WEATHER STATION USING ZIGBEE

ZIGBEE WEATHER STATION

WEATHER STATION USING ZIGBEE

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Weather has been measured since the 14th century. Weather information is very important for mankind since the knowledge of it helps us in many cases to survive. In response to the effect that weather has upon humankind, various forms of technology have been developed to facilitate the analysis of weather patterns. Weather can be monitored from remote place is very difficult to monitor the parameter through wires and analog devices such as transducers. To overcome this problem we use wireless device to monitor the parameters so that we can take certain steps even in worst case. Few years back the use of wireless device was very less, but due the rapid development is technology now-a-days we use maximum of our data transfer through wireless like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, etc. The fundamental aim of this project is to develop an embedded system to design wireless weather monitoring system which enables to monitor the weather parameter in remote place or anywhere by using Zigbee technology and display the parameter on the PCs screen. The system contains two parts. One is transmitter node and another one is receiver part and both can be any number. The transmitter part consists of whether sensors, microcontroller and ZigBee and the receiver part consist of a PC interfaced with Zigbee through PC serial port. In this project we deal with monitoring the weather related parameters through wireless Zigbee modules. Here we monitor temperature, light and humidity with the help of respective sensors. The data from the sensors are collected by the micro controller and transmitted to the receiver section through wireless medium. All the parameters are viewed by the pc using program in the receiver side.

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In view of all this things, the design of wireless parameter progress helps in an remote place to monitor the parameter in real time with the use of zigbee, is an easy installation platform, cost effective method for the low bit rate transmission, so with the help of the ready zigbee platform by using the embedded c language we interface the module with the pc by the help of visual C-Sharp we monitor the parameters in the system. The main use of this module helps in an industry during the worst cases as the analog device may be damaged may be during the fire accidents, etc. But with the wireless transmission we have not have an accurate data but when compared to the analog failure the errors are very minimum so we use wireless to monitor the parameter in an industry where their no means of human interface to monitor the parameters. In this project we deal to monitor the parameter through wireless by using zigbee. The working of this module is simple in principle, the changes in certain place is monitor in real time process which is very accurate in monitoring and their no other interface and other disturbance in monitoring the parameter in this project we monitor temperature and humidity with the help of respective sensors. The change in the temperature, humidity can be monitored like real time as the change is displayed in respective interval in the visual C-Sharp screen.

CHAPTER 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM TRANSMITTER SIDE

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RECEIVER SIDE

Figure 2.1: block diagram

CHAPTER 3 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

The system consists of mainly four modules, Zigbee, PIC and LCD. PIC is programmed according to the working of the system. . The system helps to send

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messages, using GSM and to locate the current position of vehicle we use GPS. The controlling and tracking messages are sent through a cell phone. LCD is used to display each task performing. 3.1PIC The microcontroller we make use of is PIC 16F877 controller. PIC 16F877 microcontroller is a 40 pin DIP IC which features high performance RISC CPU and consist of 35 assembly instructions. The input is obtained from a matrix keypad which is interfaced with the PIC. To the controller keypad interface is done using general purpose input output (GPIO) port pins. General Purpose Input/Output (a.k.a. GPIO) is a generic pin on a chip whose behavior (including whether it is an input or output pin) can be controlled (programmed) through software. GPIO pins have no special purpose defined and go unused by default 3.1.1PINOUT

Figure 3.1:pinout 3.1.2USART The data is sent serially from microcontroller through USART. USART stands for Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter. It is sometimes called the Serial Communications Interface or SCI. Since there is no clock signal in asynchronous operation, one pin can be used for transmission and another pin can be used for reception.

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The USART is most commonly used in the asynchronous mode. This project deals exclusively with asynchronous operation. The USART can be configured to transmit eight or nine data bits by the TX9 bit in the TXSTA register. The use of a separate transmit shift register allows new data to be written to the TXREG register while the previous data is still being transmitted. This allows the maximum throughput to be achieved.

3.2LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials, which combine the properties of both liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to a crystal. An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle. When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarisers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent. When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarisers, which would result in activating/ highlighting the desired characters. The LCD does dont generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCDs have long life and a wide operating temperature range.

WEATHER STATION USING ZIGBEE

3.2.1 PIN DESCRIPTION OF LCD:

VCC, VSS and VEE: While VCC and VSS provide +5V and ground respectively, VEE is used for controlling LCD contrast. The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW. EN: The EN line is called "Enable". This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should first set this line high (1) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus.

RS: The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command or special instruction. When RS is high (1), the data that is sent is a text data which should be displayed on the screen. RW: The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are write commands, so RW will almost be low.

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3.3ZIGBEE The data is serially transmitted through zigbee. Zigbee is used for wireless communication. To the zigbee side we make use of a level converter for voltage conversion. The operating system voltage of PIC is 5v and zigbee needs approximately 3.3 v. Inorder to communicate with PIC, zigbee requires 5v but zigbee operating voltage is just 3.3v. For this purpose we make use of a level converter to convert 3.3v to 5v as well as 5v to 3.3v 5v (5v to 3.3v) 3.3v PIC level converter. .Zigbee Zigbee level converter..PIC 3.3v (3.3v to 5v) 5v

ZigBee is a wireless technology developed as an open global standard to address the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless M2M networks. The ZigBee standard operates on the IEEE 802.15.4 physical radio specification and operates in unlicensed bands including 2.4 GHz, 900 MHz and 868 MHz. The ZigBee protocol was designed to provide an easy-to-use wireless data solution characterized by secure, reliable wireless network architectures. The ZigBee protocol is designed to communicate data through hostile RF environments that are common in commercial and industrial applications. A key component of the ZigBee protocol is the ability to support mesh networking. In a mesh network, nodes are interconnected with other nodes so that multiple pathways connect each node.

3.3.1Modes of Operation Transmit Mode (Serial data is received in the DI Buffer) Receive Mode (Valid RF data is received through the antenna) Sleep Mode (Sleep Mode condition is met)

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Command Mode (Command Mode Sequence is issued)

3.4SOFTWARE USED The embedded C source code of weather station using zigbee is written for PIC16F877using MPLAB IDE provided by microchip. The code was compiled using HI-TECH C compiler. The hex file was generated and was loaded to the PIC using the same hardware board of, weather station using zigbee using Tiny Boot Loader software.

CHAPTER 4

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure4.1: Circuit diagram

CHAPTER 5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

WEATHER STATION USING ZIGBEE

Figure shows the circuit diagram of Remote Weather station using Zigbee. Here contains a microcontroller (PIC18F6722), LCD module, Zigbee module, temperature sensor, humidity sensor, light sensor and power supply module. This proposed project aims to develop a device that monitors the different weather parameters from remote location. These values are updated to the main server PC at regular intervals. The administrator/official can monitor the situation from any centralized location. 5.1 POWER SUPPLY SECTION

Figure 5.1 power supply In this circuit all devices are working in +5 volt supply. A voltage regulator is an electronic device that supplies a constant voltage to a circuit or load. The output voltage of the voltage regulator is regulated by the internal circuitry of the regulator to the relatively independent of the current drawn by the load, the supply or line voltage and the ambient temperature. A voltage regulator may be part of some larger electronic circuit, but is often a separate unit a module, unusually in the form of an integrated circuit. It is compressed of three basic parts. A voltage reference circuit that produces a reference voltage that is independent of temperature and supply voltage. An amplifier to compare the reference voltage with the fraction of the output voltage that is fed back from the voltage regulator output to the inverting input terminal of the amplifier. A series pass transistor or combination of transistor to provide an

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adequate level of output current to the load being driven. The combination of the amplifier (often called an error amplifier) and the series pass transistors, together with the resistive voltage divider to tap off a portion of the output voltage, constitutes a feedback amplifier. The closed loop amplifier configure act to maintain the traction of the output voltage feed back to the amplifier inverting input terminal equal to the reference voltage that is supplied to the non-inverting input terminal. Three terminal voltage regulators are voltage regulators in which the output voltage is set at some pre-determined value. They therefore, do not require any external feedback connections. As a result, only three terminals are required for this type of generator, input (Vin), output (Vo) and a ground terminal. Since these regulators operate at a present output voltage, the current limit resistor Rd is also internal to the generator. The principle advantage of three terminal regulators is the simplicity of connection to the external circuit, with a minimum of external components required. Indeed, in many applications no external components are required. The simplicity and case of application is evident. The capacitor across the input terminals is required only when the voltage regulator is located more than about 5cm. From the power supply filter capacitor such that the lead inductance between the supply and the regulator may cause stability problems and high frequency oscillations. A very low Effective Series Resistance (ESR) should characterize the capacitor. Acceptable values on generally 0.21 geF ceramic disks, 2mF or greater tantalum, or 25 mF or greater aluminum electrolyte. A capacitor is generally not needed across the output terminals. The use of a suitable capacitor will, however, improve the regulator response to transient changes in the local conditions. And will also reduce the noise present at the regulator output.

WEATHER STATION USING ZIGBEE

The device connected to 15 v DC supply (the input of the regulator IC always greater than Vout+2). The diode D5 (1N4001) protects circuits from reveres current. If we connect reveres polarity of the battery then a reveres current produces and damage the regulator IC. The 15 volt DC passes to the 7812 IC. The output of the IC gives us +12v.A 470 MFD/25v filter capacitor (C12) is used for smoothing purpose. A 47Mf (C13) and 0.1 MF (C8) capacitors are used for surge voltage protection. The output of the LM 7812 gives to the LM7805 IC for producing +5V dc. . A 47Mf (C14) and 0.1 MF (C9) capacitors are used for surge voltage protection. 5.2 MICROCONTROLLER SECTION

Fig: 5.2 Microcontroller section In this circuit contains PIC18f6722 IC , crystal and power supply section. Here a 5v gives to the Vcc pin. It also contains a RST ( RG5) pin this is used to reset the controller. If switch is pressed the RST pin goes to low and controller reset.

WEATHER STATION USING ZIGBEE

Figure 5.2.3

In this circuit contains PIC16f877 IC ,crystal and power supply section. Here a 5v gives to the Vcc pin. It also contains a RST ( mclr) pin this is used to reset the controller. If switch is pressed the RST pin goes to low and controller reset. 5.3 LCD INTERFACING

Figure 5.3: LCD Interfacing

PIN 1 2 3 4

SYMBOL Vss Vcc VEE RS

DESCRIPTION Ground +5V power supply Contrast adjust RS=0 to select command register, RS=1 to

WEATHER STATION USING ZIGBEE PIN 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SYMBOL R/W E DB0 DB0 DB0 DB0 DB0 DB0 DB0 DB0 VLed VGnd DESCRIPTION select data register R/W=0 for write, R/W=1 for read Enable The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus Supply for back LED Ground for Back LED

The voltage of the third pin of the lcd used to adjusting contrast. Here we are connected a variable resistor P1 for adjusting vge of the 3rd pin. The c3 and c7 are used to reject the noise from the supply voltage. The same LCd works as 4 bit interfacing. Here this LCd work as 4bit lcd. So we can connect D4-d7 pins of LCd connected to PB4- PB7.

5.4 SENSOR INTERFACING

Figure5.4 sensor

WEATHER STATION USING ZIGBEE

Figure shows circuit diagram of LM35 ( Temperature Sensor). Temperature sensor (LM35) sense the temperature of atmosphere and it out corresponding analog voltage. It made up of semiconductor substances, which property has negative temperature coefficient. So temperature increases, the output voltage of sensor is also increases. This analog voltage is gives to the microcontroller.

Figure5.4.2

The above shown is the potentiometer which is used to indicate the oil level. The microcontroller consist a10 bit ADC, which converts the analog voltage to corresponding digital values. These values are stores its memories. 5.5 RECEIVER SIDE At the receiver side the data reach the microcontroller through the ZIGBEE bus and through USART it is sent to multiplexer. The multiplexer determines whether it is to be switched to PC. PC is TTL compatible. Hence their voltage requirements will be different and in order to control that MAX232 level converter is used.

CHAPTER 6 PROGRAM
#include<pic.h>

WEATHER STATION USING ZIGBEE

#include"DELAY.c" void LCD(const char *disp); void data(); void delay(); void lcd(); void command(); char a[5],b[5],c[5]; int x,z, i,y,j,k; void main() { TRISC=0X00; TRISD=0X00; TRISA=0x3F; SPBRG=0X81; TXEN=1; SYNC=0; BRGH=1; SPEN=1;

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ADCON1=0X80;

lcd(); PORTD=0X80; command(); LCD("ZIGBEE CONTROLED "); PORTD=0Xc0; command(); LCD("WEATHER STATION "); DelayS(1); PORTD=0X01; command(); while(1) { TXREG='#'; while(TRMT!=1); TXREG='$'; while(TRMT!=1);

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PORTD=0x80; command(); LCD("Hu:"); ADCON0=0x81;//channel0 humidity// DelayMs(100); ADGO=1 while(ADGO!=0); x=ADRESH;

x=x<<8; x=x|ADRESL; for(i=0;i<=3;i++) { a[i]=x%10; x=x/10; } PORTD=0x83; command();

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for(i=3;i>=0;i--) { PORTD=a[i]+'0'; data(); TXREG=a[i]+'0'; while(TRMT!=1); } TXREG='$'; while(TRMT!=1); PORTD=0x88; command(); LCD("Tmp:"); ADCON0=0x89;//channel1 temp// DelayMs(100);

ADGO=1; while(ADGO!=0);

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y=ADRESH<<8; y=ADRESL|y; y=(y*0.48); for(j=0;j<=3;j++) { b[j]=y%10; y=y/10; } PORTD=0X8c; command(); for(j=3;j>=0;j--) { PORTD=b[j]+'0'; data(); TXREG=b[j]+'0'; while(TRMT!=1); } TXREG='$';

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while(TRMT!=1); PORTD=0xc0; command();

LCD("Light:"); ADCON0=0x91;//channel2 LDR// DelayMs(100); ADGO=1; while(ADGO!=0); z=ADRESH<<8; z=ADRESL|z; for(k=0;k<=3;k++) { c[k]=z%10; z=z/10; } PORTD=0Xc6;

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command(); for(k=3;k>=0;k--) { PORTD=c[k]+'0'; data(); TXREG=c[k]+'0'; while(TRMT!=1); } TXREG='$'; while(TRMT!=1);

TXREG='*'; while(TRMT!=1); DelayS(5); } } void lcd()

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{ delay(); PORTD=0X30; command(); delay(); PORTD=0X30; command(); delay(); PORTD=0X38; command(); PORTD=0X01; command(); PORTD=0X06; command(); PORTD=0X0c; command(); }

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void command() { RC5=0; RC0=0; RC1=1; delay(); RC1=0; } void data() { RC5=1; RC0=0; RC1=1; delay(); RC1=0; } void delay()

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{ int k,j; for(k=0;k<=255;k++) { for(j=0;j<=255;j++); }

} void LCD(const char *disp) { while(*disp!='\0') { PORTD=*disp; data(); disp++; } }

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CHAPTER 7 PCB LAYOUT

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Figure7.1: PCB layout

CHAPTER8 PCB FABRICATION

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is piece of art. The performance of an electronic circuit depends on the layout and the design of PCB. A PCB

WEATHER STATION USING ZIGBEE

mechanically supports and connects components by conductive pathways, etched from copper sheets laminated on to insulated substrate. PCB ape used to rotate electrical currents and signals through copper tracts which are firmly bonded to an insulating base. PCB Fabrication involves the following steps: 1. Drawing the layout of the PCB in the paper. The track layout of the Electronic circuit should be made in such manner that the paths are in easy routes. It is then transferred to a Mylar sheet. The sheet is then touched with black ink. 2. The solder side of the Mylar sheet is placed on the shiny side of the fiveStar sheet and is placed in a frame. Then it is exposed to sunlight with Mylar sheet facing the sunlight. 3. The exposed five- star sheet is put in Hydrogen Peroxide solution. Then it is put in hot water and shook till unexposed region becomes transparent. 4. This is put in cold water and then the rough side is stuck on to the silk screen. This is then pressed and dried well. 5. The plastic sheet of the five- star sheet is removed leaving the pattern on the screen. 6. A copper clad sheet is cut to the size and cleaned. This is placed under screen. 7. As it resistant ink if spread on the screen so that a pattern of tracks and a pad is obtained on a copper clad sheet. It is then dried. 8. The dried sheet is then etched using Ferric chloride solution (32Baume) till all the unwanted Copper is etched away. Swish the board to keep the each fluid moving. Lift up the PCB and check whether all the unwanted

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Copper is removed. Etching is done by immersing the marked copper clad in Ferric Chloride solution. After that the etched sheet is dried. 9. The unwanted resist ink is removed using Sodium Hydroxide solution Holes are them dried.

SOLDERING Soldering is the process of joining metals by using lower melting point to weld or alloy with joining surface. SOLDERING STEPS 1. Make the layout of the component in the circuit. Plug in the chord of the soldering iron the mains to get heated. 2. Straighten and clean the component leads using a blade or a knife. 3. Mount the components on the PCB by bending the leads of the components. Use nose pliers. 4. Apply flux on the joints and solder the joints. Soldering must be in minimum time to avoid dry soldering and heating up of the components. 5. Wash the residue using water and brush. 6. Solder joins should be inspected when completed to determine if they have been properly made.

Chapter 9 COMPONENT LAYOUT

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Figure9.1: component layout

CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

WEATHER STATION USING ZIGBEE

We hereby conclude our project WEATHER STATION USING ZIGBEE. This system is meant for Real-time weather monitoring system which
continuously monitors the environmental changes and weather conditions. This can be

useful for monitoring the weather conditions in the remote areas. With the help of this remote weather monitoring station, the master control station located at another geographical area can constantly receive the weather data. The remote weather system monitors temperature, humidity, light intensity, vibration etc. and sends the data to the master control station with at regular intervals, thus updating the data. Through this project we understand the basic principle of weather broadcasting system. From this project we also get the basic idea about the working of sensors. In future this project can be elaborated using more sensors and alarms.

CHAPTER 11

ADVANTAGES
Weather can be monitored from remote place.

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Execution of the System is faster Detection of the Temperature conditions will help us to avoid damages.

CHAPTER 12 SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS OF PROJECT

12.1 SCOPE

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This system is developed for monitoring weather reporting application only. It also can be controlled by using controller at the receiver side.

12.2 APPLICATIONS Weather Reporting System. Industrial Applications.

CHAPTER 13

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. PIC microcontroller and embedded systems Mohammed Ali Mazidi,
Pearson Education (2nd Edition).

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2. Wireless communication system by Roodey Coolen- PHI. 3. Communication Electronics by Louis E. Frencel 4. Basic for PIC Microcontroller By (By Nebojsa Matic, English
version).

5. www.zig.combeealliance.com 6. www.wikipedia.org 7. www.microchip.com/maps