Meeting 01
Dewi Yanti Liliana, S.Kom, M.Kom Computer Science UB
A pattern is an object, process or event that can be given a name. A pattern class (or category) is a set of patterns sharing common attributes and usually originating from the same source. During recognition (or classification) given objects are assigned to prescribed classes. A classifier is a machine which performs classification.
Categories (Classes)
Supervised Classification
Discriminant Analysis
Unsupervised Classification
Clustering
Examples of applications
Handwritten: sorting letters by postal code, input device for PDAs.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Biometrics Diagnostic systems Military applications
Printed texts: reading machines for blind people, digitalization of text documents. Face recognition, verification, retrieval. Finger prints recognition. Speech recognition. Medical diagnosis: X-Ray, EKG analysis. Machine diagnostics, waster detection. Automated Target Recognition (ATR). Image segmentation and analysis (recognition from aerial or satelite photographs).
The Design
The design of a pattern recognition system essentially involves the following three aspects:
data acquisition data representation decision making
PR Approaches
Statistical PR: based on underlying statistical model of patterns and pattern classes. Structural (or syntactic) PR: pattern classes represented by means of formal structures as grammars, automata, strings, etc. Neural networks: classifier is represented as a network of cells modeling neurons of the human brain (connectionist approach). Template Matching: based on template
Basic concepts
Pattern
y
Hidden state
x1 x2 xn
Feature vector
x X
- Cannot be directly measured. - Patterns with equal hidden state belong to the same class.
Task
y Y
- To design a classifer (decision rule) : X q Y which decides about a hidden state based on an onbservation.
Example
height Task: jockey-hoopster recognition.
x1
weight
x2
{H , J }
Linear classifier:
Training examples
{( x1 , y1 ), , (x l , yl )}
x2
q(x)
H if (w x) b 0 J if (w x) b 0
y J
( w x) b 0
x1
Components of PR system
Patter n Sensors and preprocessing Feature extraction Classifier Class assignment
Teacher
Learning algorithm
Sensors and preprocessing. A feature extraction aims to create discriminative features good for classification. A classifier. A teacher provides information about hidden state -- supervised learning. A learning algorithm sets PR from training examples.