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APPROPRIATE CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCLUSVE GROWTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

45th Engineers Day 15th September 2012 Institute of Engineers, Bareilly Local Centre
by GAGAN GOEL DY.MANAGER (ELECTRICAL)

Key points
Global Warming & Green House Effect Climate Change Global Warming Measurement Global Warming Impact on us Solution to Global Warming What should WE do to reduce Global Warming? IFFCOs role in combating Global Warming A brief about the technology of Solar panel cum LED street light

UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL WARMING

Climate Change
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), variations in solar radiationreceived by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and humaninduced alterations of the natural world; these latter effects are currently causing global warming, and "climate change" is often used to describe human-specific impacts.

IPCC: Measuring Global Warming


To provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of global warming & climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic consequences the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was created in 1988 by the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Approximately 2,500 scientists appointed by 130 countries participated in compiling the latest IPCC report (2007) & it concludes that most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century was very likely caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation.

GLOBAL WARMING & CO2


Findings reveal that the main greenhouse gas, CO2, has been rising faster than at any other time over the past 20,000 years. CO2 has increased from 280 parts per million (ppm) in 1750 A.D. to the present day level of 380 ppm (most of which has occurred in the last 50 years). The average worldwide surface temperature is about 14 C. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 0.18 C between the start and the end of the 20th century. The IPCC states that the global temperature will rise by 1.1 C to 6.4 C over the next 100 years.

Impact of Global Warming (1 C increase)


Mount Kilimanjaro (highest mountain in Africa at 5,895 metres) will lose all its ice Rare species will be wiped out, coral reefs such as the Great Barrier Reef will be largely destroyed
Island nations will submerge under the rising sea levels.

Impact of Global Warming (2 C increase)


Greenland will tip into irreversible melt (accelerating sea-level rise and threatening coastal cities around the world) Polar bears and other species that require a stable ice platform for survival will become extinct in the Arctic

Impact of Global Warming (3 C increase)


Water shortages in many cities World will experience a net food deficit Glacial retreat in the Himalayas means the Ganges River will run dry and millions of environmental refugees will flee.

Impact of Global Warming (4 C increase)


Global sea level shall rise of half a meter or more above current levels A third of Bangladesh shall be threatened by rising seas and millions will become climate refugees, All glaciers will disappear in the Alps range, further reducing water supplies in central Europe.

Impact of Global Warming (5 C increase)


Earth will become hotter than any other time in 55 million years Methane hydrate will be released from underneath oceans resulting in tsunamis in coastal regions. By this stage most of the world will be uninhabitable. A drastic reduction in human population is unambiguously the most likely outcome.

Impact of Global Warming (Finally 6 C increase)


Mass extinction of species of fish, birds, reptiles & some mammals. 251 million years ago (the endPermian mass extinction) there was a temperature increase between 6C 8C degrees. This led to coral reefs dying and 90% of the earths species being wiped out. This may have been due to a series of volcanic eruptions releasing CO2 and SO2. This period gives us an indication of the possible impact this rise in temperature could cause. If six degrees of warming does occur then it is likely human beings will become extinct too.

The Solution
ONLY ONE SOLUTION

REDUCE FOSSIL FUEL BURNING & PLANT TREES 0.43 kg CO2 per kWh Electricity
(for short term electricity savings such as switching off lights and computers at night, reducing air conditioning and heating use, etc.)

0.54 kg CO2 per kWh


(for long term investment decisions e.g. building zero carbon housing or business premises, investing in on-site renewables etc.)

Natural Gas Coal Petrol (gasoline)

0.19 kg CO2 per kWh 0.32 kg CO2 per kWh 0.24 kg CO2 per kWh 2.30 kg CO2 per litre 0.20 kg CO2 per KM, in a typical car

Diesel fuel

0.25 kg CO2 per kWh 2.63 kg CO2 per litre

What should we do?


1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Recycling one aluminium can saves 90% of the 2. Use energy needed Airproduce a new one - 9kg of CO2 Less Heat and to Conditioning emissions per kilogram of aluminium! For 1kg of Keep moderate temperatures at all times. recycled plastics, the CFL / is 1.5kg of 3. Change a Light Bulb withsaving LED lamps CO2; for 1kg of recycled glass, it is 300 gram of CO2; and recycling If 100 W of paper instead of 11 W CFL than avoids 900 gram 1kg bulb is replaced with land filling it 390 KG of CO2 can 4. Drive Less emissions hrs wellday running emissions. be saved in a year @12 as per as methane of CO2 and Drive Smart carpooling to go to work or Walk, use community Bus/train & try Instead of a fresh piece of paper for rough school. One litre using Products 5. Buy work, turnof petrolasaving can reduce 2.30 kg CO2. the other Energy-Efficient used copy and write on over Choose a car that offers good mileage & buy Home appliances side. with higher Water 6. Use Less Hotenergy star rating models which use less energy. Wash your clothes in warm or cold water to reduce use of hot water use

What should we do?


7. Use the "Off" Switch & activate standby setting of computer
Your PC consumes 121 W when running 2 applications &By this simple 7 W when shutdown or standby mode. It takes zero wattaonly when you switch off Turn off lights when you leave room, and use only as 8. Plant Hence, all as you activateAnd rememberon setting, we may main supply. a Treeshould need. standby mode totheir PC for 5 much light turn off your save about minutes of inactivity as shown: stereo and computer when you're not 102 TV, Sat. top Box,

9. Conduct periodic energy audit electricity off oxygen. A single tree will absorb approximately
1 ton of CO2 during its lifetime.

units of using them. During photosynthesis, trees absorb CO2 & give

10. Encourage Others to Conserve

(equivalent to switch off a tube-light (55W) for 1800 hours) or

60 KG of CO2 per Share information about recycling and energy conservation year on 1 PC.. with your friends, neighbors and co-workers.

Contribution of IFFCO Aonla


IFFCO Aonla has always been no.1 in adopting new energy efficient technology which in turn saves fossil fuel & reduce global warming e.g. CDR plant Prevents to mix 450 ton of CO2 daily in atmosphere i.e. equal to planting 2250 trees daily Reduction of steam consumption at Ammonia plants by ESP which reduced approximately 262711 ton of CO2 per year or planting 3600 trees daily. Walk on Saturday duty initiative saved approximately 250 KG CO2 per Saturday (assuming 300 persons use car & another 300 person uses bike for total 3 KM run on Saturday & 2.30 kg CO2 per litre) Various energy saving scheme e.g. replacement of high wattge light & choke into less watt consuming CFL & electronic ballast. 250 nos. LED light has been procured for street light etc. Each have significant effect on reducing GHG.

Effort of IFFCO for reduction of Global Warming


IFFCO created Alternative & Renewable Energy & Natural Resource Management (ARENRM) cell at H.O. from 1st January 2010.

PROPOSALS BY ARENRM
Reduction of water consumption in plant & township Solar Water heater on each community building Replacement of 20% street light by solar panel cum LED light. Possibility of Wind Power plant at Pantia by Kandla unit. Encouragement of pooling of vehicles Electric Vehicle at Aonla / Phulpur Convert & certify existing office building e.g. IFFCO HO, Marketing offices & Technical Building into Green Building Solar Farming at bagging plant building VAM for air conditioning of control room & non plant buildings

The Technology of Solar panel cum LED street light

Solar PV Cell
Solar Cells convert the suns radiation directly into electricity. These cells are made of semi-conducting materials. When sunlight is absorbed by these materials, the solar energy knocks electrons loose from their atoms, allowing the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. This process of converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage) is called the photovoltaic effect.

Electricity generation from Solar cell

Efficiency of solar Cell


Efficiency is a ratio of the electric power output to the light power input. Ideally, near the equator at noon on a clear day, the solar radiation is approximately 1000 W/m. So a 10% efficient module of 1 square meter can power a 100 W light bulb.

Available Cell Technologies


Single-crystal or Mono-crystalline Silicon
Efficiency -12% - 20% Most expensive

Polycrystalline or Multi-crystalline Silicon


Efficiency -10% - 12% Less expensive than single crystalline modules

Ribbon silicon or Thin film


Efficiency -6% - 8% Least expensive

History of Lighting
3 traditional Technologies:
Fire Incandescence

Fluorescence & High Intensity discharge

Oil lamp

Incandescent bulbs

Fluorescent tubes / CFL

The fourth lighting technology

HIGH BRIGHT LED LIGHT

LED Growth
Color Red
Semiconductor Material Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP) Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP) Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) Aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP) Zinc selenide (ZnSe) Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) Silicon carbide (SiC) as substrate Silicon (Si) as substrate Blue/UV diode with yellow phosphor

Green

Blue

White

LED Growth

The Early Years


Traffic

Current

Emerging

Signal

Architectural Entertainment

General Illumination

Automotive Tail Lamps Signage, gadgets

Specialty, Automotive headlamp

LED Lights

Efficiency

Advantages & Disadvantages


Advantages Efficiency: more light per watt than incandescent bulbs. Color: can emit light of an intended color without use of the color filters. On/Off time: light up very quickly. Dimming: can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-width modulation Cool light: radiate very little heat in the form of IR Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time Lifetime: 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life Shock resistance: solid state components Toxicity: LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike fluorescent lamps. Disadvantages High initial price Temperature dependence Voltage sensitivity: must be supplied with voltage above the threshold. Area light source: difficult to use in applications requiring a spherical light field.

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