INTRODUCTION TO GSM. 1. Some Basics 2.

GSM Architecture & Acronyms ( Frequencies , Channel size , TDMA, FDMA, Data , GMSK Modulation, GSM Network Architecture ) 3. L1 3.1 Burst ( F-Burst , Synchronization etc , guard period etc) 3.2 Multi Frames 3.3 Channels 3.4 Hopping Sequence , Channel Coding, interleaving, Modulation, Demodulation 4. L2 5. L3

Some Basics
Signal: Signal is an electric current or Electro magnetic field used to convey data from one place to another. Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transmitted from one point to another in a given period of time. Band width = data transfer rate (represented by bits per second ) Modem: Modulate out going Digital Signal from a digital device to analog signal . Demodulate incoming analog signal to digital signal Modulation : It is addition of user information to carrier signal Demodulation : It is the process of re creating original modulated signal from RF-carrier is called demodulation / detection Different kinds of Modulation : Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation Amplitude Modulation Phase Modulation : Phase modulation (PM) is a method of impressing data onto an alternating-current waveform by varying the instantaneous phase of the wave Phase-shift keying (PSK) : It is a method of digital communication in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey information. There are several methods that can be used to accomplish PSK

MSK : In PSK there is a sharp transitions of phases between "one" and "zero" states and vice versa potentially creates signals that have sidebands extending out a long way from the carrier, and this creates problems for many radio communications systems To over come this MSK modulation, it uses different frequencies for Logic 0 & Logic 1, and frequency difference between the logical one and logical zero states is always equal to half the data rate. This can be expressed in terms of the modulation index, and it is always equal to 0.5.

GMSK uses Guasian Low pase filter

Barrer Channel
A B channel is a 64-Kbps unit of clear digital bandwidth. Used to transmit user information

D Channel (Delta channel )

A D channel is a signaling channel. There are two types of D-channels (16-Kbps, 64-Kbps) Basic Rate Access (BRA) 192 Kbps : 2B Channels , one 16 Kbps D channel + 48 Kbps of bandwidth for maintenance Primary Rate Access (PRA ) 2048 Kbps : 30 B channel + 64 Kbps D-channel + 64 Kbps of bandwidth for maintenance (Used in GSM Network )

GSM Architecture & Acronyms

Frequency : RAT GSM E-GSM D CS UL 890-915 880-915 1710 -1785 DL 935-960 925-960 1805 1880 ARFCNs 125 ( 0 to 124) 175 ( 0 to 124, 975 to 1023) 375 ( 512 to 885)

The Three Sub Systems of GSM

The Switching System:

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber-related functions. The switching system includes the following functional units. Home location register (HLR) The HLR is a database used for storage and management of subscriptions.It stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location information, and activity status.. Mobile services switching center (MSC) The MSC performs the telephony switching functions of the system. It does following activities : Call Control, Initiation of Paging , handovers ( Inter BSC handvers ) etc

Visitor location register (VLR) The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. VLR gets information Regarding from HLR when MS enters the servcing area of the MSC-VLR VLR has : Subscriber Identity info ( TMSI etc ) , Authentication information of SIM , etc Authentication center (AUC) A unit called the AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. Equipment identity register (EIR) The EIR is a database that contains information about the identity of mobile equipment(IMEI) that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective mobile stations.

The Base Station System (BSS):

All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs). the current BSC The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of BSCs are served by an MSC. BTS The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.