+,#3{dP

HEADQUARTERS

UASFPREPAR
RESEARCH AND

ANALYSIS

OF
COM BA T INTELLI OFFICE OF THE A C OF

S.

G_2

REPRODUCED BY 2201ST ENGR.AVN.REGT

ln .s v 1

IL

HONGKONG
BI~fCK

CANTON BOOK

P7c
t1t ~r

Km......-.ov4i1

Preparedl
Resear'ch

By

&Analysis

Section

combat Intelligence
OFFICE OF A. C.

OF S. , G-2

10 August 1945

,.

'r pal

-.

fi

M ,

4, P

' r r w. , e

w~i ..-

LASI 1 F u
Section 1.

INDEX SHEET HQNGKONG CANTON AREA

BLACK BOOK PIG Military Geography General Topography Rivers (General) 1

Climate
Military Aspects of Terrain Section 2. Highways

Section Section Section Section

Section Section Section

3.

Railways

4.
5.

Waterways
Electricity Water Supply
Ports and Facilities
18~

6. 7.
8.
9.

20

23 32

Landing Beaches
Fixed Defenses

36 37

Section Section
Section

10. 11.
12.

Airfields Communications (Telephone, Telegraph, and Radio)

O/B

44

Section Section Section

Section Section

13. 14.

Military Supply and Storage Facilities

Government People
Attitude of the Civilian Population Labor Supply

49
50

15.
16. 17.

Section
Section Section

1. 19 .
20.

Health and Disease Hazards

Currency and Finance

Military and Civilian Personalities of Importance Counter Intelligence

Section

21.

Note:

See next

page for INDEX to PLANS FOLDER.

:'
p

4-V
,~;

:u:.k

INDEX.; TO PLANS FOLDJER

PLAN

1. Primary Routes
2.
3. C ANTON
-

, PL...
PLAN
PLAN

J{OW1LOON Railroad

Navigable Waterways Radiating from CANTON

4,

Port Fcilities:
Port Facilities :
Landing

HIONGKONG

KOWLOON

PLAN

5. 6.

CANTON and W*HAPOA

7LAN PLAN PLAN

PLAN

Beaches

7.

HONGKONG Area Defenses and. Communications

E. CANTON Area Defenses and Communications

.9.

Airfields ---

South
-

China
Area
KOWLOON)

PLAN

10.

0/B, CANTON

HONGKONG

PLAN I_11. PLAN 12.

Military Storage (HCKGKONG Military Supply (CANTON Area)

PLAN

13.

Provincial anid Local Governmient~s Political and Ethnic Divisions

PLAN 14.
PLAN

15 .
16 , 17.

1:23000,0OO0 1:25,000

Map,

"E. S.

CANTON

PLAN PLAN

Map of CANTON Map of HONGKONG and New Territory

1:201000

PLAN 18. PLAN 19.

1:250,000 Map of CANTON . HONGKONG Area Air Mosaic of HONG-KONG

-

KO~dLO0N Area

104,tl4
d r" t i*6 y xt

SECTION

GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY
The area under consideration is characterized by terrain that mountainous and topography that is rolling to rugged. is hilly to

sh-r.ly

The mountain ranges and grot'is in the Central and Eastern sectors of the area have a general Northeast , Southwest trend. West, North, and Nor-L hwest of TSANG IJ (WV CHOW) there ary ranges which bear in other directions and many, isolated hill and mountain segments appear to conform to no general system. In the Southeast sector the level to undulating delta of the CANTON Coastal Lowland has an average extension from East to West if 60 to 70 miles and North

and South for a maximum of 100 miles.

in all directions.

The lowlands are rimmed by mountains

The regions traversed by the routes to be used in reaching CANTON, lie with the watersheds of two large rivers, the VEST River and the PEI CHIANG as welll, as on the headwaters of the North-flowing T'I0 CHIANG, a Southern affluent of the HSIANG' River, These rivers are generally contained by easy to steep slopes. There are few wide river valleys' or flood plains but those of the PEI CHIANG and the lower :EST River are :important as potential corridors for milin

i=tary movement,

The vegetation of

the area consists essentially

of irrigated

crops (most-

ly

ice), of scrub or grass areas on most of the intermediate slopes and of

dense forest on a few higher ridges, Additional partial cover is found in orchards bamboo thickets, scattered village groves, sugar cane and kaoliang (sorghum) fields.

RIVERS

Although there are hundreds of streams having intricate and confused cours in the area under. consideration, the patterns of the 3 main rivers can be trac ed back to their sources from a cruciform convergence at SAM SHUY (SAN SHUI) at the head of the CANTON Delta. These three rivers are the HSI CHIANG or WES'_ River, the PEI CHIANG or NORTH River, and the TUNG CHIANG or EAST River. The CHUCHIANG or PEARL River is the estuary of the last two. The major part of the area tr versed by the two routes considered lies within the mountainous watershed of the VEST River, which flowing generally Eastward, drains most of KANGSI Province and ' Western KN'ANGTUNG Province. Opinions differ as to which of the source streams combining to form the

WEST River should be considdr'ed the main strea,.

However, from the view point"

of this investigation, the YU River, which flows in an Easterly direction through NANNING (YNGNING), forming as it does an East - West road and river corridor to CANTON, is the most important.

At KUEX PIING the YU CHIANG unites with the larger HUNG SHUI HO to form the main WEST River. (LIUCHOW lies on a Northeasternly affluent of HUNG SHUI HO) From KUEI PI ING the WEST River flows almost due Eastward passong through TS .AN. WVU and picking up two more sizable Northern tributaries, the KUET River and the LIN, to SAM SHUY, where it turns South-Southeastward to flow along the Wes ern edge of the CHU River delta. Near 'its mouth the HSI River divides into several large branches which open into the sea East' and West of MACAO,
The NORTH River, or PEI CHIANG has two source streams (which combine at CH1U GHIANG) of which only one, the Westerly source, the 14U River, concerns

-F

r^

~~,J

?-

1u Southern part of HUNAN Province, flows rises it}e tis ud rugged mountainous terrain, passing PIING SHIH (P'TNGSHEK) and LO CH' 'lGand unites at CH'IJ-CHIANG (KUKONG) with the HUNG River (SH1NG SHUT) to form the
PEI

CHIANG.
Below CHI

CHIANG the NORTH Rivet'cuts. through mountain ranges in

after passing the MANG TSUIHSIA Gorge, the river is joined

Southby

eriV,

direction;

the YUAN River. About 10 kilometers above SAN SHUY,the NORTH River is joined by the SUI At SAM SHUY the river connects by a shailow (BAIvBOO) River from the West. ,channel with the VEST River.
At SAM SHUY the NORTH River turns East and finally empties through many

channels into its

estuary the CHU CHIANG or PEARL River.

not primarily study is Southwestward to conempty

x7, with which this The EAST River' of TUNG CHI in KIANOSI Provence and flows generally cerned, rises into the CHU or PEARL River from the East.

The CHU or PEARL River is the common estuary of the PET CHIA'NG and TUNG the HSI, PEI and CHIANC and is the main channel in the" huge delta formed

by

TUNG

Rivers.

Its

course is

almost the

North and South. North-flowing HSIANG (SlANG) River drain

Southern source waters of

Northern scetors of the region considered between PIING LO and P'ING SHIN:
A more detailed is presented study of rivers (gradient, "WATERWuAYS". flow, depth) and river navigatic

under section

entitled

CLIMATE
The climate of KlJANiGTUNG and KWANGSI Provinces is monsoonal, meaning that

there exists a seasonal reversal of prevailing winds in the region and that ot'r . climatic elements includi~ng precipitation are affected by this seasonal
shift in wind.. predominant from September through April and.the May is a transitional other monsoon in another oreyear, and the

The Northeast monsoon is month, year. usually

summer monsoon-prevails in June,

July,

and August.

with one monsoon prevailing in September is also a transitional month in which the Northeast monsoon predominates.

Autumn and,early winter

(late

September through December)

constitute

the

The season is charactertypes. best season of the year for operations of all Ceilings rains and the year's maximum of clear days. ized by infrequent light
good while adverse is are uniformly high and visibility such as electrical disturbances and fog rarely occur. weather phenomena

Late winter and early spring (January through April),

ized by moderate precipitation, This is the worst is a period of frequent air

although characterwhich

bad weather in

disturbanices and wide spread areas of low overcast with light

occur. season of the year for during June,

rain

and

mist

operations. and August, and in some

The summer monsoon prevails

July,

It-is a season of prewell into September. years may begin in May or last vailing Southerly winds, h &&y rains, high temperatures, and high humidities
bringing, and at the conditions are present, the heaviest rains when frontal During the viewpoint. operational most adverse weather from the same time the and homogeneous tropical present, are conditions same period, when no frontal only a few local showers or even of the summer monsoon prevail, airstreams periods In these hina. occur in South and Central may drought conditions

mill ry oertion~so~frvriouo fre:. the. wtiahr.

.~

s
t eel

types can be concluded without interferne

~ ~ ~
-~

.4

-2

-s

ideratio

the pecipitation varies consdersay

In WlANGTUNG the annus average precipitation varies between 45 and 65 inches fall in most localities, with 75 percent of the annual amount falling in spring and summer. Below is a table showing average rainfall, in inches &th
a sesonal percentage breakdown, for a number of cities.

Average Railfall

W inter

Spring 25 30

Summer 51

Autumn
20 14 15 13
--

HONGKONG CANTON SAN SHUI TS'ANG U

KUEI HSIEN P'

87 64 70 50
.60--=

04 10 10
--

46
44
41
-

33
36

KUEI

ING

74

Although maximum precipitation takes place during the summer months,, because of periods when frontal conditions are not present and when homogeneous
masses of tropical for flight Low operations (sumpLer Monsoen) is better than call air in for are widespread over South China, winter a and Spring. ceiling bombing to 3 years. designated as overcast over at weath

level

bombing

operations

3000 to 6000 feet,

or 7/10 to 9/10 broken clouds at

4,000 feet.
operations

Given below
(days)

for low level is a table of weather suitable HONGKONG and CANTON, based on a record of 2

JAN
HONGKONG

FEB

MAR 7

APR 6 9
8

MAY

JTNI 6

JUL 11 10 14

AUG 9
11

SEP 11 12

OCT 18 21

NOV 17 21 18

DEC 12 16

0700 1300 2200 KUA NG CHOU 0600 1400

In level, or early general, visual summr.

5
8

14
10

&

7 8

8
51118
9
of

12

14

20,
21

15
12 14
high spring

7 13
the

\6
7
greatest

4
5

4
6
number

216
16 14 16

18
19
for

10

22

days with weather and the least

suitable

bombing

occurs in

autumn

number of days in

Weather
requiring cloudiness

suitable
of 0.0 to

for high level

of clouds 0.3 is

visualbombing operations is
of the fulfilltthose

defined.as

an absence

below the level

used here to

bombing runs and a total conditions, although 5/lC

China Theater operational requirements are lower. (e.g. scattered clouds, or less, below 15,000 feet or broken to overcast cloud above 20,000 feet.) Given below is a table bombing over a number of of weather (days) suitable for high level visual KWANGTUNG cities based on synoptic records of 1-10 years and operational records of 2 to 3 years.

JAN KUANG CHOU

FEB

MAR

P'R1 MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

0600
1400
2100

5
9

4
8

3 4

1 0

3 3

6 3

11

410

11 9

12

7
8

11 14

NO OBSERVATIONS

HON&KONG 0600

1400
2100 SAN -SHUT0600

6 11 10

4
6

5 5

4 66

-3
4
6

2 2
6

4
3
10

3
5 9

6
6 10

13 14
17

13'16

9 13.
13

16

1400

4 8

2100

5;

4 2

1 1

4 5

4 4

4 4

5 12

10

131

13

AZ~~~~a ~
It?,J!

1~-

TS''rANG ?ULJ 0600 1400 2100

___

_ 2

7
3 5 4

2 3

5 7 4

7 9

7
10

_..6. 6

3 5 4

0 7

YUN-

NTKING

0600
1400
2100

NO OBERSVATI TATS 3 1 0

6 4

NO
3

OBSERVTIONTS

NO OBSERVATIONS for Incendjary Bombing Operations. are most likely to be successful vwin;le

weather Conditions "lncendiary

bombing operations

widcts are sufficiently strong to spread the fires cipitation is evidenced at the'm the fires are

rapidly and a lack of prestarted. These conditions

are. mostJ..Likely to be fulfilled in autumn and early winter when high pressure moves into Southern China via the overland route, when fresh to strong North?erly, winds are predominant, and the weather is dry and fine. Least favorable

conditions are found in summer and spring when Easterly winds bring considerable overcast and frequent light rains. The somewhat stronger winds of spring
are counteracted by the lighter greater persistency winds and of light rains of shorter rains in that season in as contrasted

with the

duration

summer."

Visibility. "From September through November visibility recorded less than 10 percent of the time is and fog is generally rarely good. Haze is

observed.

"From December through May the crchin brings reduced visibilities to the Northern coastal areas and to the Gulf of TONKIN. During these months section.

North of 20 0 N report haze in 10 percent up to 30 percent of the observations In the Southeastern secand fog appears 5 percent to 10 percent'-of the time.
tion of the area fog is observed loss than 5 percent of the time

and haze is

recorded in

less than 10 percent

of the observations recorddd haze is occurs. visibility in less than 10 per-.

cent

"During the summer monsoon period, of the observations and fog rarely "Precipitation

will occasionally

restrict

in

all

nlont

s."

MILITARY

ASPECTS

OF TERRAIN

The terrain of the area under consideration, including hilly to mountainous topography, narrow flood plains and river gorges, dictates the use of

established roads for military movement,

Poor soil trafficability, universal

(almost) rice cultivation and its concomitant elaborate irrigation systems, all serve to constrict movement corridors to existing roads and to forbid the

use of armor except for limited missions.

1. Hilly to mountainous toography predominates in the area under consideration?. Mountain ranges 1500 to 3000 feet eleveation bear roughly NNE-SSW across Route A from LIUCHOW to CANTON between P'ING LO and P'ING SHIH (P'INGSHE

and between P'INGSHIH and CH'UJ CHIANG (KUKONG).

the the valley of widest to the several WVUSHUII,

Between the last two cities,

corridor, is 4 miles at narrowest points. Above

the highway and railroad hundred yards in width at the

LO CHANG, the river is constricted by high steep mountains of the TA YU LING

(range) into narrow gorges which small determined forcoa co ld e i2na.;;- cfend. The topography to the North and Norlhtvest of CH'U CHIANG is especially steep

and rugged.

A large area 30 miles North of CANTON to 70 miles South of KUKONG is

rugged and densely forested. The entire area is systematic ridges. The country ranges from hilly characterized by absence of to mountainous but the only

ridge lines
POSER to

which are dr.sic:nct as such are those bounding the

NANNING and those bounding, the, HUNG (RED)

'EST

River from
major part

River along the

oitleghIn

generl the hiLss ;qi-n th&- region :betweven

UKONG and CANTON

I:

~
II .g

.i

-:

:! .~iP ' y'

fqcp

Srugged with elevations of 1000 to borders the river flats; nrhy

CH!Tt CHIANG- lies in a basin or

16

feet.

In

some section

;FR p

*L

rn

small lowland,

I to

East-West dimension, 4 miles in maximum North-South dimension, sides with average elevation of 5O0 ed by low mountains on all Below CHU CHTL.NG the NORTH River passos thru

It

is

border-

to 1000 feet.

rough mountainous ter-

rain traversing numerous gorges including the 4 mile long CHENG YANG HSTA to about This basin is the small lowland at YING TE-70 miles North of CANTON.

15

miles

long, North to South, by 7 miles wide, East to West.

East of YTNG TE, there is a long mountain belt, trending North and

South, with ridges 1000 to 2000 feet high, although isolated summits rcach o7_1 Mountain barriers West of YTNG TE are lower and more 3,9500 feet in elevation.
broken.

"CH'ING YUAN is
cro sed by the

the southernmost,

largest,

and most continuous basin

lower course, near Except in its PET CHIANG in this region. The lowland immediately widest here. is plain PET CHIANG flood S~d~J SHUI, the East-,W":est and approximately 16 miles measures about 20 miles city around the and low moun-Northeast and West by hills bordered on -the It is North-South.

tains.
poorly

A few isolated peaks to the North reach between 1500 and 30Q0 f shellg- ysm~~a~Yt -Jyft tm crijr e u a
drained Northwestern part of the

et

iii

JR3~i~~E8

CANTON (KUANG CHOJ) Coastal Lowland."

The CANTON Coastal

Ltowland has an average extension of approximately

60 to

70 miles,

East -to

West, and a maximum of 100 miles, North to

just a watersoaked plain most part of distributory channels andccanals

South.

for the The lowland is the level of the maze

below above or just which criscross the

plain. 2. Route B from YUNG NING (N-NING) to S27 SHUI and CANTON crossds hilly climbing ridges between NANNING and VUU CHOW (TSiANG VU) country
1000 feet elevation. 'JEST to the

to rolling of 300 to

River

is

region bordering Route B and the SAN SHUT the From VWU CHOW to limited and mountainous; "level land is predominately hilly,

valleys, and to one discontinuous HSI CHIANG flood plain, to narrow tributary have elations The, highlands here generally around LO TING. extensive basin A few isolated peaks reach 4000 to 4500 feet, but the lower around 2000 feet. landThere are many kinds ef hills are between 300 and 800 feet in height. Some of the hills and forms in the region, most of which have steep slopes. mountains are flat-topped and butte-like, whereas many others take the form.
of knobs, and still others have sharp peaks. The general trend or "grain"

of the mountains and valleys is Northeast-Southwest, but many indi iduaL ridge, The HSI CHIANG cuts across the ridges have- a definite East-W,'est orientation. These separate and tend.the isoan -onsdquently has many gorges and rapids. late the lowland basins between them.
"Some of the longer gorges, such as those through the PET LINO SHAN river and along the long distances and CII LUNG SHAN near KAO YAO, extend for The CHI LUNG appear to be cut through Northwest-Southeast- trending ridges.

These mountains are SHAiN extends for nearly 60 miles along the North bank. The tributaries steep and rugged, with summits between 1000 and 3000 feet.
of the HSI also have many gorges separating tiny basinsa.

"Level lands areilimited to narrow alluvial

CHIANdG and its tributaries. Large areas of flat to

flats
undulating

along the lower HST

land are found

neighborhood of KAO YAO and KAO MING, immediately West of SAN SHUT and in the from 1000 to nearly rise river steep hills of the South side although on the One of the largest tracts of level land is 8 to 10 miles suare, 3000 feet.

near KAO YAO, but most of the plains here are not more than 1 to 2 miles wide;:
Many of themaare low-lying and poorly drained, and many of thoseebetveen SAN

SHUT and KAO LAO are sugjcct to inundation during the flood season. There are i>_o .s here are frequent, though not a yearly 7 vicilty many lakes in this

occurrence * The banks of the lower? HST CHIANG~ have high dikes 'to prevent flood ost cities of this neighborhood are well establiished on higher ground ing. along he river. H-ouseboats~ and poton bri-dges are kept in readiness constantThe lowlands orf tis region will be difficuit ly, tobie used diaring floods. to cross at any season.
4

or steep "Most of the narrow HSI Valley is bordered by rugged hills along even directly mountains., Movement ,cross them :s estremely difficult is a major barrier for cross-country In addition, the the stresam. movement, being normally from~one-half to one mile wide in many planes, and much wider during the hig-water season.

F1ISfCEANG

of the
A : .

in this regi "East-West movement overland is difficult the v South of the river HSI there are no good North-South route,and HSIN HSING CHIANG) carry (the MAN CHIANG larger tributaries leys of the routes from the South China coast- toward the HSI, but East-West rout )s are NG-. No bridges cross the HSI in KWAT forc-d over rough country between valleys. k of the 9 main tributaries on.the North (left)b.bn TUNG, There are at least Most of them range nor " HSI CHIANG and about 11 on the South (right) bank. and n lr. provide difficult Their valleys mally between 30 and 100 yards wide.
corridors but useful, every major tributary for movement at right there is a natural Along river, angles to the route along which runs a road

mow. row, nearly

or trail
enough to steam

of some
there is

sort.

Most

of these are of little

of the as a plades which takes advantage the

value, but some extend fay

join is the of more estensive main flat

be usable.

At

rost city

where tributaries HSI itself

a town or

lands. 'Despite its limitations best route in the region."

waterway,

probably thp

lowland terrain,
3.

From SAN SHUI to CANTON the route is across flat to undulating coasta. intersected by braiding, of channels and canals:

Soil Trafficabilitr.
"1Mioderately poor trafficability conditions are characteristic of this

part of China during a year of averag, precipitation, except in dry-crop areas dry season lasting from October relatively of favorable topography during the through March. Much of the area is rough and mountainous, and therefore unfavorable for cross-country vehicular movements, regardless of soil or weather conditions. Lowlands where topography is favorable are planted mostly to wet rice; the rice fields are crisscrossed in many places with closely spaced dikes, drainage ditches, and canals, and are flooded most of the year.[ "In the area considered as a whole,
cross-country movement of vehicles is

the most favorable period for the

During

from November through February

this period the average monthly precipitation is almost everywhere l,:ss than 3 inches, and in many places less than 2 inches. Furthermore,'the non-paddy soils have recovered normal trafficabifity after the heavy summer rains, and most of the mainland wet-rice fields are dry and barren,
"During March and April there is days (varying from 5 to 20) and in a gradual increase in the number of the average monthly precipitation.

rainy

are usually trafficThe rains are usually light, however, and upland soils abJe,I except-for short periods. Lowland soils frequently will be muddy and are flooded and nonmire vehiales. ' Paddy soils s > pery and, locally, will trafficable throughout the period,
"During the period May through September there is a further but usuall:

slight increase in the number of rainy days at most places, and a considerable there is an averAt Jsome places increase in average monthly precipitation. age of 8 days during July with more than 2 inch of rain. At HONGKONG, the in 24 hou station with the highest rainfall in the area, 21 inches have fallen flooded and frequently During these months, lowland soildare during July. non-trafficable and may remain so for several weeks at a time. Even upland sits will be non-trafficable for frequent but usually short periods. Tyhons may occur during any month but are most frequent during July, August, Heavy rains accomand September, *en there is an average of 1 or 2 a month. In general, cross-country movements. panying the typhoons usually halt all widespread cross-cduntry favorable period of the year for is the least this

operations."
In the hilly

a :

mo;utr'no:'s

regions near the valleys

soils are generally

of the NORTH and

courser-grained,

IEST Rivers and Routes A arzd B.

oL :'zgh

mre heterogeneous, and better draind than in the river flats or coastal lowlands, the: chief trafficability factor is the steep slpes which prevent~ mo-t-. orized movment except along established roads.

""""I

"

"The intricae ~iystem

of: cnals

and ditches associatedl

"C

,.

ture constitute nynca Brriers water Generally those canals and ditchos have a rectangular pattern, surrounding rice fields, but in numerous cases they run irregiarly in all directions. These canals vary greatly both in depth and width from__ region to regionl. Normally the major canals are between 10 and 50 feet wide and have dphs of 2 to 6 fiet. The smaller ones are 3 to 10 feet wide an: 1 to 2 feet deep, or even less. They fluctuate greatly from year to year. In some of the larger canals native craft can operate in most seasons. Many Sof the smaller canals are shallow enough to be fordable at any season, but their deep mud bottoms and close spacing make fording extremely difficult.. Canals, especially if closely spaced, nay present formidable barriers to the movement of mechanized forces. Canals are especially numerous on the CANTON . (KIJANG CHOU) Coastal Lowland, which is intricately laces with waterwgys. Hers; they are a major 'barrier to movement." 5. Rice Paddy Terrain.

Rice is grown principally in irrigated lowlands and river flats on lower terraced hill tops which are "flooded from February or March to Novem-. ber." These areas are-minutely subdivided by an intricate system of canals and irrigation ditches, from 3 to 50 feet wide and from 1 to 6 feet deep0 . The soft mud bottoms and. close spacing of these canals make fording extremely difficilt. "The dikes associated with rice cultivation are built 1 to 5 feet high with steep sides. The dikes are usually earthen and 3 to 15 feet wide, but some are as narrow as 1 or 2 fdet. They aerve as boundaries between rice fielc. with their dikes, and ditches, will seriously impede vehicular aovement on the coastal lowlands, the various vall1y floors, and the numerous local besins where rice is cultivated.' "Paddy fields are usually flooded and non-trafficable during the period 'rom March through October. Most paddy land is double-cropped, and the fields are drained for the first harvest during June. or July. During the period from Octobser through February, the paddy fields are usually dry and fallow; and trafficable to the extent that terrain obstacles permit. WJhere water is plentiful, however, some paddy fields nay be flooded all year, except .t harvest." Rice cultivation is most intensive on the CANTON Coastal Lowland and on the lower reaches of the WEST and NORTHRivvrs; rice crops predominate in the river bed of the NORTH and WvEST Rivers, wherever slopes permit, everywhere that river flats or easy banks furnish corridors otherwise suitable for movemaen 6.

and

Vegetationaand Cover.

The - Getation of KMJ NGTUNG and Western W4ANGSI Provinces consists essentially of irrigated fields on lowlands and lower terraces, with dry crops grown on terraces and higher hillsides, with scrub or grass areas on most of the' intermediate slopes and lower hill tops, and of dense forest in a few higher ridges.. Although concealment is limited in scope, the cover is entirely favorable to defensive forces. Partial concealment for small defending units can be found in orchards, bamboo groves, and scattered stands of woods around villages, temples, and farms. Additional concealment is furnished by the numerous sugar cane and kaoliang (high growing sorghum) fields.

7. Because of the predominantly hilly and mountainous terrain of the region under consideration, fields of fire will be generally limited except in basins of small area until the coastal loylanc is -e ahed.

I,::ll

ani,.'

SEC TICK

HIGHT .YS
Dctauiled

description

of major approach routes :

RLOUT E
T

tit

LIUCHOW - LIP 'U "iPINGSHEN Total. Distance, 807 miles. Section

.;LOCHM'TG

CHUCHIAING --

(Sec PLAN%

KUL;NTU "Prima^ry Ioutes".)

CANTON

HOINGKONC'.

1.

LTUCHO"T to LIP 'U.

Distance; 89 miles. Two-lane, all-weather roacd. Present capacity 30 tons per day. Ferry at LIU River, 7 miles E st of LIUCHOWT. oud trip '2 hours (swift current). Low WaTtter wuidth, 1,300 feet. Estimate will need 1,300 foot pontoon bridge. Ferry at LOYUNG Rliver, 16 -miles East of LIUJCH0T'7. Low tiater width, ' 450 feet. ' R unc? trip, 20' minutes, High Water width, 700 feet. Depth,, 40 feet. Round trip, 40 minutes. Power lauanch is avmiiable for high water cros sin. Estimate wiill need 700 foot pontoon. bridge. Ferry 49 miles East of LIIUCHOV!. Low water width, -200 feet.' Rounc7. trip tine, .15 minutes. High w per width, .350 feet.,iRound trip time, 45 minutes. Estimate will need 359 foot pontoon bridge. F'erry 82 miles East of LLIUCHOW. Low water width, 120-feet,. Low water round' trip, 15 minutes. Low water depth'4 feet. High water width; 200 feet. High water depth, 18 feet._ 35 nainutes. , prh vater. ound ur I sresent ~rlr r tunL~e oil y one oarg c'is avt aao it abov'e mentioned ferries, 'oo atoorr:cIi Capacity two 6 x 6 trucks at each crossing. E)xtent of demage to this road by Chinese"or Japa:nese is not Imown, but it has been in recent use by the Japanese.
-

Section 2.

LIP t U via P INGLO

HOHS ITT

LIENHS

'N

to P INC'SHIK.

Distance; 285 miles. T o lane, clay bound acadoem. Capacity of bridges, 5 tons (one-line width). There are 5 ferries reported between LI~tU end PINGS1HI( with no crossing, Over 300 foot in wi~idth. Estimate will need five 3001 each pontoon bridges. This section was used by evacuating United States' vehicles in August, 1944. Extent of damage by Chinese or Japanese not known. Sect on 3. PINGSHEK to KUKOUG.

Distance; 96 miles.
Two lane, c1 ay hound I.Ie.ximum grade, l21c~

mc ads m.
-,

wm

Section 4.

KtJK.NG to CaANTOH3.

Mlinimumn
Section 5. Dsac

Dista~nce, 212 miles.p; The first 100 miles South of KIJRONG is a two-lane 21l-weather roac. The next 68 miles are destroyed. The last 44 mles are;in constant .use by the Ja panese. D~richo capacity, 5'tons, Maximium grade ,lO0%curve raO~ins, 30 feet.

itac; 125 miles. Two-laie, all-.weather ro ad.

CANTON to HONGKONG.
in constant use by the Japanese.

Reported

The railroad between HONGIKOINC and CANTON is in good condition. The cdistace by rail is 109 miles.
.ROUTE

For descriptions of this railroad, refer to section entitled, detail

In "
CANTON HONGKONG.

NAIKIINC ., PINYANG - YULTN- (UTLAMI) - TSENCHI - SA NSHUILIoutesrt) (See PLAN 1, ~a Distance, 599 miles. Section 1. NANNING

to

PIh'MTG.

Maximum. grade, 9%a..

Distance; 59 miles. Two-lane, clay bournd macacdam road.

Minimum curve radlius, 50 feet Dridgo capacity, 5 tonls. Extent of -damage by Chinese or Japanese not Known.

Section 2.
Di tn

PINIUNG to

W A2LM.

e clay' bound macadam.. 0 i e.Two-lane

Maximum grade, 8%.' Minimum curve radius, 50 feet. y:idc capacityr, 5 tons. Furry at K'TLHSIEN, Low water width, 800 feet. Low water flow, 1 mile per hour.' Low water' round trip, 35 minu~tes. High water tidth, 1,000 feet. High water flow$ 3 miles per houz'# I High water bu . rip,.-2 hours.&Number of barges available not 1no gyn Estimate -ill need 1,000 foot pontoon bridge. Road is cut in many places from. K7)'EIHSIEN to Wi'AZAJM.
-

Section 3.

i'A

T!.SNH

Distance, 75 miles.Reported motorable as of May, 1944. Extent of damage by Chinese or"Japanese unknown, but is knon to be at least p artially destroyed.

Section 4.

TzSENCHTI to SANSHIJI.

Da stance, l84 rilco3 Reported' complot7 destroyred. One report states tLt tIh re .s a recently built 3rd-class road from. VIUCHOW to KAOYA0, along 1 section of the route fron T.SENCHL to SANSHUI"

Ferry at WIUOHcT. Low water wridth, 1,000 feet, Low water flow, 1 mile per hour. Low water round trip,, 40 ine~s. High water width, 1,500 feete High water flow, 22 :miles per hour. High water 'round trip, 3 hours, Number of barges available not 1mom, Estimate will need 1,500 feet pontoon bridge.. Section 5. SANSHUI to CANTON,

Distance, 36 miles, This road is reported in constant use by the Japeaneso. Section 6. CANTON, to HONGKONTG.

Distance, 125 mles. Scine as Section 5, ROUTE"

A" .

SECTION 3

]PAI~LTAYS
I.
GENERAL.

_________

"tAll the operating railroads in KVJANGTUNG,

CANTON
carry radiating -

cxcopt

HANKOF! line,
from the

arc in
traffic.

Japanese-.occupied territory,
The railroads dismantled lines in the

a short section of the and are reporter' to

consist of three lines SSTAsTO T and SUNNING

only military

of IKh\NGTUNG

CANTON Area

and a line lolng the Southwest coast of HAINAN from PEILICHIANG in theCANTON Area are standard gauge Operating lines to YULIN, (DACI Payr) - KOV.JOON to the Southeast, and' the CANTON B.inches)'CANTON (4 feet, area is the CANTON " S.NSHUI The third line in this HANKOL'T to the North. to the WIest. (The most recent report states that all rils on the CANTON have been shipped The removed rails SANSHUX IRailroad wvere'removed by 21 May. photo cover appears to corroborate this Partial to CHTCHIANG (KUKONG); to the which once providedI 'a through line report,)' The CANTON - HINKO'J line, t i's in operation by the Japanese from CANTON to YINT AN, and by interior, is cdismantled, The intervening see ion the Chinese from LOCH'S' G to CH 'ENHSIJBN. This railroad traverses ruggeodterrain in Northern KTWATUNG, which has bridges and -tunnels. necessitated many cuts, fills, "In no respect are the CANTON Area railroads to be compared with the major trunk lines which the Japanese control in Contral and North China, shipping is the chief form The region is one'of numerous waterways and river Even in peacetime the railroads were of limited capacity. of transportation. rail operations At present, shortags of both fuel.nd? locomotives restrict are The lines to occasional military and serii-military traffic. largely isolated from the main China railroads and cannot obtain additional entirely equipment except as it is brought in by ocean shipping. "Despite these limitations, the Japanese have found the KOWLOON - CANTON Troops and supplies reacching a useful military connection. SANSHUI rail link be moved to the main base at CANTON more the HONGKONG - KOWOON pert can From. CANTON to SANSHUI the railroad supplemerted than by water. quickly by rail, The direct road connection. water route and a sin;le a somewrhat difficult Japanese 1944 c mpaign along the VEST River and into KWATYNGSI and KUJEICIIOW Provinces was initially based upon a stockpile of supplies at SANSHUI, a cnslsiderable

Areas,

propor-tion of which appears to have been moved from KOUJLOON and CANTON by rail s,."
The three lines in the CANTON HONGKONG Area
-

are

considered in

detail below.

a.

CANTON

- EQV'IJON and CANTON

SANSHUI Ri

road.

These two lines,

30 miles respectively, "The entire route

with track length of approximately

operated as a comprised the single

114

miles and

wre

system and will be so described,

I;OW.LOON Rcailroad from KOYJLOON to CANTON, the CAiNTON CITY LOOP Line around the city of CANTON, four miles of the CANTON - HANOYTOWRailroad from SAITSEN Station to the Southern terminus at TTONGSHA Station in CANTON, and the CANTON - SANSHUI Railroad from. exce-pt link It is a through rail SHEK7A ITONG (113 13-23 06) to SIANSHUI. break between WTOTNIGSHA Station and SNEKTAITONG where cargo and passenthe for
CANTON gers must be trans-shipped by fe'rry across the PEANIJ Iiver.

K LCON Line North from KOJLOON was Cr1.T T1 1' l"The section is nowhere more than o-'r tho entire line r r' '(-" excellently engineered -id t Y The N SHWJI section the ruling grade is ,97%. On the CANTON in 100.

~mh

The

xi .mum radius of curvature over any part of thc route is "All lines in the route are standard guage

%.

and

single t

ra

(1)Terrain,
"From its tetrminus on the KO OONwvatertiront to the stati.on of S'HIICIUUN (114 08-22 32), the CANTON KOLOON Line passes first over a Iect.. ii of reclaimed .nd then traverses a range of rocky hills through livcr valleys and deep cuttins, There are numerous tunnels on this section and for one stretch of -7 Miles vhtre the railroad skirts the coast, Landslides are a serious hazard to the roadbed is partially on n enmlankent," railroad operation in this region.

"'Nozth from SHUITCHUN~ -the terr~in

i~s easier and~c for the latrgst

part of this, 9 mile section the rilroad runs through an area of marshlnd rice paddies, and sugar cane fields. "The line between CANTON and SANSHUI, now dismantled, runs for approximately 30 miles through alluvial plain -hero the only engineering problem There are 5 tunnels and encountered was the bridging of streamns and canals (See PALM2). approximately 134 bridges or arches in this system.
b.

CANTON --HANKOU7 PL.7AY+

Only the section of this line from CA;NTON to YUANT ,IN (about 35 miles) has been operable by the Japanese. This section has been subject to consistent air and'guerrilla attacks, while North of YUANT NT the line is entirely destroyed. Specifications
maxinum curvature,
40451.

'GGauge,

standard; rails, 85 pound; macximum grade, 0.7j

the LU

There-is one 1L rge bridge in this sedtion of line, at its crossing of iver, 12 miles North of CANTON.

2. ROLLTNG STOCK. Estir tes for the rolling stock in this area lump that of all three railway lines. A maimum estimate (early 1945) is: Locomotives Passenger Cars Freight Cars 20 40 230

Of the last, almost 70% arc closed typo, presumclusable for either troop or supply mement.

36

OTHER FACTORS. _

"Possibly oven rore serious than the shortage of locomotives in lixmiting 'ailroad capacity is the very pronounced scarcity of coal in the CANNTONJKOU';rLOON Region. Ground reports are unanimous in stating that utilities, railroads, and industries not producing Japnese military goods have all been forces to reduce operations clue to the chronic co^.l shortage, The possibility that coal niy not be available even for military r oil traffic is suggested by a December, 1944;x, report that locomotives on the CANTON KOLTJIOON Ljine were burning wood as fuel. "On the CANTON - KOVJOON section landslides are a constant hazard to rail operation. On this section also the South bridge at SEI KUNG is reportedly unsuitable to heavy traffic, Guerrilla operat ions against rail to the. Japanese. Limitations of c'ne sc v anu lines have been at l c o -':.ortaynt here then on lines where :. single track operaticr .,:a: requirements, yet reports of LWurIJ a 'y .. :c he vy oi oditt traffic c oj c u )ecemh r 1944, that the Japoxnese have been removing idings from the CANTON
1
A5~4 0I n

KOUILOON Line in

order to obtain materials

for rebuilding, the CANTON increase ril

HANK."OT!

Rilroad North from CANTON ma be tken as an indication tha y

the occupying forces donot expect to be able to between- KOT7TDON and CANTON.

bapai

i~J~Lt AuL

Ii

g I,;'7S i
3i>t.; ?~B":

Ct

hK

SECTION, 4

A.I

1. of

Navir able

s Stream.

in CANTON Area.

detailed description of the navigability of each CANTON Area. The numbers used refer to the individual1 sections of each wraterwcra, in accordance with those shown on PLAN 3.

the im~porttnt inland waterways in the

~.Given' belowr is

to2 PQYAI (PON~GA1) (105 47.-23 50) to POSEH (106 30-.23 55). 2
60 an. Closed to Storaships Wet Season- 20 tons. Dry Season - 15 tons.

11 cays ups 10 days down.

2 to ' POSEH to YUNGNING (NANNING). '.)5kIn.

Stemers wet season - 50 tons* dry season- 30 tons. Schooners wet season -- 20 tons. dry season - 15 tons. N!l NhKING

110 hrs up, 64 hrs dlovn.

14 to 20 dlays up, 6 to 8 days dour.

to*'4

to

KUEIP ING.

445 Ian. Ste nicx's wet seas on

dry

- 120 tons; dry sea son - 30 tons. Schooners wet season -- 350 tons.

124 hrs up, 72 hrs dlown.

season,

200

tons.*

16

to 18 cdays up, 7 to 10 clays dlown w

via 17

to

KU. IPXNG to TS tiNG J(I CHo). drafts of from Q,6na to 1.2ma 175 kn Stetmers we;~ season - 120 tons . dlry season - 100 tons. 24 hrs up, 1~ hrs dlown. Schooners wet sea son - 400 tons. dry season -- 325 tons. 8 lays ups 3 to4 clays dlown.

5 to 6
330

k no.

TS rij

U(IUUCHOV T) to iDirOADWAY (Mouth) (113

03-22 00) via SANSHUI Doach. dra.fts of 4x1 wet to 1.3ma. dry.
hrws up,,

Stczsmers vet

0 tons.' dry season Schooners wet sea son - 500 tons:

season

- 100 tons:

34

27 hrs down.

dry s o

sonw

400 .tons:

9 dlays up, 8 days down.

to 8 SHIUKOUKUWAN (106 40-22 12) to LUNGCHOU. 53 la. Junks Wet Season 25 tons, 2 dlays up, 12 Dry Season - 20 tons

days

clown,

to" 3

LU1'IGCH0U to YUNGNING (NANINING).

342 lei*
Stomrers

Wet SeasonDry Season Wetf Season

Dry So^ o:.i
St I iL

100, tons.;
50 tons.
25 tons: 20D tons,
f'- (U)Al<

98 hrs up., 34 hrs dow i.

Junks

Ib

to

20

days up, 6 to

doys clown.

4 to9 KOIEPING to

951kim.

'

k1

14

L ranchos
Junks 9 to 10

Wet
Dry

Season

-.

Sea--son

100 :tons. 60 tons.

Weot So-son Dry Season

35 tons*
25 tons.

f,'e TI unknown. T:ino unknown.

A~

AL

SHIN LI)NG

10O5 sm.

to

CHINCIANG (108

55-23 35).

Navi a ble to mocliuan. sized junks. 10 to 2U1C HIflNCHIA NG to -1 . (KAIYUr2 ) or USIAOLUNGT =1"N (I7 ,ihedc). Approx 1300 k, First 450 l1in4 navig;able for snal boats only. Mafny shaflows & rapids no ecarglo potentialities. Last 850 ion. P 1PAiN to ESIA'.OLUNGTAIN . Na viga ble for 5-ton boats in high water s.eason and 1-ton in low water season. 9 to 12 SHIULUNG to I "PIN G (LIIUcHOV). 190 1km. Storm lunches W-et Seas5on 4W 100 tons.
Dry

b oatis

Season

60 tons.

Time unknown.

Junks wet season- 35 tons. 25 tons, dry season

Time unkrflown,

ANGANCHrEN. 12 to- 13 I.'LPING (LIUCI'OW) to CH 3 via ].5 160 lkm. Stoeun launches it season - 60 tonns. dr^y season .. 48 tons.
Junks wet
dry

season season

76 hrs up, 50 hrs dlown.

LO days -ups,.3 to. 4 ays dowrn.

-- 20 tons, --25 tons, ,7"t.

o-

13 to 14 CHINGI NCHEN to KUI (109 27-25 47). 100 1Q21. 20 tons, Junks weot season 1-W8 up, 10 dlays dlown. 11 c 15 tons. dry season 15 to 16 LIUCHIINGHIS2N (log 41-24 50). 197 ion. Junks wet season - 25 tons;'' dry season - '20 tons. 146 ln Junks wet season
dry

13

d& lays

up, 11 days dlown.

17 to 18 IENIKNG (110 45-23 27) to IIENGSHAN (110 28-24 08) .

-

season

24 tons.
17 tons; 10 daoys up, $2 days doom.

5 to 19

TSLNGV!U (TVUCH0_Tr) to PINGLO. 260 km. 60 t Stee launches wet sea son 90 hrs, up, 50 hx $ dovn dry- season 440t eons. Junks wet sea son.0 15 tons, 10 to 12 days up. 4 to 5 dlays dow'n,. dry season - 10 tens. This troan i s connected by

a can:1 to the ESI NG i ver, Which flows. Northwtard into the YANG The cr- city is' limitedl t~o -boats of~ from 3 to 6 tons. TZE
-

19 to 20 PINGLO'to rKITEILIN. 107 10-1. Stecm la unches wqet season

ens. 40 t( dry season -20 t eons. Junks wet sea son - 125 tons, clCr ~aso~ '0 toras. 10 to
..

9$' hrs up, 54 hrs dlown..'

12

darys ujp, 4 to 5 dek rs down.

flows Northeas

Thisstr :o

in&oc~i,

':

1"

~.na1to the I{SIA.NG Pi vr, which

the cep cityr

is limited

to

~%7

boats of from 3 to 6 tons. 21 to 22 F NGCflUAN to KIiJCHIIN (;.239-23 94 I=r. Junks wet season - 20 tons, tons. dry season
-125

41).
5
c1 rys

up, 4 dlays domn.

23 to 24

draft 1.2n.m.raiam. lou, Steam launches wet season -- 30 tons.

187

SLNSHUI to USHIH.

Y;f

wet season - 100 tonsn 0tnJunks hrs dr esn94

2hb.

'Fr.t
rs dou1

to 25

UUTSHIfl to CHUCWCANG (KUKONG). 35 ha, Stea Launches wet season - 20 tons. 12 hrs up, 4 hrs down. dry season - 15 tons. Junks wet season - 100 tons 30 hr:'s up, 25 hrs down. dry season - 75 tons,,

3~6hsup, up, 72 hrs dowun.

25 to 26 CHUCHIANG to LOCH. NG. 42kmii Junks wet season - 22 tons. dry season- 17 tons.

5 days up, 4

days

down..

25 to 27 CHUCHILNG to NA NHSIUNG.
90 ha. Junks wet season - 25 tons;

dry

season - 22

tons.,

7 clays uip, 5, days slown..

2$ to 29 0jANTOS to SLiNSHU. 64 ha,

which
30 to 31

Shortest connection by water is the NNIIAI (F TS .N-Creck.. (Roach) is navi.gablo for steam launches with drafts up to 1.2 moters, Junction with CANTTON fiver to HOY-UAN. 243 km. Steameors wet sea son - 60 tons; 37 hrs up, 29 hrs dlow^n. dry season - 25 tons. Junks w-et sea son - 25 tons: 76 hrs up, 58 hrs dlown. dry season - 15 tons. Ii0YUAI1 to L[OLUTGSSUt.

37 to 32

761ha

Junks wevt seoason - 25 tons; dry season , 22 tons,

7 days up, 5 days do wn0

NOE:The
*

annual low water period on the HS131(T EST) River ;ntd its tributaries generally extends from Doceiibcr to March. In March the river begins to rise op idly attainir ita h~ict * level in the nxidckio of June. After that the river falls graduallyuntil the end of September, then rapiculy to its winter level. The period of the highest water on the PEI (NOR~TH) Piver and the TUNTG (E ~T) River exteonds through July and Auust. Generally the wet season is April to October and dry October to April.

b. Given below are the average counts of srnpa'ns, junks, etc.,' on these inland waterways These figures were taken from photo cover (allowing a large margin) in arriving at an estirmte.
.

*lO~
.,

.Craf.t

200't Junks 100'1 Powered .

arges

1. LTJICHO1 Peni-isAs to 1HONGKONG.

7).1025

20

Ar.-,
" R. r. i .ta~ e

'

(A'vcra~e counts of scrap i-s, ,jer~ks ec *on

those inl and

watcx'ays

"

60? s oanpns; 60O?...00 ! Juxi.ks :1001 June~s; loot iPowereci Cat

; Dar es.

2,

H-ONGKONG

,1430

140

45
25

75
50

15
25

3.. CA"NTON Delta & 4000 CANTON Area ,

(approx)

150 50

4.
5.

1i'IEST Liver NORTH River

550

5 2

630

30

WON

-Ll

wp'I

-Y

SE~C)I
LI

tB "" "~~

ss

<

ELECTRIC

FACILITIES

These suffered only minor demolitions

the Japanese took possession.

when

The Japanese have

taken away part of the equipment at some plants,

resulting in the decrease of power noted below.

The following table of generating stations shows all the major plants in the area. Small

plants (50 to 500 cities

MfE)

were located in

the minor

of the area; as to their

present condition

little informationi is

available.

All the plants are suffering from the shortage

of coal in the area,

and are believed to be burn-

ing wood or other substitutes exclusively.

~i<,

=S 1~

rq

I'(

01

4zD 0 c)
C)00

00

.. -4

-H

1-x-1-

I
0 n

C1I

fip

C]i

o.
Q N

4v

,0.

C)

I-)

L~~1:3-

CD

'I-awl

C)

0000

00

U H

r\) N

R) 0 0

0-~-'
0 00

f\NH

C+

0000
0

0t000

0I,0 00

r~

00

000
0 -. J: 1!
f

c)

ti

00 toC)

. )

to

Id co

CDE
00 000

CC+

'0

L
l

I~C~g~u~

SECTION

XVI
A.

FWATER

SUPPLY

Natural availability and quality of water. (1) Natural availability.

(a) Precipitation. South China has an annual rainfall generally sufficient to insure an adequate supply of drinking water. Precipitation is unevenly distributed. The heaviest rainfall occurs from Nay through Seltember, as the result of 8 or more typhons, which originate in the South China Sea (Nan Haa and move northward along the coast toward HANG CHOU TAN. In the south, at HSI YING (FORT BAYARD) on the LEEI CHOU Pantao (peninsula), the annual precipitation averages 57 inches, Rainfall is heaviest along the coast at HONGKONG and at PAKIOI, where the yearly average is 80 to iicks. In the Eastern part of thy. coastal area the annual rainfall at SI7ATOW averages 60 inches; inland it drops to an average of 50 inches.

85

Etreme droughts are uncommon, although water shortages have occurred in some cities. This is particularly true of HONGKONG, where catchygent areas have proven inadequate in some years of light rainfall. Such shortages are 2.ikely to occur in the latter part of the dry season, from October to April the monthly rainfall at this period seldom exceeds 2 inches. (b) Runoff. 'Surface runoff is ostremely rapid in the mourntainouos areas, from which highly turbid streams carry heavy loads of silt. The streams have developed flat-bottomed valleys, and deltas have been built where the streams enter. the sea. An extensive -floodplain surrounds CANiTON at the confluence of the HSI CHIANG, PEI CHIANG, and TUNG C-I NG; another delta lies at the mouth of the HAN CHIANG near SW"ATOW.' In these areas of low relief underground water The is abundant, and the water table is-only 5 to 10 feet below the surface, ground-waterrltable on HAINAN Island, however, is subject to local fluctuations of 20 foot or more in response to extreme seasonal variations in precipitation, (c) Lakes and swamps. The few lakes and swamps are potential water sources. There is reported to be a crater lake a few miles north of HSI1 YING (FORT BAYRD). (d) Springs. In the hills anid more rugged areas, scattered seepage 2 springs are probably a source of local supply. Iost of them are relatively small with variable flows, but some are reported to yield a maximum of 10 gallon a minute for short periods of time* Flat river bottoms and delta plains are not commonly spring areas. However, there is reported to be a large spring near the SUN YAT SEN Memorial in the northern part of CANTON, and part of the water supply of MACAO comes from springs on TUI LIEN SHAN (LAPPALIsland). (e) W,11ells. Dug wells are common on the bottom lands and delta plains, where the normally shallow water table is easily tapped for moderate quclntitiew: of water. This ground water is subject to seasonal fluctuations and is highly contamninated by underground seepage during dry periods. Most of the wells are poor-.,r constructed and are polluted also by surface seepage. Shallow wells are reportedly the only developed source of water in sane pipulated areas, as,for example, PAAKHOI and SANJSHUI. Dug wells and cisterns also supplement the developed sources even in such cities as CANTON and SWVATOW. The use of water from dug weolls was prohibited in CANTON upon completion of the waterworks syrstem., and most of them were sealed by municipal ordinance; After the Japanese invasion and the bombing of the waterworks installations, sane of the wells may have been rmoponed in 1937 and 1935. Most well water has to be boiled before consumption.
'''s
-:P

t 7I(3i:

wl~.

(2) Quality of natural water. The centuries-old practice of suited in an unusually dangerous type the ground. Drainage aand runoff from iods of high rainfall, and the direct and the many houseboats on the rivers pollution of natural water supplies. springs. using nipg t-o-soil i t zer as re of surface and Subsurface pollution of cultivated fields, especially during per-. outlet of raw sewage from public latrines are the major factors contributing to Surface seepage contaminates dug wells an-_

Information on most of the municipalities for which data are avilable indicates the supplementary untreated water is utilized for human consu Iption in a -i-tion to treated supplies. Such water frequently is dipped direc y f rclr
higc 4 e. contaminated and turbid streams,

Water peddlers --

important contribut-

vr

ors to municipal needs, obtain water from wells and streams. Although occasionally they may add coagulants to clear the water, such supplies should be regarded with great suspicion. The extreme fluctuation of the water table in the entire area and expc*. ially on HA.NAN has resulted in pollution of the soil to abnormal depths, and contamination of underground water. On the other hand, water from dug wells, deep wells, springs, and even treatment plants may be pure at the source, but often is contaminated by inefficient methods and lack of proper care in transpor
.tion or distribution.

It has been repeatedly suggested that the Chinese may have developed a partial immunity to some types of water pollution. However, the boiling of water for tea is probably an important factor in reducing the number of epidemic although a large portion of'-the population is constantly drin il-g water totally unfit for human consumption. B. Municipal water supplies. (1) CANTON (1944 Population 850,000, Estimate). The city- obtains its water supply from 4 public and 2 private
.aterwork

An additional waterworks may have been constructed in accordance with c plan of

'The plants in CANTON include the following: Old TSANG PU,"New TSANG PU, TUNG SHAN, JL4% MIEN, TSUNGKAI (projected, completionuunconfirmed), and the 2 private plants at ING NAN and SHIANG CHYN Universities. It is quite probable that plans for the TSUN ":AI plant wore abandoned, and that additional facilities wore installed at the Old and New TSANG PU plants as an alternative. All the CANTON installations obtain water- from the CHU CHlI NG (PEARL River) or near the mough of one of, its tributaries. In 1935 these combined systems supplied a total of 24,000,000 gallons a day.
1936, but definite confirmation of its completion is lacking.

(2) Crown Colony of HONG-KONG (1944 population 800,000, Estimate),. VICTORIA, on -IONGKONG Island, and KOWLOON, on the mainland, both obtain raw water from rainfall and runoff-catchment areas. Although droughts are not common, the colony has suffered serious water shortages during the dry season becaue tof inadequate natural and artificial storage facilities and rapid runoff. This situation was much improved by the construction of the SHING JN Dam in 1937. Large suffaces on the island and the mainland are utilized as catchment areas: Runoff drains from these into small natural streass or artificial aqueducts, and then into open concrete .cueducts or "Catchwater-drains", which lead to the raw-water storage reservoirs, There are 13 storage reservoirs, each fcoued by 1 or more impounding dams, In addition, several- small private reservoirs are used in various industires. Pumping stations, filter plants, and filtered-water reservoirs are interconnectedwith the storage reservoirs to provide for distribution.

-The t~nti'e HONTC~NG~ y~-~to-!k has a total raw-water strae capacity of nearly 6,000,000,000 gatlicns. Tn 1943 tihe average daily cnsuxiption was repor~ted to be 26,8;00y000 gallons, and -t~l-graly conaufa tipti. 9~79lQ~?5yOOO gallons. ~ ~4~w~~la i; n
7

;~~qn

.1

-u~~

Fcar

The ce4lished waterworks have a daily

r

system of' metered distribution was started in 1;33, and. in,1937, 24,066 notered house-connections were reported.

capacity

20000gc

HONGKONG Island is supplied by 12 reservoirs 5 of the latter are interconnected by a network of pp

be exchanged
tars

during

an emergency,

In

a number

of' plants the ale

p u#fai can e4 fa ly
.ts;

have

apparently been

partially replaced

by

modern rapid sand

filters.

KO"

LOON has 2 raw-water storage systems: (1) the KOVTLOON System, including the KOi]OON, KOYJLOON Byewash~ the SHEK LI PUI Reserviors, and (2) the SH-ING NAUN Sys ten, comprising the SHING N:UN and Raw Water Reception Reservoirs; each &y~tnoIm
has its own

filtration

plant.

Ft

SECTION

PORTS AND F ACIhITIES

1p

HONC-KONG.

HONGON 11n a'bor is a channe1 between. HON KONG X.slandl and KOVL0ON Peninsula. In area the harbor covers about 11 square niles * The Eastern boundary is the Eastern entrance Straight L]IU 111N. The W-estern boundkary ext.: >1s from thc We sternmost point of' H-ONGKONG Island through GPJEN Island (TSIN I\T GAT) and STONE CUTTERS Island (NGONG~SluNCHhT), WAWCT-IIJC u) to the mainlancd. The A E DI N Dockyard en thc South side of HO NGKONG Island and the oil terminals near CULTNWAN, about 6 miles Northwest of KO1'OON 1;actually outside the harbor, are treated as part of the port in this report,, The affect' of Wecsterly gales The harbor is a very safe anchorage. is rmtigated by the large number of outlying islands, for whrich reason it is considered a typhoon achnorage. It has depths of 6 - 7 fathoms

over good holding ground. There are probably 47 first-class anchorae 0 second. and.~10 t hAcd, 'i n t-haib~ proper:; ad another 115 first c . anchorage berths in rgoodl protection just beyond. the harbor limits. The harbor presents an elaborate system of pier's, docks and wharves, for hanciing al types of' cargo and passenger service and for' the transfer of cargo from ocean going vessels to co astal1 and river boats, junks and to railway cars' or trucks to be transported to outlying coastal points and the interior. There are six shipyards and eight drydlocks. Vlharfside comercial berth Cgetrill a-conoctate several tankers and 57 other' sea~ going vessels, 19 of which can be ships drawing 20 feet and over. The estimated dily unloading c paity of' general cargo handtled at vessel berths is from 15,000 to 17,000 short tons in an 8-hour dear*,

berth;

a.Lnci

Facilities (See PLAN 4 . )

2 berths for 475.! ships drawing 30:1 (Exporter type) Rlef: 15. 3 i" 4501 ii is 30t, (Liberty type) rof: 25, 26, 28, 2 t, 3 4501 I 261 (c2 type) Ref: 20. 5 belt1-is f+9 420:11 ! " 27 (Cl n type) Rof: 18two berths; 33, 37, 38 ono berth. 2 " I 4001 Ii 1t 24_t (Cl-At type) ref: 27, 33. i 20,1 (Cl-H type)'Ref: 16 two beyrths; I 350,? at 5 I 17
3
11

2501

"

"r:

18if

it2001'

2501

It
It

it
II

l1 (N3-S type) -Ref : 17 four 1crths; 1.5;16;20,34,69 two berth; 18,33,68 one berth. 161. Ref : 55two'borths '29 one bert' 12; Ref; 30, 48j $2, 60, 62; 63; 66 two berths; 19, 24, 35, 65
one berth.

6,

33, 37

one berths

Narrow piers predominate and the lack of stac1dng space prohibits ships from discharging at maximnum speed. In addition, to the commercial landing f aciiities, the Royal Navy
used~ 5 quays on HONGNIflG Island, providing about 2,800 feet of berthage- in 23 te 28 feet of w tee , *1the Toaval S t ores Depot and Faeling Caber r~u~a there is on oil fueling quay 248 feet on the hest side o:1 KOULOQN?)I'

long in 28

to

32 feet of:JI

The lancding a {Iitios near the Southern ende of terdiicled into two groups.
The first group,, References 15 through 20, is

m ' m

on the Kest side

of the perninsula, nd consists of 4 straight piers about 600'to 80O feet long, and 1,L-.head pier about 150 feet 1org. The group can berth utype;:2 Cl-fl type; 4 of"the Liberty, Exporter or C2 type ships.; 2Cl-) 11 N3-S type ships; arnd one 200 foot ship drawing 12 feet.- This group is nomally used for handling general cargo and'passongers, and it has a total estimated unlo ding capacity of about 4,500 short tons per day. The piers of this group are equipped with nari ow gauge rail tracks, using smal flat cars but without locomotives, The track connect the pier with warehouses behind the waterfront road. They m also connect turn-tables with soce flush narrow gauge tracks vrwhich run along the road and which are believed to extend 'to the KOv1OOi 01and CANTON RaLI Terminal (standard gauge) at the south end of K0VUOON Peninsula. It is believed that goods are transferred'fron the narrow to the standard gauge rail tracks across a loading platfon in the terminal. Nine locomotive eracrs with long booms run on flush tracks along the water front road behind the piers; the piers arc believed to be used, for raising goods to the tipper stories of the warehouses. The L-hoad pier has a shear leg. The s-cond group; references 24 through 27, is on the South and Southeast sides of the Southern end of KOIff.JOON Peninsula, and consists of shore and offshore vharves parallel to the waterfront. The group ca)n berth two Liberty ships; 3 Cl-A type; and one 200,r ship drawing 12 feet. The larger berths were used for general carg,- and the 2001 o, berth (Reference 24) was used as a police landing. The total estimated. unloading capacity for this group is about 2,000 short tons per .tlay. The sidings of the KO JLOON - CANTON Rail Terminal lie fairly close to all four wharves of this group. No data oil railroad crossings are awilablo;' clearance by road might be difficult,. 'Large warehouses are on the waterfront irindcliately behind Reference 25, 26. Reference 25 has four travelling jib cranes; no data are available on cranage oat the other wharves. The'lancling facilities at QU1JARYI'Day consist of 1 large quay, Ieference33, used by the TAIKOO Shipyard, and of 3 smal piers; only 2 of these piers, References 34 and 35, can berth sea-going ships. The group can berth 1 Cl--3 type ship, 1 Cl-A typo, I Cl--I type; 3 N3-S type,
-

and

one

2001? ship cIraring

12t,

It

has

total

estimated

unloading

capacity of about 3,500 short tons per dlay. There are 23 warohousos (total floor area about 200,000 square foot) behind these facilities The shipyard berth is e quipped with narrow gauge industrial rail tracks 'd
The road which' runs

a round HONGKONG Island passes about

300 yeards behind

the waterfront.

At NORTH POINT are 2 large quays, References 37, 38, vich w ere used by the Port Authvri r.yThey can berth 1 Liberty type ship. 2 ONEH type, and 1 CI- type ship, and they' have a total estimated unloading capaci4jy of I about 3,000 short tons per day. The road which runs around the island passes about 300 yard behind these quays also.
The VICTORIA.Waterfront from the Navy Yard Westward to DELCH.E POINT contains 27 piers, but only 10 of them are large enough to

accomodate seagoing vessels. These 10 piers can berth 3 N3-S type and fifteoe 200.1 ships drawing 12 , They have a total estimated unloading capacity of 1,890 short tons per day. There are 31 warehouses (total floor area about 500;000 square feet) near these facilities. even saill pier near the Navy Yard, References 43 through 47, 49, 50 anidL other piers farther e,l as fa y or References West on the VICTORIA Wate fc-i snd launch landings * The other smal piers were al ni
*; . ero. .

#"oft

lighters.

CONNAUGET fload runs along the entire waterfront streets lead inland f rota it. number of

and

large

can berth soagoing vessels The only other'1 ~cli.-ng frcilitios vu The souiiecoal- and o anre two shipyard qu~Ys, and side of o ~ o~h . 29, at KUt-hOON pardl quay is Iref first shipy d berth one 201 ship drawiang 12t, c d it h ts ItUNGHOM DaaF; it can cl .oadi.ng c .acity of 240 short tons per: .,cay. The second ostimated quay as R'ef. 30 at .S. RAIL 1s shipyard; it c an berth two 200&t shipyard ships drawin~ 121, and it has an e stir ted unloa ding capacity of 30Q shoart tons per day. The codling facility, re6f. 6, is on the W/est side of' KOVJLOON ? oninsula. near its Northen end, It can berth 1 Cl-I.type ship * nd it has an estimated unloading capacity of about 500 .short tons per dlay. The oil piers are
a

divided

into4 groups.

z~

or 2 piers., probably ' for small craft only, in GI1NLZiJIOi S Der about 1 rLile Southeastward of, Rof, -1. In March, 1944, there weire 5 oil tanks (capacity about 95,000 barrels), and 3 warehous es behind Pref. 1.

The first group was owned by the Texas Oil Co. and consists of Plof, 300 t long offshore wrharf in 29 feet cof water of which is in CHEN WAN (bay) about 5 ilcs ?West of KO ILOON Peninsula, and of 1 f 9 2, a stone seawll vi th 1

the Standard Vccuum. Oil

The second group, 2oferoees 3 end 4, at LLICHIICOK was owned by Co., and consists of a 650;1 long pier in 23 to'27 foot o~f water, owdloof a 220O long offshore whaarf in 261 of woter, In Macrch, 1944, ;here were 7 oil t inks (cpacity about 50,000)b arrls) behind this group.

The third group, 'Peferenoes 9 andl 10,at T.IKOKTSUI wasoowned by the Asiatic F.troloum Co. It has 2--T noad piers; one with a 1501 lone; fce is in 21! of water, the other with a ,301? long face is in lot.' In 1944 there were 3 oil t anks (ca pacity about 40,000 barrels) behind this group. The last group is near NQOTH POINT on HONOKONG Island, and has only one pier, re~f. 40, which was also owned by the Asiatic Petroleum. Co; Ilef,, 40 isa steel trestle pier, with dolphins at the head, in 22' of -water,' It is pt'obably suitable only for ha dling' oil by pipeline. In March, 1944, there were 5 oil t .rnks (capacity about 83,000 barrels) behind this pier.

It is assn ocV that the Japanese are using all avilable anchorages for Djilitary purposes, but prior to the war there wore two portions of HIrIONGONG Harbor specificolly designated as naval anchorages. The harbor is sorncwhat subject to silting and constant drelging was required to raainn tan depth. It is assumed that the Japanoso are continuing the necessary
dredging.
. S

:i_

sand

Dock and Facilities,

HONGKODIG has the nest extensive shipbuilding and repair faciliaties of any port on the China coast. The following information has been oextracted from- Third Phase, P.Z. report prepared by the 18th P.I.D4 , Hci,, 14th AF, dated 7 June 191;.; D to of most recent photos 13 April 1944, average scale of photos :,l5,0Q0O. Nubers and grid references refer to Mosaic PLAN19

0~59,

9.D4

KOUXJIOON Dockyard (3000.1 x 11001) Drydock 6801 x 90', drydlock 4351 z 601, cydoc~ 2 boildilng berths 240t. x 35.4., 2 repaoir slips, 2251 x 30.t:'4. .tat dingn&mr4,a , wn launch slip 175!'x 25., 6 cranes, outfitting docks', 6 shop bu iI.& x ^1r' j . rCIitt19? , recondition in tofmac- 1 n of 1 d11n^.r ' c

10M

"

larg~est dryclock -2$, 000 tonshp 30t.C5

74Drydock

CSI.0P0LITAN Docks, (1.000.! x 6001). :~~i~ >~ 4653 x , slipway 215' rC 15.1, slipwa r di' O1 O , tai in ; ways bppr6 t :tely 2503, x 35.?, outfitting spa ce; 4 cranes., shop 80,000 sqc. ft., miscellaneous bu ldi s; capabl~e of h actV'r repair and building of mediumi sied1 marchannt vessels; re c pDity of drydock- 11, 000 ton ship.

85

31 D5BILY uilc'ing Siyr'(10x40t 2 building ways~ 1201, marine railway 120. way- 3001, , area for builing 2 boats 100.1 long,' outfittin dcock 225-t x 601 50. pior, shop builcingj 225.t -. 150, miscellaneous buildings; 'capable of buildingand repoairiig small vessels, 32.C5 foat Iuilding YarcV (1100?t x 200?). Slipvy 2601 x 30 t, slip r y 1757? x 501, eight 100 t?,blng 3501 of water frontge, 25 miscollcnoous, buildinrgs.
wp;s c1ong

33--D5 Bout Buiing Yard

.Construction
inns 50? z

(1800t

ronta"e).

40t.

of boats 60.1 x

1251,

building 160.? square, numerous build-

34..E5

foat Build Yard (7501'" 4001) .Sevoral building whys, largest 75?1 ling, 2 piers 225'. x

ing-,s

largest

120.?1~

10,

build.-

75l

35-.C3 K00'JL00N Wharves (2100.! frontage) 5 docks 825 !~ 65' to '630 t x'55 , L-shapocl pier 155.!x 1140!, boat basin 4001 x 2307t, 21 crones, 5. multi--story warehouses averaging 2001t x 125t, block of .tiro~rhc usos 430? x 300 , 3 warehouses 300t x 1451, 14
warehouses. 1701 x 1251, 2 r i1ti--story warehouses 1140?t x 60 ; m ain vrharf a ;e facilities in fI0NGKcONG - KOU7LOON' District -. reported capable of accomoda ting 12 vessels up to 7501#
HOLTS l{APF (100,frontage) . Dock 475? x 451, 3 piers 220, x 30?, 2 boatt basins 2201, x 125!, -30O01 1iti r,3lo-.~rrtr' }ii'" of wharf space for small boats, 5301 x$410,i muti-story warehouse 1301 x 8' I 16 smaller warehouses,

36-D3

47P9

railroadt spur.

37-04

Cooling H-arbor (14501 x 660 1). Coaling shed 1000:! x 270?., bases of 4 removed 1201 diorater fuel tanks, 2 ship-fuoling tanks 35? di.ometor on mole; probably now used for drum. storage of gasoline and oil products, Probable ferry pier 2251 x 551, 6 small piers for small croft, launch repair slip 2001) x 151 with 10 adjacent repair and adinistra tive buildings, coal .yard' 325?t x 290? with 10 adjacent repair and adorini nstrative buildings, coal yard 3251 x 290 with adljacent' coal shod 260? x 1001, cool yard 50x" 3001, .coil --lm350? x 1101. multistory warehouse 165.? x 1001 2 warehouses averaging 150! .x 125x, 30 warehouses averaging 120' x 60!, numerous ,atoll craft, area 6751 1 3001 itmeiately Souith of harbor containing warehouse 300? x 230. build~ing 185' x 60:. I-UNGH-1'.IFerry. 1 pier 1001 x 201.
Typhoon Reofugpe

38-.C4

Harbor (3500t

x200!).-

39-D4
40-C3

STAR,

Ferry.

Landing cove ed by- shed 300.1 x

60.

42--C5 Ferry Point,

Covered Pier 2251' x 55.1 inane Typhoon R~ego He

FryPitCovered pier 2251 x

or,

43'
44.0C3

551'. "

Foyal Navy Yard (25@0! x 10 Dzrycock 570? x'100,!, tide.l basin 7501 x 660x', boatdbcasin 225.1 z n 195', 3 cranes, 6 mf~in shops averaginig 275! ~x 1001, 26 shops sad warehouses, powerhouse 751 x 751, 7 barrC.oks avera.ging 1201 x 701, reported. officer's quarters 420. x 601, 3 radio masts, numerous small btiilc'ings, loose stores, building reported to be a hospital; reported1 to be capable of haric'ling repairs on ships to light ya c1 cru~isers*

45-F4

Drydock 7801

x 90;,33s Laps 900.1 longs 4 building slips 500:;-'lone, building slip 3001 long, 2 shops covering 24C0,004 quar foot, 14 x 601,23001, Qf berthing shops and storage buildings averaging

TAIKOO Dockyard (2300' 'x 950x)}.

'

space; 3* cranes; power. reported furnished.:.by HONGKONG Electr'ic Power Co.; repbrbec1 to handlhe all types of repa:ir work, refitting end reconditioning. 46...01

130f

Dryclocks 460', x
3

ADEIZDWI'IDockyard.

shop-typo

340' x 70:, slip approxmately 1501 x 2; buildings averaging 160' x 60', 5 smaller buildings;
851. and

2 small1 piers. 47~.D3 boat

Slip

2101

200' x,60.10 4 sall1 building ways, group of connected buildings x 160 3 buildings avoragBingj 75,1 x 40t, 5 smal piers,

uilding Yard

(500.1

x 500).

48. L3 VICTOPJ LWharvren (2,4 miles long})r

33 piers averaging
49.-C3 50.-"B3

170.?t.

201.

Vehicular Ferry (pier 5001 x

80 1 )

Slip 170' x 601,

JL DINES Wharf T-Shaped wharf

with.335-1

(5001,

x 1,70 ?)

of docking spa ce.

51-D3 Piers.
3 piers averaging 301 long between IRoy,-, Navy Yard? and Causeway- Day.

52.--D3 CAUSE7tAY Day (15t x' 1500'). 2 entrances 335? long, 4 piers aver;;ins; 65?1 long; aw~ed1 extensively
by sr:all craft,

53..- Pier 751 x 151 (see On GPCMEN Island,

overlay),

54'-

Pier and revettted buildings (4501 x.150') (see overlay) . I,-shape~d pier 601 x 101, 4 buildings, 2 of which are revetted; cn GP M44 Island.

55-D4 Pier and

Quay,. Pier 1401 x 301,

quay 220?

long on STOUECU'ITERS tslar4c.

56-f4 Pier 205' x 15. On ST0NECUTTEEI1~tS Island. 51'_46 Pier 195.1 _ 101To

On ST0NECUTT 4'sIsland.,

9-.

Extends from. the point of land irediatly nest of Cape COLLISON, 1ONKONG,
c'pjprox iarrtely 7000!; from. JUNK Islandl to the raiilmnd to JUNK Island 27001. approxnately

Anti-su~bmarine

net (see ove la~y).

Information as to extent of cbrinaage byr bombing to port facilities such as docks, storage warehouses, etc., is unavailable since the CHINA COAST has come vithin the radius of planes based on the PHIIPPINES3.
c. Storae Fac iliti~es, at n

The HONGKO.NG Area contains a vstnter

oust~ strategically' located with reference to

marine

of rmocernwae and land trans*-

ortation facilities. 60.-B33 Warehouse area (24001 "x Many large warehouses.

200t),

61-C3 Probable XWhrehotso Area (1.2 -Ales x 5501). Waterfront area, man~y closely spaced buildiQ's; many of these are probably warehouses, tenaonts and shops.

62-D)3 Warehouse Area (2000! x 25O ). 25 buildings averaging 1801 .x 751 probably warehouses.
63-A3 Warehouse are (4200t x 1050'). 100 buildings ra nging from 2451 x 200' to 90' x to be warehouses and tenements.

30t

appe~a

6465-

Stor age arc' (210' x75 )

C
C3

buildings averaging

75'

45"-;

on STANLLY Peninsula.

Warehouse Areas,
21 warehouses averaging 1501 x 30x.

66-Gl Warehouse Area (100 x 5001).

12 warehouses 1551 x 40?.

67.-D1
6&--D1

Warehouse Area (2230? z 1751), 18~ buildings 155? x 401. in D-Shopedl area.
Warehouse area (10501 x 7801), 15 buildings area 155' x 351.

69-D)1 Warehouse or barracks area (260' x 6 buildings 1551 x 251, 70-D)2 71--D4

2601).

Warehouse or Darracks Area (340? x 3401) . 3 probably new~buildings 150: X 35?, loose stores,, Storage Area (500.1 x 420?). 7 storage bldin s averaging 1101 x 401, sncal revetttod building, 8 smn.l buildings, on ST0NECUT 5ThIZYs Island.
2 storage buildings 1501 x

72-A4

351,

srad'al1 buildings on STONE,CtTTERh' s Is~rzd.

73-

Texaco Oil Storage (950? X 5501) (See 0vor1gy). 2 tanks 1101 diameter, tcaik 851, diamzeter, 2 tanks 701 di^.eter, camouflaged building 1251 x 1251, czroufaged building 1801 x 751t, wharf with 301 of berthingspaco. 2tak 0!
Storage (25001 x

74-A5 T ICHIKOK 0il

i.,

,,4-

1~

0-

1600?.
35 ks

.t1N

dimer,

2 tanks

451

dreiet
aY7 71.(''

2.

1 !'

'A

-.-

m a

Or,

t,-z k 20.1ciatxojor'I1) avteragring" 190.1 x 9$.I

Note;

revetted structures loot x 10t, 3 buf.~lifs buildlings, pier-.6490t x t It wharf with 2901 of berthing space, severely ditgd wharf' 270t lonz, boat''basin 560? x il.1y, boat basin 500'x 1101~, several weapon pits, 11 small proba~ble quarters, rmarn sal:boats in graed area,
s evcral sal

ember 1943; several tanks. and large buildings wrere dlestroyedl duxn
this raid. ~4r75..O5 Oil Storage Tanks' (5201 x 1300). 4 Tank diameter, 2 'tanks- 551 diaieter on prop

This description applies to area after bombing raid of 2 Sept

Asiatic Petroleum Co.,

4

801

y of' TAIKOKTST

Ltd.

<76-D6

Underground Storage. E~ntrance 45t viiee visible, probably munitions storyage adjacent to firing range. Fuel Tarics (30?.' x 3006) . 3 tanks 60: diictor, tank 751 diamecter, probable covered tank Square. 0Oil or iator Tank. Emipty tank 1001t c'1arleter, probably abandoned, Underground Storage' (See overlaor). Probably raniunition, entr nce 45t wide, on STANT2Y Peninsula, scrvedt by road. IReportod Underground Storage.' Area South of RIoy . Navy Yard reported. to be stor ages, not visible on photos.
1

77-3

60,~

7 1.2

7980.02

81--D3
82-Dl

evetted? Storage (160! x 1201).,

probable

mnitions storage buildings

50.?

301.,

Probable munitions storage

9 buildings

45t

(400t

2001). 40'

x 35't, served by good road,

x

83-134

Probable fuel or munitions storage (700? x 50?)." 2 revettedi bui~ld'iigs 451 x 30t1, revetted building

4 srn^ l build'ings, on STONECUTTERf s Island.

15,

84-134

Storag e Area (5001'z 2001).'

Revetted

bu ld'ing'951. x 50,11 5 buildings averaging801 x 401, 9 srall buildings, 6 entrances to tunn~els, 2751 tunnel connects this storage area to installations No. 77; loci ted in ravine on ST0UECUTTE.t~ s I slond. c1. Transpiortation Facilities. (I) fRoads .

There is a 2 lane gravel surfaced road'" encircling HONGKO0NG Island and 216 rules of good road' on KOVJLOON Peninsula. Two second-crass high~ways lead fram KO'7'L00N to'the interior. One gobs- Northwest to C!LTON, the other goes Ncrtheast, There has been much .Lrnvag on these roads since the Japanese took over sofit is impossible to properly assess their condition without photo reconnaissance, (2)
A

Wod

r,,dl

, .onK cts KOV!LQON end CANTON.

Alm

.29
4 a4. 4'., tip"

China.

Waterways. W'Tatrc ays are the main routes of transportation in Southeast Coastal steamers up to 16 foot draft in flood season can'reach

(3)

CANTON; 22 foot to WHII.!POA. WAU CHOU! 150 miles up the JEST River, 6 to 7 foot draft and'a notwork of water channels out of CANTON; f'
smaller places.

2,

CANTON,

(See Pte

5, "Port

cii

is,4

CANTON -

!'.1119OA"
iPU) 10 ifr

This area also includes the important port of VITJAN:POA (HUiifG miles East of CANTON where the PEARL River is dcoper and facilities locgling and unloading are ample.

CAINTON and WH AN.IPOA Harbiors can accommodate 16 200 foot vessels dra ing 12 feet of water. Seven of these berths are at NWiT:OA. Of these 16, only 5 (all at OA) have rail connections. At CANTON there are 4 piers in depths of less than 12 feet which also have rail connections,

'TU'i.J

It is believed that the controling depth at .7I-IIL. 0A Harbor has been dredged to 20 feet at low tide; If this is tru.e the W1HAIPOA wharves would be able to berth 3 Til vessels; length about 350 feet,,draught about 20 feet end two N3-S type vessels, (length about 250 feet, draught about l$ feet). At summer high water several facilities depths of 7 to 11 feet might be able to in CANTON Harbor ith charted berth vessels drawing 12 foot.

a, T-HIIPOA Harbor. The only facilities for seagoing vessels in YflIAPOA Harbor are at the newly developed port on the northern bank of the

river.
The main quay at the new port is of concrete and about 1,250 foot long with about 27 feet of water alongside. It can berth five 200-foot vessels drawin 1 feet or probably three C-Iff type vessels, A railway 2 yard with 6 tracks and a double line of large warehouses on both sides of it is 150 yards behind the quay and a spur-line extends from this group of tracks to the quay-side. Two dockside cranes are at the quay. About 200 yards east of the min quay are 2 T-hcad piers, wrhich pre sect about " 50 feet from the shore and wt1ose approaches are only about Together the T-heads provide about 200 feet of bertha [e in 73 feet aprt. about 20 feet- of water, and could accommodate one 200-foot vessel drawing 12 feet or possibly one N3type vessel. A paved road, viich crosses a 60-foot bridge over a creek, connects these 2 T-heads with the main quay.

long,

Close nest of the main quay is an L-shaped pier (face 130 feet leg 270 feet long), and almost 300 yards farther west on the southern side of LOUIS. Island is a T-head pier (face about 200 feet long, leg
about 100 feet long). Both piers are probably in about 20 feet of water. The T-head pier could accommodate one 200-foot vessel drawing 12 ft or possibly one N3-S type vessel.

Two smaller, the main quay is

shallow-draft piers are on the southern side of

LOUISA Island farther westward,

and at SHEKHOW more than a mile ' west of a 600 foot long quiay, probably in .about 10 feet of twater.

On the north side of CH1 LQMG ClOU (Danes Island), in the western part of UHAI.IPOA Harbor, there are also about 10 small wharves, conlccrnng which no details are avalfable. A small per is onIThPidiPOA Island (ULJNG Island) . P t U T1o) opposite the north side of CH AlAING CHOU (Des

I-

b.

CANTON Harbor

s n 5;,

j,
i

The wharves in CANTON Harbor are nearly all of open.'.pile const-W~ction, some of stool and others of recinforced concrete.

Only the wharves in flACK PMACH are 1Q-evin to accoraoa te seagoing l2~,distrib-' is nine 2001 vessels dring vessels. Their total bherbh uteT. as follows: Reference 15, 3 vessels; .References 17,l.1, 19, 23, 1 vessel each; Reference 25, 2 vessels.

age

R7?eference 14, a nowly constructed quay in FR.ONT M~ACH near HON Point, may have been dredged sufficiently to accorriodate vessels d'rawing 122'. Reforence 12,, on the North side of FR~ONT REACH, has a face' 561~ long in 13! of water and rmight possibly acconnmiodte a seagoing vessel. The whrvos nor thc Customs House, en the North Side of FRONT IPETACH, Reference 7 to 11) ha'.vo depths of 8 to 9 feet alongside and rex used by river steameors. The three wharves on the North side of FRONI'T REACH close East of the w"harf; 17efrence 11, have not given reference numbers because of lack of informtion. Their characteristics are probcly like those of the wharves, References 7 through 11. A quay of indletext inato characteristics are probably like those of the wharvs, References 7 adjoining H-OICHiU Dridlge; it serves a cold storage plants
Only 4 lancing facilities in CANTON Ha:rbor, all of themi in VE~ST PEfACH, have rail connections. The CIATON-S~ISHJI 1Rail way serves piers. References 1 and, 2, on the South silo, m d the C.J' TON- HANK ' Railwray (operating for only about the first 20 r ales from CANTON) serves the piers, Reoerencos 5 an~ 6, on the North side. Two of the piers (References 2 and 5) have rail tracks on or very near them, andl are used for ferrying; passengers dnd goods from one ralway to the ot -hr. The CANTON -KOT':1O0N Railway Term-na1, at the Eastern end of i CJ TON, has no landing faclities neat at, but it is connected bya HAIIKOTT Railway, spur with the CANTTON
-w

,.7T liiner wharves for junks and small craft are nmerous in C FRO1IT I2ACI1, The North side of FRlONT REJACHi in the Harbor, especially in City is fronted bya bund.
There are practically no mechani~c l handling facilities at CANTON Harbor,

c.

Str e F acilti e s.

At ' 1F LPOI, near the newly developed port of the North b k of the, river, there are 98 warehouses and storage buildings, with about 5729000 squaro'feet of floor space. There is c le open space along the waterfront, but some of the ground may be to riamshy to be used. for supply dt n ps.
At CANTON there is ostinated to be a bout 11,000,000- square foot of storage Boor space available near the wharves - and several1 tiii>s that aount at other points in a-Mc' near the city, A cold storage warehouse is situated? on HONKN (Island) , Nest of and tie}j oining the HOICHU Highway Dzi&o over FR~ONT IBEACH.
Extensive open stora ge is avil able in CANTON Hrbor' behind the wha~rvos in 'M~ST PEACH and flACK PEACH (References 1 through 6, and 15 throug~h 26). The storage areas in the rea-r of four of these wharves

(References 1, 2, 5, 6) are served by railroad. Trucks have -.cuss to t iose areas loci teed on. the CANTON and HONAN (island) watorfron~ but it is g > not known whether hLgfir.?ay criic oe ns are available to the r area s (References 1 through 4, and 22 through 26).

SECTIN

-g

LANDING BEACHES

a.

As-the

landing beaches in the area of this study vary greatly as to'

usefulness, and as most of the coast line is practically devoid of good oper.ational beaches, the better beaches are discussed singly with the remainder of the coast broken into three sections for general discussion.

b. This portion of the report is designed to give a detailed stud-r of a number of beaches along the South Coast of China' (between 112E and 116E), The beaches are described in order from West to-East, and are numbered in this ord". er. For ease in..ocating these beaches, refer to Plan 6,"anding Bacs In some instances the numbers shown apply to a group of beahces, but in most eases they designate individual beaches,
For each beach the following information is given (when known):

GENERAL: Location, Name, and special characteristics, DIL2..NSIONS: Actual or probable dimensions of the beach. GRA"IIENT & TEXTUIRE: Aterm "gradient" applies to the beach gradiient.

"Gentle"

gradient permits rapid access inland for

foot rmbldiors and

giving

vehicles; a "moderate" gradient permits ready access for foot troor,. but may presnet difficulties to vehicles, if texture is unsuitable.

TERRiAIN INID-ND-

Description of terrain inland from the beach,

facilities, obstacles and general aspects. BEACH NO. 1

GENRPL:

Beach is located on the mainland between the SAN LO HO and the GING CHIANG, at about 112 O4-2L 50. Rocks are located in the sea approachc off the Southeast end. not known

depth is The beach is about 8 miles long tnd while its DI1vENSIONS: exactly, it is considered to be at least 100 yards.

The with some pebbles, GRAD iT7T & TEXTUTIE: The texture is mainly sand and silt gradient is reported to be gentle although boats with 3 foot draft car reach the beach at high tide. A river one mile The land is generally low back of the beach. TERRAIN INLAND: in and parallel to the Eastern 3 miles of the beach cuts off access inland.

BEACH NO. 2 GENERAL: Located on the mainland at about 112 13=21 the shore of the Southeast beach.

45

Rocky islets

lie off

The DUIENSIONS: The beach is divided into two sections by a broad rock knot. Northwest Nection-is approximately .7 miles by 100 yards. The Southeast section is .6 miles long and has a maximum depth of 80 yards. Moderate; it is reported that a boat of 3 foot draft can GRIDIENT & TEXTURE: to the A wharf parallel come into the Northwest beach at high tide. The texture is fine et tl e Northwest beach. .e beach ii ii t e *.t,_

sand.
+ r:

The only route inland is along the Northwest bank of' ariver TERRA..IN INLAND: othorwi:::e is The terrain at the South end of the Northwest beach.

rocky and mount'ia

ous and therefore nor-trafficablo.

A
GENERAL:

,l fk ttI. S i

BEACH NO.

3
about 112 23-

Located on main"aid Northwst of' MANG CHOU Island at

21 43.

The three fathom line is

about 350 yards offshore.

It is evenlyi divided by a small

The beach is DIL NSIONS: stream.

about 12 miles long.

GRADIENT & TEXTURE:

Gradient unknown; composed of sand.

Trails are shown to be about .3 miles inland from the est end.TERRIN INLAND: of the beach, which connect with a cart road ht about .6 miles inlancd There is a good all which follo ws a valley towards the Northwest.

weather road paralleling the coast from 12 to L

ning Werst to the town of' Y NG CHIANG.

miles inland and run"

BEACH NO. 4
Shore of CASTLE PEATI Bay (113

58 30-22 23) on the mainland.

The beach is 2.5 miles long, interrupted by rocks and DIMT:NSIOE2: at high water 25. to 50 feet. idth areas.

low

,.soft

I GRA;DIE1T&

TEXTURE:

The gradient is

gentle (1 to 30).

The texture is

sand.

TERRAIN INLAiD:

The motor road to Inland slopes are steep. WTest shore. along the East shore, immediately adjacent to the shore.

Low cultivated valley at bay head; limited low areas along KOV CON runs

BEACH NO 5 GENERAL: Located in the Northeast section of TELEGRAPH Bay (114 07 45-22 15 30)

M1ENSIONS:

Consists of small beaches at stream mouths, each less than 1,000 length. High water width 25 feet. Texture is sand and pebbles.

feet in

GRDIENT & TEXTURE:

Gentle to modeate.

ConnectioL The beach is backed by narrow steep-walled ravines. TERRAIN INLAND: some distance, is within the coast for to a main road, which parallels

a quarter-rile

of the beach at this point.

BEACH NO.

6 REPULSE Bay. The

GENERAL:

Located on the South side of HONGONG Island in limits of' the beach are 114 11 40-22 13 33 .and

114 11 30-22 14 22.

DIMENSIONS:

The beach is

in 3 sections of .3,

.1 and .1 miles in length and

about

100 feet wide at high water. The The 30 foottdeep line is about 1,000 feet offshore. gently to the ont 1 on 20 at. high water line and rises
:~.: i
.l.

GRADIENT & TEXTURE:

gradier; is

rear.

The

>~;x:

pebblecs. jar~I'~

T~IERRAN

INLD:

Thie lnd rises in gradual sopes almnost

cimmdi~ely' behind the

- ;" i

Vii'

4.

i..ii.~

of brush. The hills are 4maivy wooded with some areas beach area. a sea wall There is area. 'PULSE Bay is a highly developed resort road the main coastal This is with a mraih. road immediately behind. around HONGKONG Ksland and also connects with a good road crossing

the hills

and running directly to VICTORIA.

BEACH NO GENERA1L: Welst Shore of Pot Shelter (ll

7M
16-22 20).

irregu> Width i,:s Length is approximately 1,000 yards (scattered). DI:E NSIONS: 500 to 1,000 feet; width above high water, 15 to 25 feet. Be;ach is br ken by small streams in ravines. k
GRDENT & TEXTURE: pebbles. Asverage gradient gentle (1 to 20). Texture is sand and

TERRAIN INLAD:

Irregular coast,

generally hilly.
a motorable

feet- above the

sea level is

road leading

1,000 yards inland and 300 to the KC'LOON4

area, 5 miles distant.

BEACH NO. 8

GENERAL:

Nothast

of NA'N PIEN TS AO (114 35 20-22 44 30). length. Width at low tide

The beach is 6,000 yards in DII: NSIONS: high tide 90 feet.

GRaflENT & TEXTURE: high tide, Gradient is grading into gentle. sand at

450 feot;

Texture low tide.

is

sand and heavy gravel

at

TERRAIN INLAND:
y,. r :divated

Beach is
and

backed by a plain approximately lz miles

small streams-. The road to

ide, cultTON SHU

crossed by numerous

roughly parallels the beach, about ten miles inland.

BEACH NO.~

'GENERAL:

West of KIN SIANG Point (115 36

The beach is 300 yards at .19,000 yards in

45-22 51 31).
length but is broken by numerous small

DIMEUIS'IONS: to

streams on its

Western half.
low tide.

It

is

100 yards wide at high tide by 150

GRADIENT & TEXTURE:

and mud at TERRAIN

Moderate to
low tide.

gentle.

The texture

is

sand at high tide

INLAND: A sandy wate extends inland from the central portion, of the beach over which vehicles could probably travel. The Eastern section of the beach is cut off from inland travel by a river. The Western section is terrain. cut off laterally by the rivers and inland by the

hilly

-i
BEACHES GENERAL
It will be noticed that from 113 to 116 there are only 6 beaches discoast cussed. For the purpose of giving some general information along this it wi.ll be broken down into three sections.

The CANTON Delta area funs from 113 iE or approximately SHANG CI?' UAN SHIMN (St. JOHNS Island) to 113 50 E, or the East point of the mouth of the CANTON Piver. The coast of this section is ihds2tly low, flat and muddy. i.<-rrow
mud Flats fringe the greater part of the shore. The coast generally by alluvial flats which are platted to dry crops or irrigated rice. commonly are cut by diked canals, sometimes forming a grid patter is batked The flats

ye

i,.

The HONGKONG Island area runs from 113 50 to 114 30 or th The coast line of this .section is brioken by numerous bays, cove and inlets and 'is fronted by many islands, large and smalls Both the island
of

MIRS

Bay.

and the

mainland coast

are rugged with hills

or mountains

rising

inland.

The section from 114 30 to 116 B is

There irrigated are also fields

in

general fringed b:,- broadl

sroal4,,

numereus detached shoals and rocks. The coast is backed by and some low hills and this in turn is backed by rugged hills and mountains. While there are numerous small beaches along this coast, they are not considered'here as the use of any one would require considerable. stud both of approaches, which are all dangerous, and also of terrain inland which beach. considerably for each specific is rough and varies

"IMMMA4P

K3T

SECTION 9 2V,
r4 Li

FIXED DEFENSES

The principal and -- ost the only defense areas in the ter'ritor'y b covered, by this study ar'e the' CANTON area, HONGKOQNG are and the CANTONKO,1001OON I~aiwayd In acddition~ the only othcr defen~se areas area few small forts and gun erpla coments on the estuary of the PEARL friver and on SANJTSALO Island0 Both ,.ct as protcdtion fox' thc mouth of the PI-Mu'L and the CAN0TON area.

Rliver

(Sec PLAN 7 and. and I-ONGKONG).

PLAN

for detail rap s showing defenses of CANTTON

The CANTON Ar'ea is used. principally for the accumia,:tion and storagCe of m~litary supplies. There are a number of varying size A/A and. Dual Purpose guns, mostly mobile, in the area and all of the .iapotant storage facilitics areo well protected frorm both air and ground.

'

The main socirar'd defenses are fr'om HONGKONG and SAN\TSAO TAO (SA JcHUu Island). The lcncdward defenss roundl CANTON are -believed to be designed princijrally for security against attack of Chinese regular and guerrill a troops. Some of the old Chinese fortifications along the ?E-11J, Riiver are being used and have beenn placod with modern guns. shipment of mlitary supplies and in its' shipbuilding and repair facclit2s -. It is well protected from air, land bnd sea attacks (note
cots,d guns and under'r:tor booms on PIAN 7 The HONGKONG Area is important primarily in its capability for tr_.ns.-

-The

HONGKONG Island is heavily fortified with coast defense batteries, obstacles, pill boxes, anti--ircraft tie r~ons and radar stations.. Prior to Japanese occupation in Decombd r, the British had tine 9.2 inch. guns and t~ronty 6--inch guns in HOITGNONG. Of those three 9.2 inch and four 6.-inch gins arc definitely knowin to ha vc been captured by the Japme. fortifications have been extended and increased by the Japanese.

1941,

The third defense area of the region is the CANTON - K0,1LOON Zflal road'. The J pa~ eso have constructed trenches and barbed wire along both sides of its entire lengt.h and have place a pill box or strong point about evrery 1kilometer. Xn addition, they have constructed gun positions in the hills at varying points w'hich overlook the railroad. sANSHUI
-

Trenches and machine g un pits are located throughout the town-M

CH tINGYJAN -- Hill & cave fortifications & L' wore reported in this area.

pits along the river

Tt AISHAN - Between Tt AISHAN and the river to the North, the Japaaaose ?re reported to have built t number of fortifications. On all ixriprtcnt roads leadi~ng out of CANTON are tronches,usueal 20 x 4 x 3 feet, which are said by the Japs to be slit trenches, but the puppets claim they are built

for mines.

A1S

The HONGKONG_ outoer defense line has been extended to BIAS Day. MOUNT fert has been rebuilt, and there .are knowm to be three 9.2 inchguns

SECTION

10

AIRFIELDS
A. (Note: listed ENEMY AIRFIELDS

See Plan 9, "Airfields - S. China". The numbers shown with each Airfic. below are 1eyed with the corresponding numbers shown on the reference

stated.)
1. S&N YA (SAMAH)(109 25-1l8 17).
Classification: Airdrome, Facilities: Runway ENE-WSW 450 feet x 320 feet, concrete surface. 4211 Twc concrete taxistrips and three disporsa1~reas containing approximately 100 aircraft revetments. Hangat's, shops and administration buildings are connected to field.

2.

CHUNG CHIEN TSUN (109 28-18 19). Classification: Non-oprational

landing strip.

Facilities:

Cleared area 3300 feet x

surface yet prepared.

140

feet.

Oriented ENE=iSW, no

No dispersal.

Note';
3.

Non-operational due to construction.

!ENGI I CH'IO (109 41-18 22). Non-operationa--airfild. Classification: Facilities: Runway N-a 3750 feet x 1250 feet.
construcion).

Graded&urThoe

(under (under

Runway E-17 3750 feet x 1250 feet. Graded surface construction). No dispersal. Note: Runways ditched and unserviceable.

4.'LING SHUI (109 52-18 32).

ClassificationFacilities:

Non-operational air-field. Runway E-T 3750 feet x 625 feet.

Graded surface (under construction). Runway N*S 4375 feet x 875 feet. Graded surface (under construction). 10 aircraft revetm~ents. Note: Runways ditched and unserviceable. 46-4 32).

50. FOLO (Fu .o)(lo8

Airdrome. Classification: Facilities: Runway NE-SW 5000 feet x 265 feet,,paved surface. Runway NW-SE 4000 feet x 265 feet, paved surface. T -ziway joining three dispersal areas containing 29 aircraft revetments. Hangar, shop and storage buildings connected to field. Note: All landing areas except NE-SWJ runway, ditched and unserviceable.

6.t.-.' ILI (BARLI)

(108

42-19 04).
paved surface.

Classification:

Facilities:

Non-operational airfield, Runway N-S 3000 feet x 170 feet,

Runway NE-SW 3000 feet x 250 feet, paved surface. Runway N-S 1950 feet x 400 feet, sod surface lamding area. Two taxistrips to two dispersal areas containing 10 aircraft revetments, Hangar, shop and administration building; connected to:field. Note: All lanl i n~ .~faces and runways ditched and unserfriceable

4,~~

NV

am

7.

LIII iA0 (Li.,Ko)

(109 42-19 55). Ion-oporational airfield. ' Classification: Facilitis: : unway N-S 3000 feet x 170 feet, paved surface.
Runway I\ E-S17 3000 feet x 250 feet, paivcd surface. Two dispersal areas containing 12 aircraft revetments, small administration buildings.
All landing Note: icbzble.

Sev

surfaces and runways ditched and unsorv

8.

CL

UIG

Clssificijon:

-IHAN (110 22-20 01).

AidonI

Facilities:

Runway NNEScI 3500 feet x x 455 feet, Aunway '1-SE 4550 fet

i~fK~o 455 feet,

pvd

surfcc.

paved surface. Runway ENEISJ1T 4550 feet x 455 feet, paved surface.

One taxistrip and four dispersal areas containing 40 ai-.Hangar, shops storage and adiiinistratic craft revetments. are connected to Airdrome, buildings

9.

wTTN

CH' ANG (CIIv.ECENG) (ll0 40-19 40). Non-operational Airfield. Classification: Facilities: Runway E-4I 4200 feet x 470 feet~ graded and rolled earth surface.
Runway N-S 3100 feet x 650 feet, graded and rolled earth surface. Four taxistrips and several aircraft revetments under construction. No buildings. Note: All landing surfaces and runways ditched and unserviceable .

10... NAO C-IOU TAO (110 34-20 53). Probably dry weather fighter field. Classification: Cleared area ENE--7,TSW 5250 feet x 900 feet, sod surface. Facilities: Cleared area Ni-SE 3700 feet x 900 feet, sod surface. No other facilities. 11.

OI UI C OU

N (FoRT DYARD)(ll0 22-21 12), ,irfield. Non-operational A Classification: Runway E-17 2900 feet x 150 feet, sod' surface. Facilities: Runway IN TP-SSE 2500 feet xc 150 feet, sod surface. Several small servicing buildings. 9 aircraft revetments. Note: Al landing' surfaces and runways ditched and 'unserviceable.
CH11 (sumAI)(lo 31-21 23), Classification: Landing strip. Landing area 8500 feet x 7000 feet, sod surface, Facilities: Several taxistrips lead to apprcximately 25 ,aircraft revetments. No other facilities.

12.

SUl

13.

TTINA

(113 03-22 11).

Non-operational Landing strip.

Classification:

Facilities:

Landing area E;II 3400 feet x 540 feet, sod surface.

No other facilities. Landing -area cratered and unserviceable. Note:

14.

SNTTSAO (SAICAU) (113 24-22 00). Non-ope ational Airdrome. Classification: Facilities: Runway NE-SST 4000 feet x 200 feet, hard surface. Runway E-INJwTSW 2000 feet x 150 feet, hard surface n Parallel taxistrips to two dispersal areas containing 24 revetment s. shops, barracks and etc., build.. Ha : rs. servicing aprons,
jn.; eoomnecbL ;o ,oAirdrome.
ly;.1

~~T~~
vce le .

~~~d.i ed

surfaces and runwys ditehed

and unsor-.

K,'i
T~~r i 'i s I

15,

MACAO (113 33-22

Classificattion:

11).

Sea plane Base,

Facilities:

Sheltered basin 6000 feet X 2300 feet ramp 435 feet x 18 feet.

inth

two entrances,

16.

KAi"TAK (Ii0TL0N) (114

Classification:

2-22 12).

Facilities:

Sea plane Base. Two ramps 50 feet wide.

ccss to all KAITK AD facilities (171).

17, K1ATTAK (KoULoON) (114
:

Classification: Facilities

12-22 12), Airdrome.

Runway NW-SE

4400

feet

310 feet,

paved surface,

Runway FM.NL.."TW3SW 4500 feet x 180 feet, paved surfacr, & 36 aircraft r evetiners, hangars, shop, storage anc. <rracks buildings on fields

ls,

KiMVTIN (114 06-22 25).

Non-operational Airfield, Classification: x 3200 feet. Landing area 4000 feet Facilities: Note: Landing area ditched and airfield
able..

totally

unservice-

19.

TW'ANHA (113 56-22 29). Landing strip. Classification: x 110 feet,-graded and rolled-earth. Runwayj N-S 6600 feet Facilities: to 10 revetments, repair buildings, barShort tocistrip racks and storage buildings,

20.

HUENG (113 53-22 33). Landing'strip, Classification: hard surface. Runway T -S&E 4000 feet x 270 feet, Facilities: to two dispersal areas containing 3$ revetments. Txistrips Nine small buildings.

21.

WHA '0A (CNTQN)(113 24-23 ' n

Classification: Facilities:

08).
x 300 feet, hard surface.

Landing strip. Runway N -S 5000 feet

Taxistrips to 25 aircraft 22. UNIVERSITY (CANToN) (113 20-23 07). Classification: Landing strip.
Facilities:

revetments.

hard surface Runway NIT-SE 5400 feet x 350 foot, aircraft revetments in two dispoesal areas Taxistrips to 30

23.

TIEN HO (CANTON)(13 19-23 05), AirdroIob Classification: Rurnvay N-S 5000 feet x 329 feet, Facilities:
Runway E-V 3100 feet x 190 feet,

paved surface,
paved surface.

Taxistrips to
buildings.

83

revetments,

hangars,

shops and storage

24.

'

ITE CLOUD (CI rON))(11l3 15-23 10): Airdrome. Classification: Runway NNE-SSW 4260 feet x 400 feet, Facili.,ties:
Runway NNWG--SSE 3740 feet Taxistrips to x 300 feet, revetments

paved surface.
paved surface. and 6 shelters.

86

aircraft

Hangars,

shops,

storage and barracks buildings

on field.

25.

UNIHTE CLOUD SA'ELITE (CATON)(113 17-23 14). Classification: Airfield. Runway NNE-SSW 3700 feet x 330 feet, hard surface. Facilities: Taxistrips to 3 dispersal areas containing 45 revetments. "'3s anJ sZ barracks buildings.

26.

SAN SHUT (S1 esHu)(%' 3 Clasa~fi catien: Non-.pe2;:.onal. Landing stri. Runway E-W 25030 feet x,150 feet, sod surface. Faciliis: No other facilities. unserviceab~ile. 'with vegect~tion, Note: Runw~y overgrofn
; I

"14mI

27*

29-23 02)4 KAO YAO (KOYIU) (u1 Classification: Non-operational Landing stxip; Facilities: Cleared landing area E--W 3000 feet x 930 feet, sod surface. Note, Landing surface ditched and TS'ANG AU (WUCOW)(11128-23 23). Classification: Non-operational Landing strip. Facilities: Landing area NE-SW 3690 foot x 550 foot, sod surface. Note: Landing surfaces overgrownnwith vegetation and rer ported unserviceable. ,< TANCIIUK (110

28

29.

35-23

Classification:
Facilities:

27) . L Non-operational Airfield. (Built as medium bomber field by USAAF.) Runway NE-SW 6300 feet x 170 feet, hard surface. Parallel taxistrips leading to 18 revetments. Barracks buildings. Note; runway cratered and unserviceable,

30.

LI CHIA CHEN (IuUJEILIN)(llc 13-25 14). Classification: Non-operattional Airdrome. (Built by USVYF as all weather B-24 field.) Facilities: Ru pway N-S 8500 feet x 320 fet, hard surface. Pa rallel taxistrips leading to two revetmenrts and 32 hard st ands. No Buildings. Note: Runway cratered ,and unserviceable;
YANG TONG (KUEILIN)(lLO

31.

Classification: Facilities:

05-25 15). Non-operational Airdronme.* (Built by USAAF as all weather B-24 field). Runway NE-SW 6500 feet x 480 foet, hard surface. Taxistrips to 15 aircraft revetments and 9 hard stands. No Buildings, Note: Runway cratered and unserviceable, 05-25 15). Non-operational Landing strip. (Built by USA'JA. auxilliary rnway to YAiNG TONG Airdrome (31). Runway N-S 5000 feet x 240 feet, hard surface. Txistrips to 6 aircraft revetments. Note: Runway cratered and unserviceable, as

32.

YA"NG TONG (KUEILIN)(lO

Classification: Facilities:

33.

ERI-I TONG (KWUELIN) (110 10-25 18). Classification: Non-operational Airdrome. (Built by USVAAF as ,ll weather B-24 field). Facilities: Runway NN E-SST' 6500 foot x 240 feet, hard durface. Taxistrips lead. to total of 24 aircraft revetments and 4 hard st ands . No Buildings. Note; Runway cratered and unserviceable. CH'UAN HSIEN (110 54-25 58), Classification: Non-operational Landing Strip. Facilities: Landing area NE-SW 2600 feet x 325 feet, graded and rolled. No other facilities. Note: Field apparently abandoned and unserviceable. LING LING (111 33-26 16). Classification; Airdrome.- (Built by USAAF as all weather B-25 field). Facilities: Runway N-S 4600 feet x 290 feet, hard surface, Tcxistrips to 32 aircraft revetments and 10 hard stands. No buildings. ENGYANG (112 27-26 5()V Classification 9 ri CX (I3ui:l.-, byT US~AF as all wether B-25 field). Facilities Ru :Ix 114 5005 L X 110 feet, hard surface.
&j;

34,

35.

. 36.

IP-

~,

Y;

i~"N

Runway NNE-BSW 5000 feet x 175 feet, hard surface. revetments. Taxistrips to 19 aircraft No buildJings 37. LEI YANG (112 43-26 29). Non-operational Landing strip; Classification: Facilities: Runway NW-SE 3700 feet x 310 feet, graded and rolled. No buildings or dispersal. Note: Reported overgrown and unserviceable,

38.

JH IEN

HSIEN (112

40-25 48).
Landing strip. (Built by USAAF as emergency :fighter

Classification: Facilities:

field)o
Landing area N-S 3000 feet x 1600 fect. No buildings or dispersal,,

39.

Cl-PU Cl-I CG (KuKONJG)(1l3 14G324 55).

Classification: Landing strip. Runway NNWI--SSE 1850 feet x 90 feet, Facilities:
No buildings or dispersal.

8
graded and rolled.

40.

NAN HSIUNG (NANYUNG) (114 09-25 11).

Classification: Facilities: (Built by USAAF as all Non-operational Landing strip. weather fighter field.) x 460 feet, sod surface. Runway NNfE- %WW3840 feet No buildin& Taxistrips to 6 revetments and one hard stand.

Note: 41.

Reported unserviceable.

HSIN CHfENG (114 32-25 30).

Non-operational Airfield. Classification: Runway ENE-WSW 7545 feet' x 195 feet; Facilities: hard surface,

Runway ENE'WSW 7215 feet x 100 feet, hard surface. rovotments and 28 hard stands. Taxi-strips to 4 aircraft
No buildings. Runway ditched and unserviceable, Note:

42.

KAN

-25 50) . HSIEN (K; CH01 (11l4,33

Classification: Non-operational Airfield. (Built by USAAF as all

Facilities:

weather B-25 field.) Runway NE-SW 4590 feet x 160 feet, hard surface.
revetments and 12 hard stmtnds. Taxistrip to 12 aircraft Several storage and barracks buildings (Reported destroyed, Runway cratered and unserviceable. Note:

43.1ISIN ]FENG (114 50-25 25).

Landing Classification: Not imown. Facilities: strip.

Note:

This field is possibly non-operational but no re-

ports are available.

41.

SVlTOW (KILOK) (116 41-23 23).

Classification: Airfield. x 150 feet, paved surface. Runway NE-SVT 3900 feet Facilities: Runway NNW-SSE 3600 feet x 315 feet, sod surface. 10 large r evetments and four small buildings.

45.

AMOY (11

08-24 32).

Classification: Airfield. Facilities: Runway NE-SW 4200 feet x 300 feet, hard surface,

Runway NM-3SE 2600 feet- graded and roll d (under constructi 16 airc raft revetments, barracks and storage buildings.

46.

AHOY

(118 07-24 25)o

Classification: Sea plane Anchorage. o ran~, sand t~ach. . s FacilitiesN:

One revetment, one hangar building. ~Cb ti~

4.

QJjW0Y

(118

18-24 29). Non-operational Landing strip. Runway NE--SL 5250 feet x 600 feet (under constuction). Runway WVNW-ESE 3750 feet x 600 feet (under mconstuction). No buildings. Note: Thisifield reported abandoned and unserviceabble. t

Classifications:
Facilities:

48.

QU +" 0Y EAST (118 25-24 24).

Classification: Non-operational Landing trip. Facilities: Landing area 3800 feet x 2000 feet, sod surface. Two aircraft revetments, No buildings. Note: This field reported abandoned and unserviceable.
B3.

FRIENDLY

FIELDS.

The numbers shown with each "i'rfield (Note? See Plan9,_"Airfields S. China". Isitd below are keye~d with the corresponding numbers shown on the reference
stated.)
1i'RFIEL D (108 05-22 43). Classification: All weather B-25 field.

iLl.

NANNING

Facilities:

Main Runway 4868 feet x 100 feet, Parallel taxiway and apron, 2 revetments.

2. LIUCHOW AIRFIELD (109 14-24 15). Classification: All weather B-29 fiedi Facilities: Main Runway 7552 feet-x 246ffebt. Auzilliary Runway 3936 feet x .5 feet, par:Qlel taxiways and 51 B-29 hard stands and 15 3-24 revetments. 3.
U1EICH0U

TAO FIELD (109 07-21 03). Classification: Probably dry weather fighter-field. Facilities: Main Runway NNW-SSE 3100 feet x 640 feet. Auxiliary Runway E.-W 2500 feet x 525 feet, both sod surface No dispersal facilityies. Note: A Japanese built field now Allied occupied.

44.

PEI HAI (PMKHoI) FIELD (109 03-21 23). Classification: Probably dry weather fighter field. Facilities: Sod landing urea 5000 feet x 4000 feet.
No

dispersal.

5.*NALOTZE

FIELD (11 46-21 37). Classification: Probably dry weather fighter field. Facilities: Runway E-71 4300 feet x 300- feet, graded and rolled earth
surface, No dispersal. Note: Reported friendly - probably not available ied use due to enemy troop moveraents nearby.

ohr All-

6.

PATPO FIELD

(111 36 24-25).

Classification: Probably dry weather fighter field. Facilities: Sod landing area 2400 feet x 1200 feet. No dispersal. Note: Reported friendly.
7.

TAO HSIEN FIELD (111 32-25 33). Clas~ification: Probably dry weather fighter field. Facilities:. Runwr NESW 3600 feet x 900 feet, graded and rolled surface, No dispersal. Note: Reported friendly, probably not available for Allieo use o. e-ervr trocp movzei~ents nearby.

C-

42z

i:

~s

t~'

~-I~~~
lii ib__-

E~'S]B~a2

li

Li

Y Nu(

2 -rC-u 13621--253O Lm;HEN

38)~

Classification: Dry weather fighter field. Facilkties: Not known. 9. YtUAN KI SU FIELD (113 26-26 36).
Classification: All weather Lighter field.

4;

,;

Facilities:

Main Runway 3150 feet x 200 feet.

No dispersal.

(under constru

ionj"I

10.

CMI JING FIELD (113 32-26 56).

Classification: Emergency landing ground. Facilities : No runway, 3000 feet x 1000 feet sod surface landing area,

11,

SUICHUAN FIELD (114 32-26 25), Classification: All weather B-24 field. Facilities: Main Runway 7216 feet x 196 feet. B-24 Auxiliary Run~way 5804 feetxx 98 feet; 26 8-29 and hardstands, 2 B-29, 8 B-24, 6 P-38 revetments. Note: Unavailable for Allied use during Japanese operatic in KAN Valley July 1945. OHIAN FIELD (115 04-27 10). Classification: All weather fighter field. Facilities; One Runway 6232 feet x 328 feet.

12.

No dispersal.
Note: Unavailable for Allied use during Japanese operatio in K 'N Valley July 1945. 13+

KLTANG CH2ANG (NEW) FIELD (116,05-26

50).

Classification: Dry weather Lighter field. Facilities: Not known.

14.

KtYAN CH t ANG (oLD) FIELD (116 10-26 44)." Classification: Emergency dry weather fighter Facilities: Not known. CHANG TING FIELD (116 20-25 52).

field.

15.

Classification:
Facilities:

Dry weather fighter

field.

Recntly improved,

pro-

bably all weather fighter field. Not known.

16.

LUNG

YEN

FIELD (117 01-25 11).

Emergency fighter weather fighter Not known. field. field. Recenlly improved to dry

Classification: Facilities :

17.

CIENOU FIELD (118 17-27 12). Classification: All weather fighter field,
Facilities: One Runway 3936 feet 3-25 revetments,. x 164 feet, parallel taxiway, 12

18.

F00CH' T FIELD (119 Classification:

Facilities:

17-26

04), Probably non-operational emergonc$t field.

Landing Area 2600 feet x 1900 feet. No dispersal. Not9: Abandoned field built by Japanese.

199

NAN TAI FIELD (119 17-26 01).

Classification: Facilities: Probably non-operational emergency field (under construction).Runway ENE-VTS SW 4600 feet x 170 feet, graded and rolled, possibly crushed rock sufface. No dispersal. Note: Japanese built field occupied by Allies.
TVT>7-

kIrn

ppppp,-

SE~CTION12.1

COI UNICATIONS (TL]MPHONE, 1. GEi1TE L.

As in

TJEGUPAH 1ND RDIO)

all

are in strict control of all electrical meatus of-connrunication, inclutding those not a ctually operated by then. In general, they are raaldng use
of almost al.l facilities which were installed p reviouzs to their conquest of the area, reconstruct"i such equipment. as suffered demolitions or doraage dluring. hostilities.* Additional occjipnent, 1-mostly of a m~ilitary

occupied

areas the Jqp anewe

Amy

and Ivy in this re;ion

natitre, has been brought by then to the area , Such installations have conistedl largely of airfield radio facilities. Z~n fl ADI-l'EGRAPHiINSTX1LLATIONS, Cape j'AG1LAR, HONGKO0NG Island. with possiblya 20 Kw unit, Six transmitters of' 5 to .10 Kw,

b.

VICTORIA CITY.

Five t ransrmtters, power believed5 to 10 Kw,

J1oction of' fonaer rad'iotelegraph station~ for official overseas service and also police, weather a nd port service. Since 1941 Jap.anese Navy has made several important radio installations ir~c lnding rcportoJLy a 50, 00O0-watt transmitter in 1942.- In Septenbcr> 1943, following; installations were at the East end of the Isl and: 1;3 pyramid typ towers 2501? 300_1' high in a triangle - 2 are 455-1 T was r prt and the other 715to'SW,2-, Farther $high wasa polo tower 250?:10 pole 3, A4iQther er 1501 - 200?t 4150'; still farxther .30high. South. 4, 1 two-story building and 5 on-story buildings. 5, Sine pyr ,id 150.1 high on hill in Wst-contral part of island. type tower 100't

co

ST0NECUTTERS Island,

di.

Other radiotelegraph installations in the H-ONGKONG

Area. included those at KITAK Airfield,- Northeast of

head of KOVLQON Day. The transn itters were at the aifield and. the towers in the INGHOII Day area, The KAITAK Airfield facilities providled ervice for civilian aviation and included a radio direction finder. It has been reported' that all installa ions at the airfield were destroyed before evacuation in 1941, but the Japanese have cbended the runways and installed radio equipment since that tine. 1A radio direction finder has' recently been identified on the Southsouthwost side of the airfield. station near TSINTSATSUI POINT (KOWLOON POINT), at the corner of itod'y and Chatham Roads in KOWIDLON City, was formerly used for police work only. There were other radiotelegraph stattions

KQU.1LOON

KOVJLOON
at the

A radiotelegraph

at T 10 on TA HSU TAO (LANTAC

Island)

and on 1.7NW'EI CH{OU (GAP ROCK),

CHUGCA stations were used AG~J(SAND port authorities comunicatiens, SAD n for police and ro oJ 4ns cuainthose ??aiotelegraph installations in the CANTON Am-a, before its capture in comxn'er ie-, service with SEANIGHAI, tiATOW', TIANKOVI, andl n SHANGHAI and HONOKONG, facilities for international ra.dio'SIiONCGK0NG. te'..era~h communications existed. In 1987 the CANTON Comercial Wireless CO. built a radibtelgraph sta,ion, with Gernan equiprient, for international service, arc' tho .into mlolns arc reported to be in the tl:. Ea;stern part of CANTON or "Su o-rf h,.:i1 AC (PEAPI'L River) on 1HONAN (HONA3VI 1944, the J apanese; in CANTO'N were using raclioteleIsland). In October,

1938, provided

Liiiiiiiliii -- - -------x
co unicction. with other iriportant cities in Southeast ; sia g.raph and JacPcn. At UNfITE CLOUD and TIENEG Airfields, which aro in the CANTON Area, recent installa tions include r cdioto gra ph or radio direction finder equipment. e* . ilitc~ry equipment, spccifications unmown, at aifecs to include direction finding facil2. ies,
b~e~

for~

are associated with the above loc ations~ In ads ._ioin, the HQNGKiONG Gavernment,1s radio transiziittor receiving statjc'n for meteorolopical data was sited ona hill in the f?.eyol, Observatory .r'otads in KOUILOON, and a receiving station for broadcasts from oversoeas was located at VICTOURIA PEAiK. I. iDIO}TELEpH'roIk. ~

f. Receiving, facilities

Trost d,-tao i'ebased on pre-1941 inform .tion. Known tations were at CAPE 1)IAGILJJfl, on HONGKONG Islaicd, at KAITAK1 ifil1(OLONAra and, in CA"NTON. In conjunction with long distance and toll telephone syrvtom those inst .lations'provided lUnited service for the South China Coast, One included a. 50 kw transmi.tter mAhich wa sesized, restation, at SFIA port cfl~y int act, by the Jrnane se in

1938,

4.

fl DIO

33HOACL.TING. Short

a. UNGHiOIIDar. West- of KOWLOON Docks, ers, approximately 285 Ikr. b. u.iNA HOUSE, VICTORIA. Ministry. ~.HOLLAND HOUSE, VICTORIA. *Q. GIOUSTRNOTL, VICTOTrIA.
Japanese;

and mocdiijj

wave transmiitt-

2 transmitters of the Greater 2 Domoi transmitters.

Droadcasting equipment

ELst

Asia

installed by

dt-Is

unknown.

a.

Japanese NAVXYJDroaccasting; Studio, QUEENS P~coc', VICTOflIA.

~.Governmuent

Radio

Office, Qoneral Pest Office Dui2.cUin , VICTOflIA XOJP in CA'NTON, andi above mentioned

50

kvw

:.Sta:tions XGOK (1 kva) Md

short--wavo station ^at SI-t

AX1.

5. TET QhH .
Prior to Japanese invasion the land' telegraph network of the South China Cost wtat centered in C NTON,, The telegraph srsten had its origin in l$$2, when CANTON was linked with SHANGHAI by a line which ran f ron CA"NTON E .stwarc1 to SHIHLUNG (SH LUNG) ,l"UIYiANNG (W AICIIO) , STOWT1 (SHANT TOU) , and up the Q st throegh FUK E,~ and CHEKIA"NG Provinces to SHANXGHA1IO The line South from CANTON to HONGKOING was completed at about the sane tine and becanc the most important. tole~graph line in the area when two cable companies and the railway added their lines. Lines- were later added from CANTON to TS 2ANGThJ (W7est th 6ugh SLL'.IHuI), to H-AKOYT (North) and to- YJONCAY (Southwest) 111 toieg ph f ecilitios are linked closely into the submarine--cable systems of the area, and into a' system of secondary ai local telegraph circuits throughout the province. In rgeneral' the principal tograph lines nag ed roughly parallel railwa~y routes, Thd CANTON - HONGKOITG links Cre buried beside the C."NTON KOUJTOON railroad and pa~ss bthrough its at els.

"OWN

The following is 1 sown about tolegr iph termin-r1s in the re In VICTORiIA i tportent toe r ph inst 2L lions were in ILLECTRL~ HOUSES 3 Coirtaught 1ac1, which was the na in office of Cable anci" Tireless Ltd; iwOA NTON there as a telegraph office+in the block betvreen SAN LO end SAX LO, West of the French cathedrlr~,

City

2etween 1938 and 19412. many telegra ph lines were c , c "gc 1 or rermoved, ania the total zmile a e of telegraph lines in operation and the ex~ent of " ceraphsercrices at the ,present tie cannot be ascer.nApi, 92,te ATN- TMA.CO legraph line was again tame. in operatLion; and, the HONGKONG - SVA.tTOW - AMJ.OY line had resumecd service; by SC-;tember, 1942 n Accordcing to Japanese source and intercepted messOs telegraphic comuiunication, by moans of either radotelegrap~h or s hnarine cable, has been in operation since 1942 between HONGIKONG and the follo~rngd'places: NACAO, KUIN"GCHOUV'TIN (French-leased territory'), HA:INA N Island, SHANGHAI, PHIIPINE Islands, SAIGON,PONTIA"NAIK (Dutch D3oPi.NEO) , DANGKOK, DUPJ , the NETHfl i.?LADS EAST INDIES, SING APOPI.E, and IL NOXKTADf I (1ETHEPIJALNDS NE'T GUINEA),
b.
TELEPHONE.

paw HT p1 .
UU

6.
4 Irv*4~

Prior to Japmese occpation sovor alimin telephone

lines

r'aciated

from CANTON.
<:. 1cl

They included:

., CANTON to NAW47 TGf. 1A.2-no zor~a CANTON Nor~th to OHI tUCHIANG (KU3KONG), on through KIANGSI and ANHEI Provinces to NANKIIIG (NANCHI NG) i n IM AGSU Province.

b. CANTON to LAOLUNC.C5U and HOP 1 ING. A line East to HUM' NG (1iAICH0t) , t and thence Northeast to LAOLUNQTSSU and HOP t ING.. c. CANTON to KAOYAO 1 A line Weost through SANSHUXf to IKAOYAO, whore it branched. One line continued ' Jest through TECHt ING (TIMING) and on to TS t.'ANcWI'I (1*mUcuo7) in KIANTGSI Province, The other line led Southwest from KAOYAO to YANGOI-IIAN (YEUNGKONG).

di.

CANTON to .CO

A line

South through NANHAX (WATSHAN) to T: cxO,

e. CANTON to H-ONGKONG: Those were amiong the no st iportant lines in the South China Coast area, anid included cables of the HONGKONG Govrnreont and Rio HON GiONG Telephone Co. , Ltd'.

Local telehoneo

ca re

are situated as follows:

1(1) H-ONGKONG Govo~n ent TelepThone Systesm. The system_ contained $00 lines, had' exchanges in. VIC OPLIA and'KOWLOON, with branch oxchrn cs in grovernmexnt offices throughout the Colony. AHONGKONG Government Cable was lai~ci undez'groiinc along the Weost- side of the CAN1TON - KOWTLOON lea lway. It oelosed' 25 pairs of telephone wires, of tiwhich 12 pairs wore used by the railway.
(2) CANTON- KOWULOON irailroad Telephone, with branches from the traffic ma gger! s office in the KOILOON Railroad Station to stations on the British section of the line (Southernmost 22 riles).

(3) HjINp elphoe Echnr;e, 10,000 lines, with trunks to CANTON, exchange locauocd in VICTORIA. (4)
KO OO

xcha

10,000 lines.

(5) VICTORP.IA1PEAIK Exchcav -o, 500 lines.

(6) CANTON Telephono 8ystom!, witha central aiutom tic exchange

>

~~

iv .! ra . T
';;iyaY r

II

-'UTof 10,000 l.ines capacity. Subsid i " r excht zirges' (c00 lines e ach) twerre located n the suburbs of HON, ,II and TtUNOSHAN.
Conditiorn of telephonec equipment is uncer.ain, buts is r that the Ja panese lack adQquate repsis fa cilities and that the numnbe~r of subscribers has decreased considerably since the s ervices co~ne undc.er Japanese control.vk4sA T iLoh
k nT 3ti
4 A ns a '# 'n

m" J
Y

7. SUD]3IIANE CABTJS.
China Coast,

4+1

w
It

vY

4 :i

'"

are s1unarized below: I. ;NILI, and,I.ACO O DET'

T

HONGK0NG Island is the c enter of cable for the South a nd contains all the cable la ndings in the areas These

facilities

Tolerrajh D;c

ales

to SINGAPOPE,

SAIGON, NORTH DB0INFEO, FOCIjOW,

ay ; 2 cables

to

J hDY.

HONGONG Government submarine Cables; connecting islands in the and connecting EONQKONG Islancl with KOUILOON. Individual cables arc listed:
ac c. with Government office2s in XT.CTOP.I One fromi CAPE D AGUILA~It to IJAGLLN (I slandc) . One from. T AIHO, 1AN (Telegraph Day) to VEN'II CHOU (GIB' BOCK Islrn d) . One from. Western shore of HOTNGKONG. Island to G MM Island (TSINGCHL~fN) -,One fram Eastern shore of STONECUTTEPlS Island' (IVU rnCHiAU) to TAIEKOKTSUI, near former premiuses of 1siatic'Petroleuni Co., Ltd.o, ini KOI hCOIT. , One from the village of AETPNFB, on the southern shore of

HONKONLI

Island to the +Northoast part of ;DIBEN Islaxnd (APLI CHlAU) , One from East Podint, HONGKONG Island, to I ITT Island. One from P I;AYA East SeaIaU, between '.' OCIY and WIJ?$H Toadc to H.. , COI?NFLO JEIz" , which was meared about 400 yards Southwest of IGE~TT Island. One from SLOPE Island (JAN CHAU) to the Northwest shore of TUNGLUNG Island (?L UTONG Is. anad) . One from.i CI{UNG CaL-A Island to the Southeast part of TLH-StJ TAO

(LINT .Ois' nd).

One from. the Northeast part of TLNSUTAG (LAoT.o Island) to the minland,Four from. the vicinity of DI KE Pier, VICTOTRIA, to the vicinity of HO1NGKONG Perry Pier~ at KOIJLOON, These included the IHONGKONG Tele~ ph no Coq-parr s cable.

. .. 47 . .
e y

.:,

,r

ri,
y

4r

isv' 5 A Y

h.

SECTION

12

,rat

w3

Ui

a"

kJ)

ORDER OF BATTLE C ANTON

-

HONCIKONG

AREA

8 AUGUST 1945
(See Overlay, PLAN.10) The Order of Battle of Jape~nose forces in the CANTON Area is aa follows : 104th Division 129th Division 130th Division
23rd

HONGKONG

15,100 10,000 10,1000 4,000

BIBB

8th IB

4,500
4,500

13th IE
u/i Division Units

53,100
All

others

39,000

92,100

..

-~

Ar

"

~.,,

SECTION

13

t"P" k

IJiITARY SUPPLY

ID

STORAGE FACILITIES

The determining tions of storage areas

factor

in

the placement in

of' storage of

and warehousing

facile and

ties is the proximity of comnunicationsroutes.

will be noted of commercial

Accordingly,

marked

concentra-

thc vicinity buildings

railways, already in

rivers

roads;

particularly at railheads and harbor areas.

storage

(See PLANS 11 and :L2).

the area. rel tively

Full

use has been made

Secondary storage areas are loc:t: d on and near airfields. few dumps are located at less accessible points,, usually hill ably for protection from air attack. it is possible that these hoarded in-.case of a last-.stand defense in such regions.

tunnels, presumare bang

ities will 2. c. in graph 1.

Detailed information regarding supply concentrations and warehousing faciLbe found as follows: for the CANTON area, PLANS "12", and chapter on "Port Facilities; for HONGKONG Area, PLAN "11", anci para-

paragraph

c.

in

chapter

on "Port

Facilities".

t'

.
end

At

-4

"
,.

SECTION

14

GOVERNT

0Lh6IU
GOVERN ENTS".)

(Ref:
(See

PLAN 13, also

"PROVINCIAL

& LOCAL

PLAN 14,

showing HSIETN Boundaries)

1.

Local Government.

(1)

HSIEN Government. Traditionally and currently the most

impotant unit of local government

in

China is the hsien;

it is generally equivalent to accounty and is the basic

unit for the conduct of local,

provincial,

and national affairs.

areas an public

The hsien government is headed by a magistrate, is nearly all appointee of the provincial government. Many magistrates are trained

servants,

being graduates

Training Institute. Others are merely local to supplement, their meager salaries by irrogualr is aided by a hsien council, in

of the Iviagistrates' Training Class of the Central politicians who find it necessary
means. The hsien magistrate most cases appointed by him.

In general, the responsibilities of the hsien government are (a) preservatin of peace and control over local police force, (b) conscription and train
ing of local bureaus of the militia, (c) conscription (e) of labor purchase for national and provincial con (f)

struction work,

(d)

collection of the land tax, in

conjunction withthe local t :: (g) economic and frin-

National Government,

of army f od supplies,

sale of bonds and solicitatiojn of patriotic anci: controls. (2)

i:-unicipal Government.

contributions,

This form of government applies to CANTON City, which is under the jurisdiction of the puppet K WANGTUHG Provincial Government. A typical municipal government is headed by -a mayor who is appointed by the National G--einent upon. the recommendation of the provincial government. The mayor is assisted by two counsellors and the directors of the various municipal bureaus, Toget-

her these officials

form the municipal council, in the municipal

which meets once a month.

--

'Included
Affairs, Finance, lished are Public

government are four regular burcasu

Additional bureaus and Harbors.

Social

Public Works, and Police. Hcalthr.-, Education, Land,

often estab-

ch'u,

These municipalities which are further

are divided into a number od districts subdivided into pao and chia. The pao is block, is composed of 6 to and chia chiefs. 16 famuilies.

called roughly equivInfluential

alent to
The chia,

a precinct or ward,

and includes 6 to 15 chip or 36 to 225 f ailies.

comparable to a family heads serve as pao

(3)

HONGKONG Government.

HONGKONG is (now) governed directly by the Japanese. The degree of activ ~. participation in the government by the Chi.e se has changed very little since 1941, although the several Chinese councils and committees are much pub-

licized by the Japanese.

Supreme authority in EONGKONG rests in the Governor$ ii.o is directly to TOKYO. orking under the Governor and responsible to him are
and several Japanese-staffed departments and bureaus.

responsible a

Secretary-General

The most important

ment, composed of sections

of these agencies
dealing ith

is

General Aiffairs,

the Civil Administration DepartTaxation, Culture and

L.>

(:u

-.

50~

_: r
Education, Public Health, Co zmunicatinns, Public Works, Repatriation, and Other branches of the Governor's Office (Tsang Tu Pu) are District Affairs. epa'tJustice currency and banks, the controls the Finance Department, vich ment, which controls alien nationals of neutral counties

orcomt

sa&

with Japan.

These departments and sections caxry out their adm

the all Area includes The First 3 Area Bureaus. through the and controls the Second Area includes land of HCNGKONG and the surrounding small islands; TSUN iIATI AT the Third comprises the New Territory. U I; KOVWTLOON, KITAK, ad is-

tJ

Thse Area Bureaus are staffed by a Chief,

both Japanese sence of the support for and Chinese. The Japanese Chinese personnel in the Japanese Affairs government, regime. branch but of order to

A Deputy Chief,
has been to the create

and other personnel,

emphasize the preof growing

poicy

appearance

The District of the HONGKONG

the Civil Administrati

ar. 'BureasC,

at does 7

not opeiate through the

Area Bureaus
supervises

as do the other sections

the 20-odd District

These independent of the Area Bureaus. are supplementary to and relatively leaders as Control Officers, as Wards and their referred to Districts are often They were created for The District Bureaus are staffed completely by Chinese.
purpose of issuing the the streets, operating in which the populace cerificates rationing is intimately concerned. to clean the emigrants, employing labor ether minor functions system, and preforming to

At the very outset of Japanese occupation, the leading Chinese citizenE

new government in the of HONGKONG were ?requested" to collaborate of business, employment, and sanitation. order, currency, relief of in mters This has re-

sult:-.d
22 men,

in the formation of 2 Chinese

consisting

comnnitteos:

the Chinese Representative

of

Council,

between the

of 4 men responsible people; government and the

as liaison Governor and acting to the and the Chinese Cooperative Council,

representing

various occupational

groups and having

These two organizations

have been given much publicity

a wider popular bas: by the Japanese as oxJapanese in still rests

amplcs of Chinese cooperation and are undoubtedly of value to the real authority However, all their policies. gaining acdeptanco for with the Japaniese.

(4)

MliCAO (A'O-1V3N)

Government.

The Portugese colony of IIACO, established in 1557, is the oldest EurIn 1887 the Chinese Government confirmed by treaty opean outpost in China. the perpetual. occupation and goverrnment of MACAO by Portugal with the provision that TUlCAO should, never be deded ithout Chinese consent. Colonial in-

istry pointed on this

in

administered by a governor appointed by the The Colony is LISBON. He is assited by a government council composed allowed 2 and elected members. The Chinese community is council. In August, 1943, the governor a Chinese puppet official. under the nominal jurisdiction acceded to It is also of the

bf both aprepresnntatives

as adviser place 2MAC

Japanese demands that ho accep; reported that he agreed. to Chinese puppet government at

AO

CANTON. The city of MACAO possesses a municipal council consisting members presided over by a Government nominee. Its main activity ervision are:., is of the general sanitation 2 wards or divided into and lighting one district, Each of the of the inhabited 2 of elected the sup-

is

city. The municipal by Chinese and the oth-, its own, ad-

or, much smaller, by non-Chinese. aninistrator or ward boss. 2. Control Organizations.

Superimposed upon the patterns orgn.nizatc.Oas Mr area.

wards possesses

Japanese-sponsored
of the

so far described pm7rpse is to

are the

Japanese

implement Japanese

or control.

(1) Japanese Gendarmre.

~::::-:; ~ .-~(~.~~i

i -51

1~~muh-wII~qF,
force which combind the functions This is'a well trained and efficient of civil police, military police, and gestapo. The gendarmerie in CANTON since the capture of that city by the Japanese in 1938 has spread out an informationThis secret police is divided into eastern, al network through the district. The members of each section southern, western, northern, and central sections. are Japanese in the charge of a section chief who . is generally a sergeant.- The them, sections are empowered to detain suspected persons, torture, and kill

Swhi h they have frequently done.

In HONCKONG the jurisdiction of the Japanese gendarmerie does not exControl civilians, police, and officials. tend to enemy troops, but covers all The Japanese of enemy troops is vested in a special unit of "Vigilant Troops". Navy has a formation designated as Navy Special Base Viilant (2)
.Y

: a

Puppet

Troops.

"

ban~ The chief military activity of the puppet formations is to engt, dits, guerrilla's, and Communists in mopping-up operations instigated by the The troops are very poorly fed and Puppet capabilities are small. ' Japanese: cr able. equipped, the puppet commanders are reputed not to be very intelligent do not depend to any real extent on the puppet divisions. The Japanese military In addition to the material weakness of the puppets, the troops have no loyalty In the event of formations except as a source of temporary livelihood. to their resistance, and would probably deAllied invasion, they would offer no spirited In occupied China the Chinese popopportunity. sert the Japanese at the first ulation is reported to despise the puppet troops, regar lng them as traitorsi

(3)

Peach Preservation Corps. A body of local militia, loosely subject.to the pippet regime not otherwise occupied.
iti NAblJhTT'

Operates mainly in

rural

areas as bandits if

(4)

Chinese Civil Police.

Elsewhere, they are Chinese Civil Police are not found in HOGiGKONG, Their limitations entrusted to a limited extent with the maintenance of order. chief concern is for a livelihood rattheir arise largely from the fact that The police are very corrupt, her than with an ideology or particular loyalty. The 1_: ppet oni account. given to extortion, bribery, and smuggling on their police are generally very weak, being.condemned by the people, and are very much The Japanese largely ignore the Chinese polafraid of attacks by guerrillas. invasion It is supposed that in the event of Alied ice in occupied China. In CANTON the pupof KUIANGTUNG the puppet police would run away or surrender. pet secret service office is named the "South China Intelligence DivisL on."

i5)

Pao Chia System.

of control is employed by the Japanese in all This method of political the occupied part of South China. Its chief purpose for the occupiers is in of reprisals against Bythe threat the aspect of collective responsibility. residents of an area where any anti-Japanese acts should be committed, the enThe system is generally useful to the Japanese in emy discourage resistance. South China, but is reported to work ila good deal less effectively than in Central and North China.
t 1 1litary and Ci iriati See Section entitled Note: for names of persons exercising control. ence :

Personalities of Import-

,d -. ,:

x-

n!
.

SE~CTION 15

.PECOPE

1.

GENET L .
gproxmatoly

is to bc expected duo to wrar conditions and as a result of tho fam~ine of 1943)., Of those, current estimates place about O0,000 in CANTON and a s ightly sr ller nunber in HONGKONG, Thc latter incude.s (1944 estiilate) a non-Chinese poplation comprised of about 2,500 internees; 1,700 prisoners of war, 4,000 neutrls, and 5,000 Japanese civilians,, A 1943 censuts of T ICAA gives- the followring population figure:, Portuguese, 0, 9%9, other Europeans, 2,037;Inca. ans, 4219, Half Castes, '2,264, Nogroes, 361, and Oriental, 369,,716; total population

estimates,

The area under consideration contznLneC1, accord'ing to pre.waar

88 million

people,

(Scre subsequent de'eso

3F3,706.
2
ETI~HIC

AND LANGUAGE GRO0UPS.

1 (See PLAN 14, "Politi~cal & Ethnic Division" , shoing principal ethnic groups and ilects. )

a.TFt' bulk of the population in this area is Chinese, specifically Cantonese, Their principal rieas of livelihood is agriculturae; many of then~ engage in corrercial undeortakings, especially those living in cities,, Throughout Southeast ChinrL and the South Seas they are regarded as aggressive and skillful traders. The Cantonese are by and large an energetic people, open to progressive ideas and inclined to political independence.

The eantoese dialect, in one variety or another, is the native tongue of 20, 000, 000 Chinese residing in c entral and southern IKWANG UNG. Official Cantonese (KFI"JGCHiOU dialect) is the dialect spoken in and
around the city of CANTON. It is spoken and understood throughout most of the province and shares with M1andarin in the role of the official dialect. "Sz Yep" or Four District dialect, a local variety of Cantonese, is spoken in the four hsion Southwest of CANTON .. TAISHAN1, HSfl1HIUI, EWPfTNG, and KA..IING hsien, This vai~e y of Cantonese is spoken by nest Chinnso. living in the Unit~dL. States. The people in the srmall outlyrng'vi1la~es are usually able to sp erak and understand only the local dia act, but those living in' and around the hsien cop:als aZ'c also familiar with Official Cantonese. Z"hung Shan" is another important variety of Ccntonese;' it is, spo lon in the hsien of that name lying Directly South of CANTONO Chung Shan acct is the n~ative tongue of many of the Chinese in the Hawraiian Islands. rTesidents of the city of CHUNGSI{AN are the only perponsl~n the hMien to converse readily in official Cantonese 'althoxgii 'th&?G"1ThQ Thiu:daluk Ia. u: similar to afficial CANTONESE than is the "8 Yap" variety. crc Sz
t

ci

b.' Sharing this area with the Cantonese are two minority Chinese
groups, c'oribed bol a~r (1) The

Hak&~

cj- a

u. a_a

rxjor ethnic group

to settle in

I:USNGTUiTG. They~ are independent, agyjxes sizve, an ci proud. They,- are keen1 interested in education and have a hiji literacy rate anc a cner^ re ,:. utation for intelli2 once. Pxtual cleenliness is characteristic ofL the llakdkay a Ja Their romien, who have not practiced foot 1ndcin eno s cbr_ letelyr seroaeted as are the ;'ronen in characteristic Chinese society. They, ratCher than the rmen wvork i n the fields anncmnagc fevily finances. daily. althout h the H c1da were considered inferior by the Chinese, evidence indicates thati these trad'itional barn ens 4are now bureczLinr; loa~n, ilany of the Ha lcka have wzon ;prestige in cotemp;orary Chinese rji .itar and governlnent positions.

The 6,000,000 H,Isvopeple residing; :~ainly in Northern IU1' TUN1C s1 ee1 their own native lan ,"uae, which is s oncvhat similar to Southern Ucnzhda.rin
(2) The Tanka or ;;oat r'op,.-le form di(Lstinct pop.ulattion ;~roue, in the T c+TUUTG mud fIJL"M1. cities of C:NTC \IiHQ IG a severa:l coastal sorts of ~I rnd -, They' use their be. 'ts cor'erci lJy7r and as living;, c asters. Their source is undeteitnined.'; it is lrnom:n that they' were ori5finally- se~re sated fram land' people and prohibited fronmoowning; land, but these restrictions are no longer in force. The total of all.Tcnka peopale is estimated to be near 200,000, 'but by' far the reato t -percentage of t he'a live on the tiper as of C:~ToN in sane 40,000 boats. Genera lly, they' are of darker conplezcion an& shorter statur~e than -mco:;ile on land. The boat population ' is poor, dorivinj iti s incone no etly frani ferry'in passen ,ors and frei ht.. Their complete ciependeaa1ce upon01 the water has produced the se~lf-sufficiency and social traits necessitated by a restricted enviroraent * The boat is . complete domestic unit with even livestockabrd The pro _en share the lien t~ wark: and have equal1 status. The Tanka are s1 .llful naviga.tiors and possess complete baowrleci e of the waterwcay's they use.

c. The Ja 'anese civilians fern a di tinct alien group which is finable to onter into the Chinese social pattern. Despitea si mlarity of ;'mitten '.J characters which enables educated Chinese and .--,nese to comunicate fiith e ach other, the spoo~n iu^ es tare e .e istinct * iesterncrs often fai: to observe the fund^ enta l differences between Chinese and Japanxese habits cnd social 'ehavior. The J e~mnose id eology" of supremacy of the statce, con' ormity o a prescribed social pattern, and unshakble person c c.i;nity yr as a-art of the Jmapanese races sha ply conflicts with Chinese social mmnd political concepts based w 'n personal propriet;y and the responsibility' of the g overnment to the people.
"r7'UilWNG adjacent to the a.rea under scrutiny live ho retain r nch of their native culture and r'rcat degree of ind'ependence, although they carry' on trade the Chinese. Nearest to this area are the Ya o, in the hills to the North ad Northc

In parts of

tribes of aborigsines,

with

west of CL1IT0N.

In. appea rance anid crss Yac Lian resemble Chinese, The wromen wea-r the course blue clothe nr; of the Chinese womaen, ex:cept that their coats are e ec;c in red ad 'rhidtes The-ywear head-dresses made of strips of rod 1 ec " i, red tasselc " hUWha e <a;fa o'o sil~ver or pewtcr-covered bam'iboo headcpioce.
The smallest sociai unit of the Ya-o is the clan. Sever^1 clans m2ay compose a vill e6, and the vill ac:os situated in the saxne valley mit in cloase rela^tions. each clen, has a chief or viag e head . If a .r roexct in retu. rnen i n'.itain to inne rr .or imself a nd otr, n

shoring a less ref;^rd for age ae-d less restraint in the rela tions of An and wroen. The Yac-.are superstitious and fear evil spirits end disea se r stranger, unless '-rop)erly itro- ducedi, is unw-elcom e asa possibilrp 4 slCO The Thc woxship their cancestots, and.snc oft evil influence. thc;;aselves descendents of P _; n 1>u, a dog; ancestor, cdogs are respected.
Somae creel with each other. IRecently the Chinese and Y o h"'VC not jhterf Occasional hostilities bet-.een sao the Chinese tc es are collected. themselves ater short slkix~aishes , The; {;es arc settled by the Ya will intor-nzrry,, and Chinese superstitious fear of the Y and Chinese do net TLao helps to per; etu te the isolation of the aborigines.

Io

SCO 6"
SECTION 16 ig.. Lt3ii1 ' .i

ATTITUDE OF PEOPLE TOVTAIU)RD INVADING FORCFE

h"

reserY Until the ctiye part in governmllent, acn Few Chinese taken hands of a bureau b cntury the higher levels of government were in.the cracyr of scholars; today the bureaucracy has charged in character, but ninority. The masses of the operate d by a smll government is still except time to' spend on poi tics, have little people are illiterate coairunity problems. in t3r settlement of their

and

At the lowest level of government, in the thousands of sclma The national and villages, there is a strong democratic tradition. distant and nebulous to tho Chinese peasant, but provincial governments are Strong protest is the affairs of the village affect him diroctly. raised against leaders'and policies that do not accord wvith popular wrill, During the past decade, the oncroachxaents of the national government attempt to dict ate policy and personnel appointrioents have not in its of hsien government. filtered do n wnch below the level
-

These facts

are summned up in the Chinese view that

"governnent is

a fine thing provided that there is not too much of it." Esecilly in the area under study, every person feels himself an individual is capable of strong rese'itment against any encroaclhment upon his personal independence.

and

This being the case, govenrment by the Japcnee has been a thing not b esices the actual borne, either physically or psychologiccQ1.', cruelty and economic exploitation which characterize the Japanese rule, there the high-hanzded mnner in which the regime was enforced 0 has been also The fact of domination by the "cvine" outsiders has been made Very clear to every Chinese -and even the least educated Chinese has tra clitioncally despised the Japanese as barbarians 0,
eaily

It is thus to be expected that'thc Chinese will welcome liberation from America has for Aiericans, so much the better; If by P the Japanese ml. considered the friend of China, and such liberation would a century been friendship. be taken as first-class evidence of that
It should be remnembered, however, that liberatio nt should not S~a: to be rierly the replacement of one set of restrictiv controls with anothcr, Granted read the fact the necessity of temporary military goverment in an invaded a remains that the Chinese have had in the past a considerably lighter degree of own goverment than Amiericans are accustomed to regulation from their this is a fact whose recognition might avoid much friction. taking from theirs; of foreign The Chinese will be .oze inclined than otherwise to regard axny sort control with suspicion, the more so since bein; exposed to the Japanese prop. aganda lines about 1Tostern ijmerilisri.a exepected-c outset, too much should not b the the reasons given Again for Chinese patriotism, on the the gray of Chinese aidc to the invasion forces. mental approval of a governiient which is very far away from the average, is a .. individuals- sz322 sphere. A person~s l.oyLtty ' to a wra:y of living rather than tion which in the Occident to a country, espqiee 1ly to the gover r:nasa'1 orjiza gladly aid by A Chinese will of c2 i:tr .. rssion s the 1. .:: a is acceptcc He will be amenable to oa. even more. the ijnfexrMaWi 11a can giving all gut effectcive armed aid (as was often a pric.c working for his Allies -for1hconcinL in Europe) is hardily to e expected in this cchret, in
d

At

at

\ rJ

: ~ ~~k - '1;'" :'

..........

7? 1
SECTION

17

LABOR SUPPLY

agricultural

South China is an area which traditionally has had a surplus and coolie labor. Only a few skilled workers were

of

,trained

unskilled for

the

shipyards and machine shops at

HONGiONC- and CAN1TON.

In

addition,

there was a

considerable group of semi-skilled handicraft ye rkers An usually Nigh propo 4% tion of the labor force was made- up of women and children. Women didheav er work in wages this area low, than in and laborers other parts were not of China. Hours for all.workers were for unionsE ; reat dis.were effectively organized into

Since Japanese penetration

of South China in

1938,

there

has been

lo cation of the population. Both-the CHUNOKING and puppet NANMING Chin ese govt .. ?nerx's and the Japanese have freely conscripted for their armies (the aanese
principally mig2K tiLins. for labor battalions and-transport corps), Warfare has caused mass

Although the Japanese have not imposed strict manpower regulations in the section which they occupy in this area, they have seized laborers where they needed them and have forcibly moved them from one part of the area to another and abroad. The labor.forces in South China has been further weakened by disease and famine during the war years. Nevertheless, despite the fact that
war,' migration, disease, and famine have decreased the population of South Ching

since 1938, the area remains densely populated and a large supply of unskilled labor is available. (1) OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE LABOR FORCES.
Agriculture absorbs the bulk of the labor population of South Chin:

of farm 'of the families in KWANGTUNG are farm families. .Members 60% families normally supplement their income by engaging in as many as 4 subsidiary occtpations, often migrating into cities between tho harvesting and planting At le ast
sdasons to ing about third towns until seek employment as coolies. 500,000, isdengaged in Miining, fishing somne 300,000 workers, A second large and activities in engages group of workers, numbersuch as ferrying. A salt production in the coastal

group,

and districts. the

cupation for

few t hous anid, was a weasonal ocunskilled laborers and others who wished to increase their earnings iron mining on HAINAN and recruited a small but

absorbing only a

Japare se developed

permanent labor force.

In most of the towns and are carried on in of members of in the been included and citiesocf' samll family vith this possibly studies area, handicraft industtie Labor for"handiSuch

predominate crafts consists

workshops and

homes.

a few apprentices. of the area.

labor has not

statistical

the area.

More but unreliable information is available on factory workers in The total number of factory workers in 5 leading cities of KVANT 1JGUUNG was estimated at some 330,000 in 1930, approdmately 1% of the total population;

Almost 3/4 of these factory, workers were concentrated in

and dye factories In employed 1939 in over 40% of them. there ere

CANTON, where textile

HONGUONG,

948

privately

owned,factories

em-

ploy ng.

301 r..moore .workers-:..och, :2wit approximately 5% of the population.

bably continue to be, the principal

a total
employers

labor- force of 57, 500 workers,

of factory hands.

Shipyards were, and under the Japanese pro--

(2)

AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION OF THE LABOR FORCE.

A large proportion of the labor force, particularly in small fam-

ily enterprises and on. fa~rms, has consisted of women and childrn. Women have ,performed heavyE labor, manned rivecr boats, and carried heavy lads as port~ers. As in other parcs of China, wromen have been Fxtensively employed in textile and tobcco factories.

~i ~,

57

I~

(3)

SKILL AND- TAINING OF THE LABOR FORCE.

There have been very few skilled workers permanent in South China. and little of the

S I
Factory, machine', workers element

farm, In. the

and mines cities

have used large has been a

numbrs relatively

of unskilled

there

population,

augnicted' by temporary agricultural

such as in

migrants,

commonly performed by machinery in

which engaged in Western countrie

11C

T'labor

,R

hkilled
ern

and boating workers may be classified Handicraft, fishing, workers. Although handicrafts often demanded careful worianship

as senmiand CANTON and_ The total

specialization,
factories. S'UATO,

this
Skilled

type of triining' did not produce skilled workers for modlaborers have been concentrated navigeble railroads and rivers in HONGKONG, by steam vessels.

and on the

number

of skilled laborers

in

the

100,000. More than 90% werel.in the CANTON ONG ONG Aea. ers in modern factories and engineering workers and these

entire region has probably not been ever They were the work
connected with modern,

means
the

of transportation.
have

With

the expansion of wooden shipbuilding in

supply of skilled Chinese

iIONGKONC,

Japanese

not only augmented the

with their

own technicians,
seamen to

but have placed increasing stress

upon the training of merchant

man the ships.

ORGANIZATION OF THE LABOR MAR ET.

LABOR RECRUITING. In the urban centers direct hiring where a surplus of individuals of workers can be expected after through the establishment of an

occupation, employment

center is likely to be the quickest and most satisfactory way to recruit-labor. The workers would be paid directly by their employers. In rural areas, particularly if there is a scarcity.of labor, the local Chinese authorit;

or village headman should prove useful in

ers whose productivity In to such cases, the laborers. he will the hiring quarantee. authority vance. tribution

recruiting a specified numboe

Terms should be

of wor>
diddis-

agreed upon in would receive the pay roll for

Laborers supply their

rock. on the

awn
furnish

tools for the removal of earth and loose

additional user. tools, recruited they should b, _:lent from a dstance
Workers

Where
personal

it

is

necessary to

responsibility

of the

should be told to bring bedding and personal equipment. cost of -living, should provide food fo dependents =about 6 pounds of grain daily -and include some additional sum detersined to be -appropriate. Fioce rates of pay result in greater speed and more harmonious relations than time rates. W.hen piece rates are paid, allowance must be made for differences in working conditRates of pay, based upon the

the laborer and four or five

ions, such as length of haul and weight of load. -Work should be measured periodically and payment made promptly.. It is usually unwise to make advances in
pay or to pay wages in excess of prevailing rates, for these practices may

encourage absences. -On the other hand, where laborers are in a weakened condition due tol-hungor, it may be necessary to feed them before they are able to work.
By Western standards the individual productivity of the Chinase will be more sact~s

laborer is

low,

because of malnutrition

and lack of mechanical experience, but

his physical endurance is groat. Relation with Chinese labor factory if'these circumstances are recognized.

Speed and efficiency arC directly affected by the manner in which Chinese workers are handled. They respe-at intelligence rather than force and become uncoop ,native if they consider the applic tion of force unreasonable.
An American or an Amer-They should be managed by one who knows their customs. ici n-tra.ined Chinese accustomed to dealing with labor in the spec-i fic a,.rea.,s

would

be an invaluable liaison agent.

(75-" %~ 4 a

ic~ a

t'-

~i

Ii

_________________

SIC TI.OiJIT
r

I3LTH :IJD DI S 'SF H iZ=1

Goenera1:
ns, the C AIITON -- IiOII'. G BuG has been occuiedi by end under Jcaa eso rea control since the la ttter pert~ Of l938, accurateHe 'hdt is very scant; The infornzat .on riven' on wat~er, snitation and prevalent clisea sos is believeci to be reliable, but the inforation on Hospita1 I' ac ilities is ; ro b'bly inaccurte a s a amnber of the te dicol personnmel -of the area "are io :n to have fled, sonao to in ; thoir suplies and e .inent writh thoa::i4 isr. .5

Diseases of miilitary is portonce: area are listed below:

Disc ses most p revol eit in

the

Dys entGary
Cholera Tyjphoid Fever Smell P ox Typhus Fever Rlaj)sinC Fever Cere'brosp lleninitis Diptheria

Venereal Disease
Skin Diseases Nceary Controlts: Doil. oil11 tGer. Use odl reglar mosqito preCook all local food. Full use ofi all m lita.ry precautions aka ins'. pests, Strict sanitary control. suppressive trea tm~ent for meIl-ar a.

cttions,

100f

Hospital Facilities: seek to have

The CALJTON .4Area had' 66 hospitols ray ;in ;

in

size from two to 19260' beds) giving a total of 6,275 beds, Out patiOnt dispensaries end welfare centers, o orcced separatel : ror: Zospital.s,

ceased

functionirng since the Japanese occupation.

The HO1I.IOiiG '.rea hadI 34 hospitals Zith a tote. of 3970'5 beds; A The occupation by the Jaipan ese has been follow ed by the usual expropriation ofhosia supplies and c- ip ont the r-esults that aunyy hospitals haebeen' cl os ed or t aken over for use by the Topenese nilitary or navel pers-onnel .

with

-:"
sra .... .. ... a .

S11C TI0II 19

Lqj'L ~

CURPEN

211Dl PIILPTC,

un'der consid'era tion, the trend o eneny co urolled' currencies is inllatioarx; the currencies are no'Jc'_e reci t! t;rapnid cx~oLte adk urece, i"lied' in relation to the indices of' told,

Tn the

area^

in l?," ' GOITG is Tiitary Yen; i Central Reserve I3a.nk ollars . Altheu~h Chinese Natien2~. Curro on.,z ;thcn15ecL has been d'is laced' as le ;^ tender in rntro plitcxi areas it is in the black ?-narkets andihoar ec by the Chinese; in the country' areas CI\TC Ls the principol nediu'Ln of e:ch: ilke. Also circula ted' are CA'O rile there is a speculative market escud'os (dollax s) end. i IC pI .stro in 0 o1 , U. S.a Doll.,r.s, and :xre--ra r UOUa; GCIIGcdollars utich are hoarded?
-cv

The efleil~7 s le" c1 tender curreo

CAN.iTONJ,

1,-

Given below are 4 tables i llus trat-!n_; the deprecia tion of Yen Bloc .iae(ratine; C-3) current currencies s:ince Decmber, 14,edapr e::chrngc values: TAuI,"1 CLTC Curen 1OO0;00 Dote 20. lr.} P
oc4e 0ici^l

Gi

Il .. !:1xh~

oe

Jnofiio0hc.ane

ClUrTTT C I3 50-00
Ci:rrNVL1
KOVILCCI I 0,122,700 ~00 . CLUTTON

Up to COd 35000

1-00
100 ; 00
100;00

CIirnG660oo

CIL 1071,00

100.00 100.00

I1l

3 Jun, 45

Jun. 45 Jul. 45

Q' CNDLO 00

Tl1A

Currenep Date

Place

IUhfficiol or

flack

c Nar:ket ExehenJ e

ate

:oo0oo00*Dec. 44

100.r00
ITO01

4 Ia.44

ChIC 333.00; UK 33, 33

CiiuaNTON

1K 18'~51

TLTIZ
C.

3 June 45 167; 00. 00

10; 000;00 CPLD 25;000;00 11,600

11 June CPll 16u"; 00000 11; 000,00 c1D 25;P5004 00

US 100.00 Hip (old) 100. 00 ON 100.00 FIC Piastres 100.00

12)000100

Dte

Price CANJTON CUD ,360-;000;.00

CUD
CPL

1 Tael

1 Tael I T ael

Kayz;-45 3 Jun. 45
2

11 Juan45

270'5000'00 254,400'00

Jul 45 u -

C ITOII

CU RB665;000,00 95,000,00 CU

_i

*~f

,
d

Hfh

a Vk

fA

?ar!.

TABLE, 5
Price

Comr noit ;y
Pork

Price in

late Apr

45

Unit
per' -caty each

Price o

25

1ia

45

Increase

MY 200'00

Eggs Salt Rice

looo
15;00
40, 00

TuY 28;,0044%
19:00

per catty per catty

24,00
145000

90% 60%

262,5%e
Average Increase _15%

BMIKING In Japanese 1941 South China banks, 20 principal (including HONGKONG) had 17 foreign banks, banks, and several

Chinese modern

style

small native-.style
-American, British,

banks

Most of the

foreign banks were branches of large

banking organization countries. banks banks The

French and Dutch international'

whose head offices were domiciled in their respective Japanese b anks were branches of 2 large national-poli3y Southern several regions trade-development bank. The

and 1

Chinese

included'branches

of the Four Governnnt

branches

banks,

a number of large private branch banks,

banks.

and

of provincial

"Enemy" banks were eliminated through their enforcod liquidation by the Japanese in 1942. Since thon the Japanese & puppet Chinese banks have dominated the area a-ttempted to replace the Chinese National Currency with their vn issues, Although Chung~king Goverinment banks maintain branches only in unoccupied Kw angtung, headless branches operate in IO UOGIOTG & CTON ; the continued circulation of their notes maintains the influence of the
CHUPTGKTNG Government A unique feature banks of the in the occupied area. foreign cnerny banks in

liquidation

of the

HCKGKOl PITG as the enforced lumping of their assets the payment of equal liquidationi dividends- to 41
As a result of this policy the highly liquid that Anrican a disproportionate share of the liquidation concern of American & British interests

in a cormon fund and eligible depositors,

fund. It the records

vif

banks

contributed

be a major of t heir banks,

lowr in the hands of the Bank of Taiwan and the Yokohama Specie Bank, s feguarded when HOIiGNIONG is reoccupied by Allied forces,

Jc

'

1!"

W-Wwp *i a eta , r

r
;sf _

SECTION

20
c o A' * S x

MILITARY AND CIVILIAN PERSONALITIES OF TIAPORTANCE

A.
JAPANESE MILITARY PERSONALITIES OF IMORTANCE

Governor General Department Occupied SUGANAILJAI, Ichiro ITAKAO, Kinya

Territory

Major

General
Colonel Colonel Colonel Colonel Colonel 23rd Army

SEKODA,
SUZUKI,

Yutaka
Hirokazu

Lieutenant Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutena t

Commanding General HONGKCINr:"Adjutant HONGKONG ' I ONGKONG Officr Staff Chief Medical Department HONGKC Attached HONGKONG Attached HONGKONG Attached HOUGTNONG

HINTA, Toichi HIIRABAYASHI, Shigeki

KIT ATMJRA, Yoshio

T1NZAKA,

isakazu

Lieutenant Gener al Colonel Colonel Liutoenaat Colonel

TAKATSU,
!AcDA;

Toshiritsu
Fusao

Commanding General Chief of Staff Staff Staff Officer Officer Staff

OKAD,
SA~TY,

Yoshimasa
Eisaku Yos hiyuki Takeji

YASUTAKIE, FURUKANiA,

Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Colonel

Attached

DA, I-HARPi Tsurukichi EN"OTO, Susumu Ii ATSU iOTO, Hidehaxu 11UCHI, Shinichiro
GOSAU"A, M,,Iasato

Major General
LieutenhtCColonel Colonel

Attached Headquarters Chief.Ordnance Department Chief Intendance Department; Attached Intendance DeDartament Chief Mdical Departmient Attached Miedical Department Chief Vetenary Department

Lieutenant
Colonel

Colonel

104th

Division Commanding General

SUZ J,_i,
NAKASIJXIMIl, OSHIO,: NATORI,

Sadaji
Yoshimitsu unshi Iiinekichi

Lieutenant General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Colonel Leutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Colonel Colonel Colonel

Chief of Staff Adjutant Chief Nedical Department

Chief Inteendance Department

Yushiro YOKOTI, UNEO, Genkichi

Chief Vetenary Department Commanding Officer 108th In fantry

Regiment. Commanding Officer 137th Inf fantry

KKAi~i? IJI, SHIIZU,

amoru

Liadoka
Susumu

-Regimtt Commanding Officer 161st In fantry Regiment Commanding Officer Regiment fant 104th Irn ry

KOB YSHI,

Colonel
Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel

OGINO, Manabu KAJDOGUCHI, Melotochi

Commanding Officer 104th En .gineer

Regiment

Commanding -Officer 104th Tr ansport

Regiment.

129th Division UZAY.TA, Naonubu

Lieutenant
Colonel
8th

General

Commanding General
Chief of Staff

IgHIHA RI,,?

Independent Infaitrr

Brigade
Commendi ing General

KAT,
SAIT,

Akira '

ICHIKOMArl,

Ta

' .

Toshizo

Major General Lieutenant Colonel Lieuitenant Colonel

Commanding Officer 219th

Comanding Officer 222nd

TJBn IIBn

*JIi

62

13th Independent
OCHIA, Matsujiro
.:jor

Infantry

General

Cormanding Genera)

19th Indepndent
RONDOV Shinhachi

Mixed Briade
Commanding Comanding Commanding Commanding Unit. Commanding General General Officer Officer Officer

E.ORITA,

Riichiro

NIS-IIKAVJA, - Toshimoto

Major General Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel

Lieutenant Colonel

97th In
99th
101st

Ian

Si:'OUCHIatabei

-liB-ni

HONG-KONG Defense ajor FUJIMOTO, $ueo General

FURUTA;

Tadao
Kazuo H isamasaa

Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant k:CoJonel

Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel

Commanding Officer 67th il3n Commanding Officer 68th I~n

Commanding Officer Commanding Officer

3
Def ens

YAMAI SHITA KIcyii+;GUCHI,

69th Imh
HONGKhi

Artillery Unit. B. CIVILIAN PUPPET PERSONALITIES OF IMPl ORTAN CE ).,,

K'1WTNGTUNG

Kt 7ANGTU KG TPROVINCE
rtt

Provincial

Goveri

Governor:

CH!EN CH'UN-P'U

Political Affairs Commissioner: Finance Commissioner: Educational Commissioner: Member of the Education DepartmentConstruction Commissioner: eood Commissioner:
Chief of the Economic Affairs food Council: Com issioner:

CHOU YING-HSIN4G WATLNG TSUYG-CHUN

LIN JU-HENGJG

CHENGP PAO-YU CHAUG YU-YUN

WIANG TSUNG-CHUN,1
HO HSI]G-CHI' rLG CHANG YU- YUN LO YUNG-KU LIN CHIA-MIN LI SHIH-FU

Social Affairs Commissioner: Head of the Bureau of Information:

Special Officer of the Department of Iilformation:

Head of the Department of Commnerce:

UNG Chairman of the Executive Board of the KWANGT Branch of the National Trade Control Association: Chairman of the Board of Directors o' the KWAL'LNGTUNG Branch of the National Trade Control Asn,: Secretary of the KVi iGTUNG 'Branch of the National Trade Control Association: Chief of the Bureau of Audits: Health Division: Head of the Public

OU TO -UNG
WVA4NG

TSUNG-CHUNI

CH' EN YJ-SAN
J

&LTNG

JE-CIH

CHIEN CUI' ING-HSUAN LI CH'I-FEN

MEI YU-CHUN

Head of the Opium Suppression Bureau: P olaice

Commissioner of Police
Affairs Office):

(Chief of the Police

WAING CH' I
KUO TV -11IN LI SUNG-CHIEH

Former Chief of the Police Aff'air , Office:

Vice-Chief of Police:
Rural Pacification
of Rural Pacification: Director Head of the KIJANGTUNG Village ing School:

HUA NG K O-MING
Pacification Train-

CHOU YING-HSIING
TENfG CHI. TUNG~IJ

Dean of the Training School:

Political Work Corps for Village Pacification: Director: Executive Director: Deputy Directors:

CHQU YING-H$ATG TENG CHI-TUNG HOU MEN-,'N' P 'ENG CHIH-TE (I))

-63-

-.

tS

+w

Heads of the Propaganda Corps:-

LIN CHIA-LIN HU KUO-HUA TSO JU-LI iNG OHAI'G CHE.-TIEH CHAO KUNG-T:lI, :' a j. Ger CH' EN KUO-CHLl!G*,

Miagistrate of HUAi-HSTPN: Chairman of the Peach Preservation Comr~ittee in TSINGYUN: Member of the 'SATING Government in KWAT'NGTUNG: CAINTON. r,

M yor: Chief of Police: Deputy Chief of the Police Station: Head of the Branch Office of Police Bureau, in~ SH4A2iZEN : CANTON Comissioner of Customs: Head of the Reconstruction Bureau: Head of. the, Water Patrol Corps : CANITON Press Chung Shan 'Jih Pao
Editor in

FETNG

PI.-SHAO

LI TUNG-HSIA LI CHUN'G-CHAQ INI YU-.KN CH it G CHIC -YUN

CHIEN

SHENGZ-NPNG

Chief:

Mcn..ging Editor: Staff Member: Publishers: in Shen Jih Pao and .in ShnkWan Pao

CH'EN PU CHIANG P0-YIN

CHAN P0K
LI KUANG-?'O LI1l JU-H ENG LIN CHIA-II LI CHIH- JEN

P,.lisher: Editor: Kung Chen Pao President: Editor in Chief: Am.Forces Vice Commander of the Peace Preservation Corps and concurrently Commander of the Qth NANSING Division under~ the CANTON Pacification Office : Commanding Officer of the Anti-Air Jiefense of CANTON City: Commander of CANTON Naval Headquarters: Commanding Officer of the Air Defense Command, Hq. at CANTON (succeeded PAG (PAI) KUNG-CHEN) : Head of the National Autonomous Army (People' s National Army) : 2.* HONGKONG ADM STRATION*3 =,* .INI HONGKONG Government

HN

SH AN

CHIA NO-FU

CHENG KNAN-HSUNN. Gen.

P il KUNG-CHEN HO HIAN-LAN, Vice Adi raL KUO ViEI-iIN ON TA-OH' 1KG

Civil Administration Department

*Brother

of CH' EN

PI-CHUN

(lane. ' ANG CHIN-NEI).

CH lNG CHs NO-K' UN in
19.WL),

"llt

Full namne unknown.

(S'2ceeded

Sept

h44.

(CANTON Radio,

27
**HONGKONG

Dco

is under~ the military administration of the Japanese. a part of the INKNl1G Puppet Government.

It is not

~I~m~m.I*

~1

Chinese Section Chiefs: Controller of Fuel:

Director of District

LIA KIA-FAN

Affairs Bureau:
Ito-

HSIEN PING-UI

Director of Census Bureau: HONGKONG Construction Department Member of the Staff :

HOnGNcONG Opium

(Peter H. Sin) YLJNG NGAI-SUNG "WTC YIJNG-NIEN LIEU CH' UO-rPAK

Commission Council
(1942
-)

Chief (under a Japanese) :

Chinese Cooperative

1t1-1
"
a 3yG .

Chairman: Vice Chairman: Education Representative : Members:

CHOW, Sir SHODUSON

LI KUAN OH' UPI LI KIENG -HONG

LO, -M. K. TAM, William N.~ T.

Chine

Representatives' Association

Council of the Association Chairman: Vice Chairman: Membe rs : CHQW1, Sir SHOUSON LI KIAN-GH' UN WANG T, UNG-MIEaNG TIJNG CH-UNG-%El YEH LAN-CHURN TENG CHAO-CHIEEN
CH-OU

LU AI-YUN KUO TSAN

CHA NG SHU-CH t UN YEN CH'IENG-K tUN
WIJ

YAO-NIEN

HUA VEN-CHIN

LING K' ANG-FA LIEN CHIEN-YIN EENG TZU-YIN TAN YA-SHIH W'ANG TE(H) -.KUANG The Office of the Association president: Office Holders:

LI CHIU

K' UANG CH'I-TUNTG

LO

LI CLUNG-FUJ LEE JEE-CHOR

LO HSU-HO
LIEU TIEN-CH'ENG, LI TZU--FAN'IG OH' AN LIEN-PAK

Chinese Representative Council

(192

.-

).

M~embers:

LO KUK-WWO (Sir Robert Kotewall) LAN TIT-SIENG CH' AN LIM:M-,PAK CHOU YAO-NIEN LI TZU PANJG

Thy Asiatic A"fairs Bureau

East

Asia Cultural Association CHA NG KU-SHAH

YEUNG

President : :Jha xman - 1942) : \Vice Chairman : Permanent Officers: Laborers' Associatio~n

TSIN-LEI

CHEUI\G KOO-SHAN TJ.&N-LjAMk

LUK

MA KIANI KONG P0--TIN

TSENG }KqONG4TJ1

President:
The Control Wards

LIEN CHIEN-.YIN

HONGKONG Wards Control Off25 cers:

fi\~a

4 vi:. :.

Central Ward: SHA1IJG HUAN Ward: HSI13 YING PAN Ward: SHIH TANG CHU
SHAN 1iWANG
E

TA; i Wrd:

TWard:

SIJAN TZU Ward: CIN\G Ward: TUNG LO WAN Ward: RACE COURSE Ward:
'
TL1

HSIAN'G

K MG Ward :

t.

HSIEN PING-HSI (Peter H. Sin) SHAG 'v.EI-MaTG LI CH'2L-HSIN SUN KUANG--CH' UVAN CHIEN V1EN HO JIH-JU HO TE(H)-KUANC KUO HSIEN--HUNG TU ".EN-TSE
LANG

CTIH CHU Ward: SHAO CHI 7AN Ward: KOT LOON Wards Control Officers: KOVJLOON City Ward: SHEN SHUI Ward: WA NG CHUER Ward: YUAIVIAT:'hard: CHEN SHA CHU Ward: HUNG NAN Ward : KO1"1OON TANG Special IWard : HSIN CHIER Wlards Control Officers :

TtAl

VNI

LI SUNG-CH' INC TSENG SHOU-CH';'

r9
TAiI JO--LAMN
HUANG

P0-OI'

TSENG JUNG FENG HAO LIANG CR1 U LI SHOU-.SHALN KUAN HSIN-YEN

TA PU Ward:
YUAN LANG Ward: Eastern Dibtrict Bureau Assistant Director: Gene ral Affairs Bureau for KO VLOON Districts Li-ember of the Political Division:
Bank and

CH'EN T' IAA-CH' IN PENG

LO ORA-SING

HUA NG CHUNG

Banking

Associations

Bank of Communications Mangger: Ovrses Chinese Bank Representative: HONGKONG Bankers' Association Chairman: TANG YAT-YAN

LAU TIT-SING

Vice Chairman:
Members of the Executive Commnittee: RONGKONC Financier: HONGKONG Propaganda and Press

LAU TIT-SING LI TZU FANTG CHEUNG SUN-SHUN

POON

SHUNT-UNtu

YEUNG YUN-TANK HO TUNG, Sir Robert

Centlral

News Agency (HONGKONG

Branch)
WU TPEI-YTJAN LO CHING-W!N W'EI KUO-LUN

Representatives: Hsiang Tao Jih Pao Proprietor: Hua Chiao Jih Pao Editor:

Aul BOON HAl

LU LiENT-SHU

11

a'

4,,. .

.,

Managing Editor:

News

Editor : Jh

TSEN HSI-YUNG LU MUN.-HSI

HONGKONG

Pao

(*
HUANG PAO--SHU
kiln'

Editor in

Chief:

Nan Hua Jih Pao Publisher: Editor: Journalists and writers

KtUANG CH' I-TC NG LIU HSIEH--T' tIJ:G

CHAN~G UG-iN WIONG, Peter M, KONG ICI--TUNE

+; >T-

Press Official in HONGKONG: HONC1 - )NG Organizations

and

As9sociations

Peoplets Food Association Chairman: IIONGKONG General Relief Association Chairman: Chairman, General Afairs Comittee : Vice Chairman, General Affairs Committee: Secretary for Relief and Culture Exhibition: Chinese Relief CH' ANLIM PA~ LI TZU FANG (vTi(NG Y1AT-CHUNG) WANQ TE(H)-FENG
11' BOON

HZ

Association
LAU TT-SING LO KUK-T7O (Sir Robert Kotewvall)

Chief of the Executive Department:. Chief of the General Affairs Department :

Tr dint; Union of HONGKONG

Director: HONGKONG Commercial Institute Director: KIU KUK

YE H LAN'-CHU

Ui

Chamber

of Commxerce

:epresentative for Foreign Goods : Representatives of Commercial Associations Firewood LMerchants : Rice Importers Association: Non, Pak Hong M:-erchant Houses : HONGKONG and KOVThOON General Labor Association Chief Executive :

KTKCHUEN

LAI KONG-SUN III PINGTONG PING-TAT

LING HONG FAT

KOVILOON
Chinese

Markets Bureau TONG CHING MAN

Chief: Language Society

HONGKONG Representatives : ___GOG Race Course:

THAIN P Al-LI:
CHUO ~N

Chairman of Stwards : 67

HO MOM .TONG

d+

,,..

vomomic
HOICKONG Jockey Club M1embers of the Racing Committoe YIP KUI-YIIJG PANd\, S. H. ETH, C. C IE,Peter

South China Athletic Association Chairman:

LUKE 01-ThIN

I''

~j ~ i A : -44~ A
A, ~

I
'iT
~

z,
51' Y

Ur
SLCTION 21

JAPLI\ISZ PLAIITCLOT1iE S AC'NIT TPLIIIG SCHOOL IN C2"TToN, KI7T LiGTUNG P.LOVINCE

towource:

053,

Report No.

YKXl-270

cleed10July 1945) The CANTON Japaecse pla inclotches 'agent tra ining; school has boon in operation for about tw,-o years, First. it was loca ted at HIUAH:'GPU (in the old Nair School). It has moved and is now located in TIENHO Village the old ir Forces Club:

at

This school has t ro tymes of students and two separate training ; rogrcams, The first training pro rain is for the uneiducated class of 4 anster m:d rascals and lasts three months.* It te aches the loner class personnoJ. 'how to use arras -an-.ddenolitions and how to fire houses and harrass. Those non are used for strong; am tactics and operations. The first class of this c ategory gaduated 250 students who were sent to T:ffISHJM District where they' acted as advance ageints for the attack in February', 1944. The second training category teaches the educated class,'sin leadership of the first ou.me It alse instructs in pul pet government, popagosnd s area 'ing of r umors, and deep penetration. The first .raduiation of this second ca tegory tiwere about 200 students who were sent to ?IIJCHO and then into K 7INSI Province. The students of this school Milita^ry Yuan.

are

supplied food, locoinkg, and given $20.00

The second class of the second category graduated about months zoo. The third class is s till in session and has about 150 students,

10O

Informant does not lkmow ho* rmany classes have been graduated from the first category' of training.
I LA ,C

A 0

(Source:

CO0UN Th? -ES~P IO1NI LIGPNCE 085, X -2 Noporb 14 July INTRODUCTION

1941,

MACAO is a Portugruese colon .. locatod in the P1'MIJFaPvor Del ta and situated on the border of the CKHGTCSIIAN Dsrit, oppeosite O MNOIIG, It is now'rexisting under the bayonet of the Japanese Amy', ltheugh the bulk of its population is reportedly pro-Allied in syam athy.

This counter-espionago suxiryma~ of AO was prepared on the basii of information received from many' sources over a long period of time. For assistance in obtaining a clear picture of Japanese intelligenlce activities in MACA10, the cm:oof , infonna-tion s well a~s its evaluation is beiin ;oda2 nd oreah lpa rraLhR It should be ,pointed out that because of the pec~ty of 11C,0= to HONGsONG- and C "hTTON7, nand; of the Japanese aintelligecnce officials in the latter

11f~iiii,1116

in
1.

This document does not citios undoubtedly frecquently travel to MAUCAO. sot forth the idontitios of those officials who are c oun to be active

tho C ITTON and HOI GKOCNG aroas but only includes infenmtion relative to tho Japanoso of ficiels and at~ents who are Thoan to have aperatedi end still be active in LTACAG0.

.ZTIOIT. C JKP TI {h37 ITLLLIGLU CE O GI

'

N}

f.

ao ue CL '~JOccav2.dco r'7~Ov The Japanese Secret Service Organizations in , naely "The Pine Group", "Thre Dam._bee Croun, " end 'f hpe 3 pr-. . ipal tlroups end Group is backed by' the J a x nose Orchid Group. ' The the Or~chid Group i 6.d~ Group is backed by the Ja panese Navy and The II backed by both the Japanese Finance Office end the Japaneose Foreign fo e. The work of all those groups is primarily to obtain secret infformation One report has indicated that Jaya nese Secret and collect war mterials. Service- A[fents wear a little round badge bearing a Chinese character to denote the' group to which they belong.

Fine

:.r=,rAnn'

asS*

Sxrc

Section of

the

Jaanese

ry

(1) The Special Service Section of the Jai anese P;n'.y is located' on TANI SITNG EAT, IMA CAC, The Japanese in charge of this' section is Colone l -2) . w1 U hile tho liaison officer is na m'ed SAGM1.1(i y,19_,4(2) The Chief of the Japeneso M.ilitary intelligence is irnowva anong the Chinese as A!H CMiN (Colonel SP27A, Chief of the Special 1ffafrs Bureau) . He has agents allP ever the city'. So02:10 live in the leading hotels ile others are detailed to watch incori ng; to check on other occupa ns, whl vessels.* Junks -plying to and from LLCAO also come under and outgoing (February, 1944; -11-2. ) the attention of this depaortm ent, assassination of Consul. General FIJUITP 1U.OIiZTSU in February, 1945, Colonel Sly-.'A moved his headuarters from 55 Yalianfang (June, 1945 -C-3,) to Hsingyachang en the IK:".CAOC-.-NIUATGTlUIG border.

(3) 'After'the

b.

Ja anose Navel Intelligrence.

(1) The office of the Jap aneso Naval Abttache is located in a pinkcolae_.:d building~ on a hill at SKE IhIAN, overlookingJ the channel or harbor.
The Liaison officer is nmed ITO. This office has given franchises to number of comorcial fines in MAU.CAO to operated ri-oter boats or motorized ' These HOI end 57 [XIU juniks betweenMAA and such pla ces as TOUFOU, K.1ONG firmns ae eng;aged in smnugglingp wolfram. and? other m_;aerials into iCO They elso purch ae real osttec in the names of Chinese, the actual purchasers, however, being Japaneso who are endeavoring to safe uard therm (May, 194 4, - 8--2 selves against the consecaonces of their country~ts defeat.
I. Jet anese Navl Head~curters in MA'CAG under a Japanese nam:ed SEAN NI From ~c operate under a Naval Officer namied 10 to 20 well--armed Also att-ached to the Japanese Naval I-Iad art ers are IT1I TIEN PLO0 II.

(2)

Over ten men are actached to the Political Section of the

JLN YU, an intellig~nco chief, and ' 7U NAT NIIIG and TL ITG IISUING, spocial (April, 1945, - 0-3) . intell~ience agents .

An organization to prevent smggli g was formecd by Colonel "O IIIGO, Head of the Japanese Navel Department in 7 AYC and CA"ITTOIT. DUOCIIITZUII vies to be placed in charge of this organization end was to arrive in I IA.CAO on 28 Sept embo r 1943. The staff' of this orgnization includ'ed 20 plainclothes men and 40 armecd troops. They wo."re iociise four~amotor boatbs to patrol the Eastern Sea, 'e 1'Tste Se, M O l.)}. CHIf, and the waters near K.AI NENG. (M:-arch, 1944, --

(3)

(4)

One report is -'bo _

a .ie;"

that TANKUCIII is he ad of the Dambee

-70

; 111

r}

-I

Group' (Secret Service of Jap anese Nlaval

-2)

Department)

in L:C O,

(February,

(5) One source has ind1icated that the a1 anese Navy Headquarters in I cL.o ms loca tedl at 76 Avcnid'a P.epublica whil.e another Naval Headquarters was located at 34 Ye Lung T hu. (Decemboer, ,191;;4~6
c. Jayano~se Consulate-General.

(1) The Japanese Consulate-General in 1i .Cri.O is practically the headquaters of the J )noe TntelU ir;ence Service. Until his assassination on the morning; of 2 Fcb~iary 1945, Consul Goeoiw FUKUI P.":"ONU:TSU was director of this Japanese Intelligenco Service, He was ass nssinated by a Japanese neh~ied P:AKAiGITL TSUGI who claimraed that he didl so -;(,Cause of ;personal hatred. However, other inlformration reveals that trie assassination di,;ht have beenpl ana-led by Chinese intelligeonce agents. FUTKUI was succeeded by 1VIAI EIICHI, who on the e::cuse that the 0."C"O authorities were inc ,pab.lo of r.int d ninr; the safety and order' of Lt CJ1O, brought about the transfer of 130 secret agents from CANTON, to ?I_C^:0 Ind' organmized' then into a secret-force with headquarters in Looma No, 24 at the Tai An Hotel on Beach Streets This intellirence force is headedC by SUN CITIA I'"TA with CIfli TZ i1. IAG and OU TZE TANCI chief as sistants, as Other im n-ort .nt -mebers under SuIt CHIA H', include CHIC.. KING, CICN SHIEN and -"TONG JUT CHING; all being nativos of SH NGHI * All the a for these agents wore issued by LI wi first securing pexwidssion of the *U '*CAG Gave rnam_1nt. The opera tin e:tenses for the intelligeonce force vwere ment th-3(200,000 local money raised by FU T 11 YIN, CIIUNG TZ[!; 'TJANG, ii;C TM NTING, etc.,, who are sefie of the Chinese gettGing rich through the assistance of the Japanose,* LI YIN ILUi, f oramneily General I: nes!;or of the Pu-p et ICTYNGTUNIG Provincial Dank, donated alsoa. This secret gen" is entirely composed ofrascaels from CA1NTON and SHANGHAI. Aside from acting as IITAX' s bodyj;uard's, they lse deal in kidnapping; and sqiueezing., causing disorder in MNACh'O at m::ost any time. (Juno, 1;14-- C-3).

-thout

w~

(2) Ten men are assigned to'the Special Service Corps of the Ja.pa nose Consulate ranider CHANIG TS].,H, Leader of a field group is HUANG
.0U1,1(7

CHI"H.

(AIpril,

1945 --

C-3)0
My

(3) 'The
1944
di. --- 2) .

Japanese Consulate is located at HO LAN YUBN, M~O

Other Japanose Intelligence Units, Numerous reports have been received concerning Japanese intelligence Service Section of the Japanese Amr~y.

organizations which, from the available data g cannot be definitely tied in with either the Japanese Naval Intelli ence, the Japanese Consulate General
or the

Special

(1) A niew high Japanese intelligenc organization for South China was ormd '~CO. i I he comanding officdr or leader is 2ICHI CAN 3SEII. The headquarters is in HUh' HSIN G HONG SHOP, a large general merchandise store located at the intersection of Yamo Street and Tai Street, the m~ain street of I,LdO. The cover for agents is to nose as i'rchants and units of 12 mon oath now Oxist * The org;anization plan- ato use 4 mrotor launches for its work. (May, 1945- B-2).

85

The HAU USINIG HANG SHOP acts as inter~preter at the Jaya nese organization operate in conjunction and a secret society called I SUS5. The- c-ne from CANTON end belong to Circle an ?od Circle, o' Grao-Pe( o

operated by SUN CHIA'-HUA, who also MA hO. The above shop and with another shop - th I."SIIfiG HANG Fifty men are attached to HUh HIIG HUNGI the secret society CUI' IIIG HUN'G P{"TIG (Green Soc:I~ty). it is said that they weire is
coslt,

?'dose

Ilhently- SUN CHIC.IA 1J forced another society cellcd the H,1l chief aim is to rte.,se the standaz'ci of the yellowr race. >2).

H'1U P i1LJ SIK-LI, (June, 1945 w

CI

SUIT CI-rr. i-HUm cone LPJTG Kal ,(ri flIG 1Uu) lofct 1.:U'CiAO in t i June, 1945, for KONGLOO001 to pla-n the stationing of troops at SI-M0NG' SUI (6 ruies Southsoutheast of KOKC:oI) . SUN Cl-hA HIJ and HUB"IIIIH ? ptuppet, wll be responsibleo for imz~nistration and nilita'ry7 affairs, Zile LITG 'T.J2I ?wll hacic the secretcs'iuJa ork. The m'oneycK collocted in the aresa will be used to e1pend the HU-IITr 1G Hl TG. (June,
lcJY,
-1-2,)

(COL2NT:
r'-ence organiza tion"t
-

It
is

is Loliovecl that this "now high Japanese nt elI>_ operating under the direction of the Japanese Con-

Ssulato General in 1_ACAC0)

~~~

(2) AproJaa ntolY-21;.Chinese wr o tePlc:aC>etsi AA by order of the J op aee nb ularNemlo'd b elnd police, andl the other 6 are used' by the wa ter police. (Decem_:ber, 19); .F--6) .
(C

i~T: N

These

ar"ents

rorlconr" for the !police are prob-

ably under the direction of the Spe cial Service Section of the Jap;-

(3) ' OIIG 1 UNIIT war-s reported to be an influential Japanese I agent in 0AA. He tmra: chief of the "PEi:PL I ti\JD .'rA PEACE U0VJ1iN, S w as a group of the Southern Exgpediitionary Force stc'ionedl in _.:.C.. he . ounded_ the East A4sia Cooperative lo.soo?,ation of ti hich he became the president. Its o~zm is to profmote better unde1,rsltanding, and friendship be ticTen China and J pan, while generally inciting antag;onism aainst Brit',in aeia This Ai ssociatLion has its headquarters at No, 6 I+.ue Fox~-indo Mendes It is believed thaest it is also 1 o 'ax as the "1PIL.CE -T]2ICV:LTT ASOCIATICII IN MAC C0" nd cthat its membe'urs as voll as T2G SIUNG K'IT are all wrorkins; for the enemy. (1943, -2-2).

-which

=nC'

-it.

Other infoitation receivedsb' the scz~o source indicates that KIT an important maem-ber of the secret service of the Jc pane so Special Affairs Bureau. 7DI0C is also chief- executive of the 1KJG-CIIUNCSHX1, Special Service 2Bureau. (February-, 1944
r" OCi- KUIIG

TTas

-D2-2).

(Thile the available inforiaation on~ the "P?:ACL . J !1T + k"SCCI ATIN" and _the "EAST SIA- "LLI~A'CE ,;,SCCIATICN" is conflictig it is believed that they are the s oneo organization under the be ado rshi2w of KUTNG K'IT, w'hose activities are directed by- the Special Service Section of the Japanese A iy. )
-

-70KNG

Sub-District

theo office ,and their lea;der is understood to be a Formosa who has more than 20 menh working under hime. In the evening they- usually meet at a club situated' on the second floor of the Hotel Riveira, On the ground floor' of their office ' they- havea store wher'e they' keep) rice, copper coins, Iron bars, etc., in large quantities,. (March, 1944 --

office of the Special Service Organization of the Uth of the CI-UiT SHE IT Pu ,et Government ?:as established at the preniises of F. Aodrios t Office, along; 4.aca Praia Grande. is 1rnomn as the Sub-District IHeadcurters. All types of people call

(4) An

8th

It

at.

-2).

(This or ganiz .tion is probably a branch of the Specicl Service

Section of the Japanese A - also)., ro

(5) The' Chinese Puppets have a n intelligence organization in .11CAC with headquarters on the second floor of the SUN Hotel. The
a j;-nts who are said to be partly- paid by the MA_'CACO Police, The CHUTTC4S PMI -. ,t Leader is ref erred to in LtAC Px ard ,SC-I a7.I CHA'U "C1IUaT SEUNG" (noe^x1...Y , CHAIU, Chief of a Dureau"t) His real n-mec is CIL'UJS J (JIUT. The aon Co::nandor is a an called organization has obout

15

1l

1C

D', 't

CHL2.'T T13NG SUE:.

TI-1600t-10 vis-it TA
(February,

the Orientci Hotel.

qGita of toen and usci

-2)

to

ta:1co room.s inX

s (6)tA I~srarch Office of the Intellirance Dh~reai of the I'EIIG in .. [CAO itha staff of 25 .~en vnc~ the 1c~ I .7itary Cei ission- is located' a rship of 1TSAI 'rai 1KG, aLrciut(e of Yinc-tori L ~opl nni cadcen: y , S CjITOK.'h I ocar alitcr r A ~ 1CJ

ntutro

11

( ri,1945

0-3).
the South China: defeni-se (Sout
(April,

(7) The Dc 't._anrc for circtin China Defense Carps) has abeout 1, 217 non.
of the Finance Bure au. (9) reortc?

1945 w-am
____

;nce chief of the Coastil Defense Carps in Ai.O ()The intelige is ,~2I TANG who is also the first ro~ue cermancler of ^a ti-sr: tglers co.p
(":il, tccJul

1945

C..3) 1 iSIhOSHII (or

1943, s tates that TKT.

. TAD)is the "ameon in "charr~e" in UCAO. 1At No. 6 Ceci ci daGaio, sir nboard is seen at the cdear which bears the words U'HIPSIHII E, ^ T, 11 Otw~arclhy ha is 1 nae, to the public as the one deptized_' by the ruthorities of iianchau1haa to sell opyixun produced in DA I1321I to the eiur- monpolry bureau in 1C..TKD spesnlatceo D II l , Jap-:anewe Coria ndr-in-Chief of the i% ITNITG ;.Y'yb -. Heholds thae position of Chief of. Investigation Bureau of 5th coluriists undecir reports about the aciiisL the Japanese South 13 e(> ti on ,an. :al.i.l maove.ents of allies in CAK:ITONI and I.ACAO vwill be transiitted' to DO~iIA.6:, in Northern China who will in touii wire to TOi tO direct,* The powver and influence of the or gaiizatien of which TKT is the head is the inIi1C "0G. Other Ja;,ase or,:a-nizations seem but insignificant greast risol.' A trcnsraittin" set is beolieved to be stored in and tamie by conpa 1 the S^ri ; build'in t Io. 6 OCa ead^ do G-io. (F ebruary, 19 1 ;.- -- 3)" sall1

(10) The South China Intelligece Group, Five Province Infomaition Departm ent, was f ounded by the Japanese Lt . Gen. H"a :' TSUCHIHiI in CANITOIT. It is under the control of the South ChinaP District Secret at:cti Office of the Jaaase a oae nLtN.3 myf. 1 ' anch ~ office of this intel limroncc ~l7Tdepatmet i loatedin 110G a No.34 am Jan7?oad, whrich is also nother office in I PC :0 is on the 11th the location of the Asia Cori;any, floor of the Central Hotel, (.:ay, 1945 - D,-2) .

7.g'nts

Since the continuous Allied victories in the Pa^cific, which make a coastal! landin ; in South Chin moe robable, the Ja panese secret ThA-4KGTUTTG bordecr. a ents are becorin 2:,ore acti ve thanever on the iA:i;CAO0 A rea-ort fromI~as:'.LA in CJ.1oe aril says that in ordeor to Btren then thI cr secret service activitjes en the I. CAA -- KTZ M.G" G border, a additional 300 or meire Japx'n ese soldiers were sent LAC S'I to help an. l the defensive work hand"led by I TTE 7J1U.s puppet ferce there,~ Another force nu bring mpore than 100 men was sent to CKUNGS1-lA1 district, scattering around CII IIISHAHl, TAt'IIGOHIAILANi:, SIIIiICHI and I1' r'U. OTC the reinforcement to the CHUNGSIIAI'T district, a portion was statiened at SHIZ iSHIHtCH:' 10 to guard the coauniction line of ITAC 1.0 and to take part in the secret agents't activities there. Atr the request ef TZTTANG HcUNG CI II Q(-NG IHUN.G KIT), a m_1caer of the Jaa{anese secret serviced the training c^a sponsored by the Japaese Navy and Cus tons at KJIT'ii'GBorder Area IAA CHIAOTU was rerged into the Chinese Gerrisaon Co a-t4 ;brlk with the. Jalpanese- secret ageonts in. the l~ea of SLITTho Ho qua.rters of the Garrison Corps is CII Oi'TG, ':P I 1SHLI & SHlIHCHIACTSTJ. located a t SANjCH NTG vwdth HRU !-Vl. z.:-i c nheada he,! MV:57.,10CITNN .SHIH CHIM &LI I r'Li evs senior as~at. The cox ps totals 35 me n;. A~s a result of the U. S. bombing; of the Japanese zi.lit cry istal !tions in w.ACAG0, the Janne believed that the air attack s vre suggested by eitlher the '(Cihiroseci'rthe British intelli;enzce .r.,nc%^q e ricingi'tco-lrYY^' lon. rofa, h1oavy i .ssure w s-roaught-

-iicl

ainc1 British nagVen t sthere o In ordor to stron then their int62l-1 rcafin iACAOn now Goncaieri c deta chnent t^n :a group oZf oxr"as?a-i.nclot has non s e t1y cisThe Jaanese G~nd ,reria were tra.nsferred: to KCO satisfied with the nonhcr in wrhich the Jc:anese Consulate handiledl the assassina.tion case., This indicates that the Jca necsa Genda rnerie was coe iincl to ti jhtoen their prssre on the col. unity oIf MACAO. (Juno~, 1945 C-3)"

;
/1C

af
Sf n '! n , }" ' M "' ' <

I 1 , r ! ,,@ f " f 1 iyyy'" y