Cell Biology

A. Cell Theory

1. All organisms are composed of _________.

2. The human body has over ________ different types of cells.

3. The _____________ and ___________ of an organism is due to the activity of its

cells.

4. Cells come from ______________ cells

B. All cells are surrounded by a cell (_________) membrane made of __________ and
_____________.

1. The cell membrane separates the ________________ fluid (ICF) from the
_______________________ fluid (ECF).

2. The plasma membrane is _____% lipids with around ____% of those being
______________________.

a. Due to their ________________, phospholipids arrange themselves into a

______________________.

3. ____________________within the fatty acids composes _______% of the membrane

lipids.

a. Cholesterol ____________________ the membrane by interacting with the

________________________.

4. The remaining lipids are _______________________ that are at the cell surface for
_____________________ with other cells and ______________________.

5. __________________ compose _____% of the plasma membrane, but because of

their size make up ___________% of the weight.

a. Membrane proteins function as _________________, second messengers,

________________, _______________, _______________, cell-
identity and cell adhesion molecules.

i. ___________________________ systems relay information from a primary

message being received at the cell _____________ receptors that
trigger a second messenger in the __________________.

ii. The most common second messenger is through the ___________.

b. ________________ are bound to a cell surface receptor and are activated

upon receptor binding.
 c. The G protein activation activates another membrane protein called
__________________________.

d. Adenylate cyclase transfers two _________________ from ATP to form

___________________ (cAMP).

e. cAMP activates proteins called _______________ that activate other enzymes

by transferring ____________________.

C. Intercellular junctions

1. ___________ junctions close space between cells and are located among cells that
form linings.

2. _________________ form “spot welds” between cells similar to a snap on a pair of

jeans.

a. Desmosomes can resist _____________________ stress, but do not

completely encircle a cell.

3. ___________________ consist of six transmembrane proteins surrounding a pore

connecting two cells.

a. Gap junctions allow two cells to share _______________.

D. Organelles

1. The __________________________ (ER) is a connected, membrane-bound network of

channels that acts as a ________________ system.

a. It splits the ________________ into different compartments and is the site

of_____________ synthesis.

b. The _____________ ER is studded with __________________ which interpret the

genetic code and synthesize proteins.

c. The _____________ ER lacks __________________ and is the site of lipid

synthesis for all membranes and detoxifies alcohol.

2. The __________ apparatus has the appearance of flattened discs.

a. It modifies, packages and delivers ____________ from ER through

_____________.

b. ________________ are membranous sacs that store substances.

3. ___________________ are membranous sacs with inner partitions (double

membrane)
 a. There are over 70 different __________________ enzymes within each
mitochondrion.

b. They possess their own ______ (mtDNA)

c. Proteins of mitochondria are coded for by nuclear and mtDNA.

d. They are the main site of ______________________________ in the cell.

4. ____________________ are the garbage disposals of the cell.

a. They contain _________________ to _____________ molecular debris, bacteria

and viruses.

b. If a cell is damaged, its lysosomes will ______________ and the cell will
undergo ___________________.

5. ______________________ have structure and function similar to lysosomes.

a. They ____________________ (break down) very long chain fatty acids and
digest drugs and other harmful agents into harmless byproducts

6. ________________ are extensions of the plasma membrane used to increase a cells

___________________ for ___________________ or _____________________.

7. __________ are hairlike processes that can _________ substances along them like
mucus, egg cells or an embryo.

8. The only cells will a ____________________ in humans is the sperm cell which is its
means of movement.

9. The _______________ is the control center of the cell.

a. It contains a ______________________ which is a porous double membrane.

b. The ____________________ is the site of ________________ production and is a

dense collection of RNA and protein.

10. The _______________________ is a collection of protein ________________ that

provides _______________, _______________ substances through the cell, and help provide
movement for the cell.

Review Questions

1. What are the major organelles of the cell and their functions?

2. What are the components of the cell membrane and their functions?

3. How are cells joined together in tissues?

4. What are some ways that intercellular junctions affect cell function?

5. What organelles contain DNA?

6. What is the site of vesicle formation?

7. What are the differences between cilia, flagella, and microvilli?

8. What is the purpose of the microvilli?

9. Why might a cell possess a desmosome instead of a tight junction?

10. Describe a second messenger system.

11. What are the functions of plasma membrane proteins?

12. What types of lipids comprise the plasma membrane?

13. What separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid?

14. How many different kinds of cells are there in the human body?

15. What would be the effect on the cell of a loss of mitochondrial function?

16. What would happen to the cell if the lysosome ruptures?