOISE

Noise is the distortion or interference that contributes to discrepancies between the meaning intended by the source and the meaning assigned by the receiver.

HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

4 Types of Noise

Physical Physiological Psychological Semantic

HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Physical Noise
Interference that is external to both speaker and listener, it interferes with the physical transmission of the signal or message e.g. Screeching of passing cars, hum of computer, sunglasses.

Physiological Noise
Physical barriers within the speaker or listener. e.g visual impairments, hearing loss, articulation problems, memory loss

HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Psychological Noise
Cognitive or mental interference e.g. Biases and prejudices in senders and receivers, closemindedness, inaccurate expectation, extreme emotionalism (anger, hate, love, grief)

Semantic Noise
Speaker and listener assigning different meanings. e.g. People speaking different languages, use of jargon or overly complex terms not understood by listener, dialectical differences in meaning.

HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

CONTEXT

The communication context is the environment for the communication interaction. Context includes not only the specific time and place of the interaction but also the roles, relationships and the status of the communication participants.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

4 Types of Communication Context

Physical context The tangible or concrete environment in which communication takes place-the room or hallway or park. Cultural context Refers to the communicators rules and norms, beliefs and attitudes that are transmitted from one generation to another e.g In some cultures, direct eye contact between child and adult signifies directness and honesty; in others it signifies defiance and lack of respect.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS

Social-psychological context Includes, for example, the status relationships among the participants, the roles and the games that people play, cultural rules of the society in which theyre communicating. Temporal (time) context Includes the time of day as well as the time in history in which the communication takes place. For many people, the morning is not a time for communication. For others, the morning is ideal.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS

COMMUNICATION EFFECTS
Communication always has some effects on those involved in the communication act. For every communication act, there is some consequences. Intellectual (cognitive) Affective Psychomotor

e.g You may gain knowledge or learn how to analyze, synthesizes or

evaluate something (intellectual or cognitive effects) or you may acquire new feelings, attitudes, or beliefs (affective effects) You may learn new bodily movement, or express surprise (Psychomotor effects)

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS

ETHICS
Because communication has effects, it also involves a questions of ethics. The ethical dimension of communication is complicated because ethics is interwoven with ones personal philosophy of life and the culture in which one is raised that it is difficult to propose a guidelines for everyone.Nevertheless, ethical considerations need to be considered as integral to any communication act. The decisions you make concerning communication must be guided by what you consider right as well as what you consider effective.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS

ETHICS

What does ethics mean to you? Are ethical principles objective or subjective? Does the end justify the means?

COMMUNICATION MODELS

COMMUNICATION AS ACTION: MESSAGE TRANSFER (LASWELL 1948)

MESSAGE SOURCE CHANNEL INTERFERENCE RECEIVER

COMMUNICATION AS ACTION: MESSAGE TRANSFER (LASWELL 1948)

In this model, communication takes place when a message is sent and received. Period. It is a way of transferring meaning from sender to receiver. Harold Laswell (1948) described the process as follows: Who (sender) Says what (message) In what channel To whom (receiver) With what effects

COMMUNICATION AS INTERACTION: MESSAGE EXCHANGE (MC CROSKEY 1972)

` CONTEXT
MESSAGE

SOURCE

CHANNEL

RECEIVER

FEEDBACK INTERFERENCE

COMMUNICATION AS INTERACTION: MESSAGE EXCHANGE (MC CROSKEY 1972) The communication as interaction perspectives used the same elements as the action model but added two new ones: feedback and context. Although it emphasizes feedback and context, it does not quite capture the complexity of the communication process if the communication process takes place simultaneously. The interaction model of communication still views communication as a linear, step by step process

COMMUNICATION AS TRANSACTION: MESSAGE CREATION (MC AULEY 1979)

MESSAGE SOURCE CHANNEL FEEDBACK RECEIVER

INTERFERENCE

COMMUNICATION AS TRANSACTION: MESSAGE CREATION (MC AULEY 1979)

The communication-as-transaction perspective acknowledges that when we communicate with one another, we are constantly reacting to what our partner is saying and expressing. The figure indicate we send and receive messages concurrently. Even when we talk, we are also interpreting our partners verbal and non verbal responses.