Heat Chapter-10

Answer to the Short Questions

(a) What is calorie, kilo-calorie and joule? Ans.: Calorie : One calorie is a quantity of heat which is required to raise the temperature of one gramme pure water through one degree Celsius. Explanation : If 10 calorie heat is required to increase 1oC of 1 gm pure water, then mt calorie heat is required to increase toC of m gm pure water. 50 calorie heat means the heat requires increasing 1oC temperature of 50 gm water. Kilo-calorie : Kilo-calorie is a quantity of heat which is required to raise the temperature of one kilogramme pure water through one degree Celsius. As, 1 kilogramme = 1000 gm . . . 1 kilo-calorie = 1000 calorie Explanation : As calorie is a small unit, so there is another big unit of the same process which is kilo-calorie. Joule : If a force of 1 N is applied to a body at a point such that the point of application of the force moves a distance of 1 m towards the direction of the force. Then the work done is said to be one joule. Explanation : Unit of heat is not calorie now a day. Scientists of different countries decided that one unit is sufficient for different kind of energies. For that reason, in S.I. unit, the unit of heat is joule. (b) What is the relation between calorie and joule?

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Ans.: Calorie : One calorie is a quantity of heat which is required to raise the temperature of one gm pure water through one degree Celsius. Joule : If a force of 1 N is applied to a body at a point such that the point of application of the force moves a distance of 1 m towards the direction of the force. Then the work done is said to be one joule. Relation between calorie and joule : 1 calorie = 4.2 joule, 1 joule = 0.24 calorie. (c) What is specific heat? Ans.: Specific heat : The property for which the increase of temperature depends of different materials is called heat capacity or in short, specific heat. The specific heat of a substance is the heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of it through 1 degree. In S.I. unit, the specific heat of a substance is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature 1 Kg substance through a temperature of 1okelvin. Specific heat of substance is not a number only. It has unit. The unit of specific heat is joule per kilogramme Kelvin, in short, J/kg-k. Example : The specific heat is 4200 joule/kg-k means that 4200 joule heat energy will be required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1o Kelvin. (d) What are the modes of transmission of heat? Ans.: Heat flows from the place of higher temperature to the place of lower temperature. This process of flow of heat from one place to another place is called transmission of heat. There are three processes of transmission of heat : 1. Conduction 2. Convection 3. Radiation. (e) What is meant by good and bad-conductors of heat? Ans.: Good conductor of heat : Through some material heat is transmitted from one place to another quickly. These materials are called good conductors of heat. Example : Iron, aluminium, copper, gold, silver etc. almost all metals are good conductors of heat.

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Bad-conductor of heat : Through some substances heat can not pass quickly, but can be transmitted slowly. These substances are called bad-conductors of heat. Example : Glass, wood, rubber, paper, cotton, wool, cork etc. and all types of liquid and gaseous materials are bad conductors of heat. (f) What do you mean by the conductivity of heat of matter? Ans.: Conductivity of heat : Heat conductivity of different substances are different. Through some materials heat is conducted very quickly and through some substances heat is conducted very slowly. This capacity of heat transmission depends on some special property of matter. This property of matter is called thermal conductivity.
Copper Glass Iron Pin

Fig.: Experiment to show conduction

In other words, the property upon which the rate of heat-transmission depends is called the conductivity of heat; the capacity of heat transmission of matter is called the thermal conductivity of that matter. (g) The specific heat of iron is 450 joule / Kg-K. What do you mean by this? Ans.: The specific heat of a substance is the heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of it through 1 degree. So, specific heat of iron is 450 joule / Kg-K means that 450 joule heat energy will be required to raise the temperature of 1 Kg of iron by 1oKelvin. (h) Why do you wear woolen clothes in winter? Ans.: Cause of wearing woolen clothes in winter : In winter we put on woolen clothes. The fibres of wool remain loose, and in the gap air is confined. Wool and air are bad conductors of heat. So, when we wear woolen clothes the heat of the body can not go out. That is why the body remains warm with its own temperature. We call woolen clothes as warm clothes. As a matter of fact the clothes are not warm, but we feel warm when we put on these clothes. Again the fibres in which more air is confined in the gap of the yarn, more the fibres will be felt hot. When air is confined in the fibres heat can not flow inside the fibres or outside the fibres by conductivity process and as air is the non conductor of heat it protects for

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conducing heat. For this reason, if woolen clothes are worn it feels colder in winter and very hot in summer. (i) Why a house made of straw shade remains cool in summer and warm in winter? Ans.: Cause of a house made of straw shade remaining cool in summer and warm in winter : Some times the shade of a house is made of straw. In this shade some air is confined within the straw. Both straw and air are bad conductors of heat. So in hot days the scorching rays of the sun cannot be conducted within the room. As a result the room remains cool. Again in winter, the temperature out side the room remains less in comparison with the temperature inside the room. The heat within room cannot go out side the room and as such the room remains warm. As a result, house made of straw shade remains cool in summer and warm in winter and staying such types of house is very comfortable. (j) Why is the space between two walls of the body of a thermo flask made vacuum? Ans.: Cause of making the space between two walls of the body of a thermo flask : In thermo flask hot substances remain hot and cold substances remain cold for a long time. Some arrangements are taken for the construction of a thermo flask, so that the heat inside the thermo flask can not flow out side and the heat out side the thermo flask can not enter inside the flask by any process of conduction, convection or radiation.

Fig.: Thermoflask

The wall of the thermo flask is made of glass. The space between the two glasses is made vacuum. As the space between two walls is made vacuum, so heat cannot out or enter into the vessel by conduction or convection. The space between two walls is made vacuum due to as such cold things remain cold, and hot things remain hot for much longer time.

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(k) Which one is the quickest process of heat transmission? Ans.: Heat is a kind of energy. Heat flows from the place of higher temperature to the place of lower temperature. This process of flow of heat from one place to another place is called transmission of heat. There are three processes for transmission of heat; (1) conduction (2) convection; (3) radiation. The quickest process of heat transmission among the three processes is radiation. Because, no material medium is necessary for transmission of heat by radiation like conduction and convection. That means, heat flows from the place of higher temperature to the place of lower temperature by radiation without the help of material medium. Actually material medium is present in radiation but the medium is not heated. In radiation process, as heat is transmitted in the form of waves and transmitted in straight line it is the quickest process. (l) What is the basic principle of measurement of heat? Ans.: Principle of measurement of heat : Heat is measured with the help of calorimeter. Calorimeter is a container made of copper or aluminium. In this container exchange of heat between hot and cold bodies can take place without any contact with the surroundings. Hot body gives up heat and cold body takes up heat, until a common and permanent temperature is reached. So, if there is no exchange of heat with any outside body, Heat given up by hot bodies = heat taken up by cold bodies This is the basic principle of measurement of heat.

Answer to the Essay Type Questions

(a) Explain with examples how heat is transmitted by conduction? Ans.: Heat is transmitted from one place to another place. This is called transmission of heat. There are three processes of conduction of heat. These are (1) conduction (2) convection (3) radiation. (1) Conduction : The method by which heat is transmitted from hotter part of a body to colder part of it without changing the positions of the molecules is called conduction.

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The molecules of solid remain closer than the molecules of liquid and gases. So heat flows in the solid by conduction. How heat is transmitted in solid, is described in the following : If flame is held in one end of an iron rod, it is felt that the other end is gradually becoming hot. After some time it will be so hot that it can not be kept it in hand. So, it is seen that heat has reached from one end to another through the medium of iron. But the iron particles did not change their positions. This process of transmission of heat is called conduction. We know that iron rod consists of innumerable number of molecules. The molecules at the end of the rod held in the flame take heat and become hot. As a result the vibration of the molecules increases rapidly. They continue to vibrate remaining more or less at the same position. These vibrating molecules push against the comparatively cold neighboring molecules. As a result the vibration of the cold molecules increases and they are also heated. This increased vibration similarly is transmitted to the neighboring molecules. In this way by increasing vibration in the molecules, heat reaches from one end to the other end of the rod. But molecules do not change their positions; they vibrate more or less at the same position. Heat energy is transmitted from one end to another by such vibration. This process of transmission of heat is called conduction. For conduction of heat, a material medium is necessary. Generally, in solid substances heat is transmitted by conduction. If any hot body is in contact with the cold body, then heat is transmitted by this process. (b) Explain how heat is transmitted by the process of convection? Ans.: Convection : The process by which the heated particles of a substance travels from hotter place to colder place with heat is called convection. That is, the method by which the heated particles of any substance carry heat from hotter place to colder place by changing their positions is called convection. As the molecules of gases and liquids remain on moving, they are heated by convection. Method of transmission of heat by convection : In a flask some water is taken Fig.: Convection and some crystals of potassium permanganate are dropped in it. The crystals collect at the bottom of the flask. Now the flask is heated at the bottom with a

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burner. It will be seen that, current of coloured water is coming up through the middle of the flask from its bottom and another current is flowing down the sides of the flask. The cause of it is that, water takes heat at the bottom of the flask, becomes hot and expands. That is the density of water at the bottom decreases and it becomes light. This light hot water moves upward from the bottom and the cold heavy water from the top moves downward to occupy that space. In this way, two currents of water circulate in opposite direction; one is hot water current moving upward and another cold water current coming downward. This current is called convection. Thus hot particles of water carry heat from the bottom to the top. The cold particles of water moves downward from above get heat and again moves up. This upward and downward movement of the water particles will continue until the entire mass of water of the flask reaches the same temperature; soon the entire water is heated and attains the same temperature. This process of transmission of heat is called convection. Therefore, the heated particles of a substance carry heat changing its position by transmission of heat through convection. The transmission of heat by this method is possible for only gases and liquids. Convection current : The medium which has less intermolecular force, that is gases and liquids substances when transmit heat by convection, creates two opposite current one is upward current of hot water, another one is downward current of cold water. Due to these opposite current, water is gradually become hot. These currents are called convection current or convection flow. (c) What are the differences among conduction, convection and radiation? Ans.: We know, there are three methods of transmission of heat. These are (1) conduction, (2) convection, (3) radiation. The differences between them are as follows : Conduction 1. The method by which heat is transmitted from hotter part of a body to colder part of it without changing the positions of the molecules is called Convection 1. The method by which the heated particles of any substance carry heat from hotter place to colder place by changing their positions is called Radiation 1. The process by which heat is transmitted from a hotter body to a colder one without the help of any material medium is called radiation.

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conduction. 2. Medium is necessary 3. The particles of medium are not displaced. 4. Heat transmits at any direction. 5. Generally this process is occurred in solid substances 6. Medium is heated.

convection. 2. Medium is necessary

4. Heat transmits at straight line. 5. This process can happen without the help of medium. 6. Medium is not necessary. 7. It is a slow process. 7. It is a slow process. 7. It is a quick process. 8. Temperature decreases 8. Temperature decreases 8. Temperature does not as one moves distance as one moves distance change. from the source of heat. from the source of heat (d) If same quantity of heat is applied to two objects of same mass but of different materials, then would there be same rise of temperature in both the cases? Give answer with reasons. Ans.: An iron rod and a glass rod are taken of same weight and one end of them is remained touching together. Heat will transfer at the other end by conduction process. It is observed that the rod of iron will transmit heat from one end of the rod to other end earlier than the rod of glass. It is understood from this that heat conductivity of different substances are different. Through some materials heat is conducted very quickly and through some substances heat is conducted very slowly.

3. The particles medium are displaced. 4. Heat transmits at any direction. 5. Generally this process is occurred in solid and liquid substances. 6. Medium is heated.

2. Medium is not necessary. of 3. Heat transmits as wave.

Copper

Glass

Iron

Pin

Fig.: Experiment to show conduction

The property of matter upon which the rate of heat transmission depends is called the conductivity of heat. Again, the capacity of heat transmission is also called conductivity of heat. Generally it is found that heat conductivity of liquid

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substances is less than that of solid substances and heat conductivity of gaseous substances is much less than solids. Through some material heat is transmitted from one place to another quickly. These materials are called good conductors of heat. So, iron is a good conductor of heat. Through some substances heat can not pass quickly, but can be transmitted slowly. These substances are called bad-conductors of heat. So, glass is a bad conductor of heat. Due to the difference of heat conductivity, rise of temperature of same weight of iron and glass do not increase equally. (e) Describe how air circulates inside a room. Ans.: Process of air circulation inside a room : Due the respiration the air of a room becomes warm. Again, carbon dioxide breathed out through exhale pollutes the air. If there are doors, windows and ventilators in the rooms then the polluted and heated air can go out from the room and cold and pure air can enter into the room through doors and windows. The arrangement of taking the warm air out and allowing pure and cool air to enter into the room is called circulation of air. Every room should have air circulation system. Most of the rooms have small space (small windows) in the wall just under the roof. The warm air inside the room becomes lighter, goes up and comes out through the ventilators. The air from outside enters into the room through doors and windows. In this way by convection air circulates into the room. (f) Describe an experiment to show that the conductivity of different materials is different. Ans.: The following experiment may be done to see that thermal conductivity of different substances is different. Necessary materials : Some rods of same diameters and lengths of different substances (copper, iron, glass), a tripod-stand, a Bunsen burner, few pins and wax etc. Theory : The capacity of heat transmission depends on some special property of matter. This property of matter is called thermal conductivity. In other words the property upon which the rate of heat-transmission depends is called the conductivity of heat; the capacity of heat transmission of matter is called the thermal conductivity of that matter.

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Description : We keep all the rods of copper, iron and glass on a tripod-stand so that one end of them remain touching together and the other ends are kept Pin separated. Iron
Copper Glass

To each of the separated end of the rods fix a pin by wax coating. Then we heat the other ends of the rods with a burner. After sometimes, we will see that the wax at the other ends begin to melt and the pins are falling one after the other but not at the same time.

Fig.: Experiment to show conduction

Observation : The pin stick to the copper rod will fall first and the pin of the glass rod will fall last. Actually, the rod which has the higher thermal conductivity will transmit heat from one end of the rod to the other end earlier and will melt the wax. As a result the pin of the rod will fall first. Result : The thermal conductivity of copper is highest and that of the glass is lowest. Decision : The thermal conductivity of different substances are different. (g) Describe the construction of a thermo flask. How does it keep hot liquid hot and cold liquid cold for a certain time? Ans.: Thermoflask : It is a kind of instrument in which hot substances remains hot and cold substances remains cold for a long time. Construction : Thermoflask consists of a doublewalled glass vessel. The space between two walls is made vacuum. The outer side of the inner wall and inner side of the outer wall are silvered and are made shining. The mouth of the flask is closed with substances (cork or rubber) which are bad conductor of heat. The vessel is then placed on a spring fixed inside another metal vessel. Again the space between the metallic vessel and glass vessel is filled up with bad conductor, felt or cotton. If anything is kept inside the flask according to the above construction, then
Fig.: Thermoflask

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(1) The wall of the thermoflask is made of glass and the mouth is closed with cork. So, conduction of heat is much less. Because, glass and cork are bad conductors of heat. (2) As the space between two walls is vacuum, so heat can not go out or enter into vessel by conduction or convection. (3) As both the wall are silvered and shining and as such heat neither can go out from inside nor can come in from out side by radiation. So, there is provision in the thermoflask to minimize the transmission of heat by the three processes viz conduction, convection and radiation. As a result, the heat from the hot drink kept in a flask cannot go out and again the heat from out side cannot come in and make the cold drink hot kept in it. And as such cold things remain cold and hot things remain hot for much longer time. (h) Describe two examples of practical application of radiation of heat. Ans.: Radiation : The process by which heat is transmitted from a hotter body to a colder one without the help of any material medium (or the medium being heated if there is any) is called radiation. In radiation heat is transmitted in straight lines like light in all direction at the velocity of light. Any body, which obstructs heat, absorbs some portion of it. The absorbing capacity of different substances is different. How much heat will be absorbed, radiated and transmitted, it depends on the nature of the substance. White substances reflect heat more and absorb less. Black bodies have more heat absorbing capacity than that of the white bodies. Its radiating capacity is also very high. (1) We generally put white or light colour dress in summer and black or deep colour dress in winter. Because, when the suns heat falls on white dress, most of the heat is reflected, and very small portion of it is absorbed. That is why white dress does not become hot so easily. On the other hand black or coloured dress absorbs most of the heat and becomes hot. (2) Some the utensil for cooking is coated with clay and is turned black by burning. This rough and black bottom absorbs more heat and cooking is done quickly. If the bottom is made glazy and white most of the heat would be reflected and cooking would take more time.

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(i) If you stand by the side of fire you feel warm, if you keep your hand on it you feel hot. Explain its reasons. Ans.: It is felt hot when any Convection Convection body stands by the side of fire. The reason is that the heat comes to the body from the fire. Here, heat does not come by Radiation conduction. Because, air cannot Radiation conduct heat. It does not also come by convection, because in convection air being heated becomes lighter and goes up; it does not move side ways. Fig.: Transmission of heat from fire
firefire

So it is observed that, heat is transmitted just above the fire through convection or radiation, but heat is transmitted just beside the fire through radiation only. For that reason, heat is more at the top of the fire rather any place besides the fire.

Solution of Problems

1. With 100 calorie of heat what is the rise of temperature of 10 gm of water? Solution.: We know, Rise of temperature by 1 calorie heat on 1 gm water is 1oC 100 1 (1 x 100)oC. 100 10 (
1x 100 o )C 10

= 10oC . . . The required rise of temperature is 10oC

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2. Express 10 calorie of heat energy into joule. Solution.: We know, 1 calorie = 10 = = 4.2 joule ( 4.2 x 10 ) joule 42 joule.

. . . The required answer is 42 joule.

Answer to the Extra Questions

1. What is heat? Ans.: Heat : Heat is a kind of energy. Because heat has the ability to do work. Heat is a kind of energy related to the motions of molecules of matters and this energy produces sensation of hotness or coldness. Unit : Joule (J). 2. What are the differences between heat and temperature? Ans.: Differences between heat and temperature : Heat No Temperature . Heat is a kind of energy which (1) Temperature is the thermal produces sensation of hotness or condition of a body which coldness. indicates whether the bodies which receive heat or give out heat when it is in thermal contact with another body. Flow of heat does not depend on (2) Flow of heat depends on the amount of heat. temperature. The unit of measurement of heat is (3) The unit of measurement of joule. temperature is Kelvin. Heat is the cause of temperature. (4) Temperature is the effect of

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The amount of heat possessed by (5) two bodies may be different even if their temperature is the same. The amount of heat is denoted by . (6) Heat is measured by calorimeter (7)

heat. Temperatures of two bodies may be different even if the amount of heat possessed by them is the same. The amount of temperature is denoted by oC or K. Temperature is measured by thermometer.

3. Write down the name of the unit of heat and temperature. Ans.: The unit of heat is Joule (J) and the unit of temperature is Kelvin (K). But still degree Celsius (oC) is used as the unit of temperature. 4. Why heat is a kind of energy? Ans.: Heat is a kind of energy because heat has the ability to do work. The ability to do work is called energy. 5. If amount of heat possessed by two bodies be same, is it possible to be their temperature different? Ans.: If amount of heat possessed by two bodies be same, it is possible to be their temperature different. 6. Generally a body is expanded by applying heat on it, is their any exception of it? Ans.: Yes, there is an exception. If water of 0oC is heated, its volume does not increase rather decreases. This exception is continued up to 4oC. 7. Which instruments are used to measure heat and temperature? Ans.: The instrument by which heat is measured is called calorimeter. The instrument by which temperature is measured is called thermometer.

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8. How heat is transmitted by radiation? Ans.: Radiation : The process by which heat is transmitted from a hotter body to a colder one without the help of any material medium (or the medium being heated Sun if there is any) is called radiation. Explanation : In this process no medium is necessary to transmit heat or if any material medium is present, that will not be heated. Heat can also be transmitted through transparent medium; for example glass, quartz etc.

Radiation

Earth

Fig.: Transmission of heat by radiation

Example : We get heat from the sun in this earth. There is no material medium except atmosphere upto thousands kilometers between the earth and the sun. Heat comes to the earth from the sun in the form of electro-magnetic waves. 9. Why the cork of bottle is heated to detach it? Ans.: The cork of bottle is heated to detach it. Due to heat the volume of the mouth of the bottle is expanded but the cork does not expand. As a result it is easier to detach it. 10. Water is bad conductor of heat prove it by an experiment. Ans.: We fill a test tube with cold water. A piece of ice is dipped in it wounding with wire. Then we make the test tube slightly inclined by holding lower part of it and heat the upper part with a burner. After some time it will be seen that water at the upper portion is not heated, that is through water heat is not conducted. The upper portion is heated by convection. From this it is found that water is a bad conductor of heat.
Fig.: Heating the test tube with water and ice

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Answer to the Objective Questions

1. What is S I unit of heat (a)Calorie (b) kilocalorie (c) Joule (d) watt 2. What is the specific heat of water per kg-k? (a) 1calorie (b) 1 joule (c) 4.2 joule (d) 4200 joule 3. Which one has the highest specific heat? (a) Chalk (b) Water (c) Copper (d) Ice. 4. By which way heat comes from the sun to the earth? (a) Conduction (b) Convection (c) Radiation (d) By all three ways 5. Which one is the good conductor of heat? (a) Air (b) Cane (c) Gold (d) Woolen clothes 6. Which one has the highest absorbing power? (a) Chalk (b) Coal (c) Red colour objects (d) Violet colour objects. Fill in the blanks : (a) To raise the temperature of one gramme water by 1oC... joule heat is required. (b) The S I unit of specific heat is... (c) Heat is transmitted through by the method of .. (d) Heat is transmitted by convection method in case of . and. (e) .. is the quickest process of transmission of heat. (f) Heat is measured with the help of Ans.: (a) 4.2; (b) joule/kg-k; (c) conduction (d) liquid, gas; (e) Radiation; (f) calorimeter.

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Match the correct parts of statement of right hand side with those parts of sentences on the left hand side. (a)The property of a substance on which the increase of temperature depends (b) In transmission of heat by conduction (c) Heat is transmitted from the sun to the earth (d) For the transmission of heat by radiation (e) The property of matter on which the rate of conduction of heat depends. (a) no medium is necessary (b) by radiation (c) is called specific heat (d) is called thermal conductivity of heat (e) the particles of the matter do not change their positions. (f) by convection. Ans.: 1. The property of a substance on which the increase of temperature depends is called specific heat. 2. In transmission of heat by conduction the particles of the matter do not change their positions. 3. Heat is transmitted from the sun to the earth by radiation. 4. For the transmission of heat by radiation no medium is necessary. 5. The property of matter on which the rate of conduction of heat depends is called thermal conductivity of heat.

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