Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering

and Special Projects Section

CHAPTER 3. ESTIMATING BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID POOL FIRE, HEAT RELEASE RATE, BURNING DURATION, AND FLAME HEIGHT
Version 1805.0
The following calculations estimate the heat release rate, burning duration, and flame height for liquid pool fire. Parameters in YELLOW CELLS are Entered by the User. Parameters in GREEN CELLS are Automatically Selected from the DROP DOWN MENU for the Fuel Selected. All subsequent output values are calculated by the spreadsheet and based on values specified in the input parameters. This spreadsheet is protected and secure to avoid errors due to a wrong entry in a cell(s). The chapter in the NUREG should be read before an analysis is made.

INPUT PARAMETERS
Fuel Spill Volume (V) Fuel Spill Area or Dike Area (Adike) Mass Burning Rate of Fuel (m") Effective Heat of Combustion of Fuel (DHc,eff) Fuel Density (r) Empirical Constant (kb) Ambient Air Temperature (Ta) Gravitational Acceleration (g) Ambient Air Density (ra) Note: Air density will automatically correct with Ambient Air Temperature (T a) Input 5.00 9.00 0.051 43500 760 3.6 77.00
gallons ft2 kg/m -sec kJ/kg kg/m3 m-1 F
25.00 C 298.00 K
2
3 0.0189 m 2 0.836 m

9.81 m/sec2 3 1.18 kg/m

Calculate
THERMAL PROPERTIES DATA
BURNING RATE DATA FOR LIQUID HYDROCARBON FUELS Fuel Methanol Ethanol Butane Benzene Hexane Heptane Xylene Acetone Dioxane Diethy Ether Benzine Gasoline Kerosine Diesel JP-4 JP-5 Transformer Oil, Hydrocarbon 561 Silicon Transformer Fluid Fuel Oil, Heavy Crude Oil Lube Oil User Specified Value Mass Burning Rate m" (kg/m2-sec) 0.017 0.015 0.078 0.085 0.074 0.101 0.09 0.041 0.018 0.085 0.048 0.055 0.039 0.045 0.051 0.054 0.039 0.005 0.035 0.0335 0.039 Enter Value Heat of Combustion DHc,eff (kJ/kg) 20,000 26,800 45,700 40,100 44,700 44,600 40,800 25,800 26,200 34,200 44,700 43,700 43,200 44,400 43,500 43,000 46,000 28,100 39,700 42,600 46,000 Enter Value Density r (kg/m3) 796 794 573 874 650 675 870 791 1035 714 740 740 820 918 760 810 760 960 970 855 760 Enter Value Empirical Constant Select Fuel Type kb (m-1) JP-4 100 100 2.7 2.7 1.9 1.1 1.4 1.9 5.4 0.7 3.6 2.1 3.5 2.1 3.6 1.6 0.7 100 1.7 2.8 0.7 Enter Value

Scroll to desired fuel type Click on selection

Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering , 3rd Edition, 2002, Page 3-26.

ESTIMATING POOL FIRE HEAT RELEASE RATE

Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering , 3rd Edition, 2002, Page 3-25.

Q = m"DHc,eff (1 - e-kb D) Adike Where Q = pool fire heat release rate (kW) m" = mass burning rate of fuel per unit surface area (kg/m2-sec) DHc,eff = effective heat of combustion of fuel (kJ/kg) Af = Adike = surface area of pool fire (area involved in vaporization) (m2) kb = empirical constant (m-1) D = diameter of pool fire (diameter involved in vaporization, circular pool is assumed) (m) Pool Fire Diameter Calculation pD2/4 Adike = Where D = (4Adike/p) D= Adike = surface area of pool fire (m2) D = pool fire diamter (m) 1.032 m
(Liquids with relatively high flash point, like transformer oil, require localized heating to achieve ignition)

Heat Release Rate Calculation Q = m"DHc,eff (1-e-kb D) Adike Q= 1809.75 kW

1715.31 Btu/sec

Answer

ESTIMATING POOL FIRE BURNING DURATION

Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering , 2nd Edition, 1995, Page 3-197.

tb = 4V / pD2n Where tb = burning duration of pool fire (sec) V = volume of liquid (m3) D = pool diameter (m) n = regression rate (m/sec) Calculation for Regression Rate n= m"/r n = regression rate (m/sec) Where m" = mass burning rate of fuel (kg/m2-sec) r = liquid fuel density (kg/m3) n= 0.000067 m/sec Burning Duration Calculation tb = 4V/pD2n tb = 337.33 sec 5.62 minutes

Answer

Note that a liquid pool fire with a given amount of fuel can burn for long periods of time over small area or for short periods of time over a large area.

ESTIMATING POOL FIRE FLAME HEIGHT METHOD OF HESKESTAD

Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering , 2nd Edition, 1995, Page 2-10.

Hf = 0.235 Q2/5 - 1.02 D Where Hf = pool fire flame height (m) Q = pool fire heat release rate (kW) D = pool fire diameter (m)

Pool Fire Flame Height Calculation Hf = 0.235 Q2/5 - 1.02 D

Answer

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

Hf =

3.67 m

12.04 ft

Answer

METHOD OF THOMAS
Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering , 2nd Edition, 1995, Page 3-204.

Hf = 42 D (m"/ra (g D))0.61 Where Hf = pool fire flame height (m) m" = mass burning rate of fuel per unit surface area (kg/m2-sec) ra = ambient air density (kg/m3) D = pool fire diameter (m) g = gravitational acceleration (m/sec2) Pool Fire Flame Height Calculation Hf = 42 D (m"/ra (g D))0.61 Hf = 3.14 m 10.30 ft

Answer

Flame Height Calculation - Summary of Results

Calculation Method METHOD OF HESKESTAD METHOD OF THOMAS Flame Height (ft) 12.04 10.30

ESTIMATING POOL FIRE RESULTS FOR RANDOM SIZE SPILLS USING INPUT PARAMETERS
Area (ft2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 20 25 50 75 100 Area (m2) 0.09 0.19 0.28 0.37 0.46 0.56 0.65 0.74 0.84 0.93 1.02 1.11 1.21 1.30 1.39 1.86 2.32 4.65 6.97 9.29 Diameter (m) 0.34 0.49 0.60 0.69 0.77 0.84 0.91 0.97 1.03 1.09 1.14 1.19 1.24 1.29 1.33 1.54 1.72 2.43 2.98 3.44 Q (kW) 201.08 402.17 603.25 804.33 1005.41 1206.50 1407.58 1608.66 1809.75 2010.83 2211.91 2412.99 2614.08 2815.16 3016.24 4021.66 5027.07 10054.14 15081.21 20108.28 tb (sec) 3035.96 1517.98 1011.99 758.99 607.19 505.99 433.71 379.50 337.33 303.60 276.00 253.00 233.54 216.85 202.40 151.80 121.44 60.72 40.48 30.36 Hf (ft) (Heskestad) 5.28 6.86 7.99 8.90 9.67 10.35 10.97 11.52 12.04 12.52 12.97 13.39 13.80 14.18 14.55 16.17 17.56 22.62 26.21 29.08 Hf (ft) (Thomas) 4.80 6.11 7.03 7.77 8.40 8.95 9.44 9.89 10.30 10.69 11.05 11.39 11.71 12.01 12.30 13.60 14.69 18.70 21.53 23.79

Caution! The purpose of this random spill size chart is to aid the user in evaluating the hazard of random sized spills. Please note that the calculation doe not take into account the viscosity or volatility of the liquid, or the absorptivity of the surface. The results generated for small volume spills over large areas should be used with extreme caution.
NOTE
The above calculations are based on principles developed in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2nd Edition, 1995. Calculations are based on certain assumptions and have inherent limitations. The results of such calculations may or may not have reasonable predictive capabilities for a given situation, and should only be interpreted by an informed user. Although each calculation in the spreadsheet has been verified with the results of hand calculation, there is no absolute guarantee of the accuracy of these calculations. Any questions, comments, concerns, and suggestions, or to report an error(s) in the spreadsheets, please send an email to nxi@nrc.gov or mxs3@nrc.gov.

Prepared by: Checked by: Additional Information

Date Date

Organization Organization

Revision Log 1805.0

Description of Revision Original issue with final text.

Date January 2005