TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.

0
1.1 1.1 1.2

Company profile.......................................................................................................... 1
Corporate Information .................................................................................................................. 1 Organization Structure .................................................................................................................. 4 Job Opportunities.......................................................................................................................... 5

2.0 3.0
3.1 3.2 3.3

OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................... 6 THEORY & BACKGROUND ............................................................................................ 6

The Central Office Switch............................................................................................................ 11 Digital Switching Systems............................................................................................................ 14 Numbering System/Code area .................................................................................................... 14

4.0
4.1 4.2 4.3

ANALYSIS DATA......................................................................................................... 16
Population ................................................................................................................................... 16 Geographical Analysis ................................................................................................................. 20 Socioeconomic ............................................................................................................................ 23

5.0
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6

DESIGN STRUCTURE .................................................................................................. 24

Criteria for Key Decision.............................................................................................................. 24 State: Perlis ................................................................................................................................. 27 State : Kedah ............................................................................................................................... 27 State: PERAK................................................................................................................................ 30 State : PENANG ........................................................................................................................... 40 EXCHANGE NUMBERS PROTOCOL .............................................................................................. 48

6.0 7.0 8.0

FINANCIAL ANAYSIS .................................................................................................. 52 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................. 53 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 53

1.0 Company profile

1.1 Corporate Information Company Logo

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Company Name TelePro Solutions Motto Beyond Your Imagination Vision To contribute to people with better opportunities. We will leverage our strengths to execute advance projects to communication services affordable to all individual consumers and businesses In the Northern Region of Malaysia. We will offer unparalleled value to create customer delight and enhance business productivity.

Mission

To provide professional telecommunication services

TelePro Solutions mission to help people and companies communicate in an easy, efficient and environmentally friendly way, by providing telecommunication services across the Northern Region of Malaysia. Our focus is to deliver a world-class experience, while ensuring the quality of our network and maintaining a cost-efficient structure.

Business Address Blok 33, Jalan Dr Lim Chwee Leong 10100 Georgetown Pulau Pinang.
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Website TeleProSolutions.com.my Email address TPS@TeleProSolutions.com Contact Number 04 2282355 / 019-4575937 Core Business Network and Telecommunication Services Date of Commencements 15 January 2000 Registration Number A7494661 Name of Bank Maybank and Public Bank

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1.1 Organization Structure

TELEPRO SOLUTION BOARD OF DIRECTORS

CHAIRMAN

IR DATO' SOPNA A/P BALAKRISHNAN

NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

DATO' ONG KAR WENG

NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

IR NURFAIZ BIN ABU SEMAN

INDEPENDENT EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

ENGR KHAIRUL NIZAM BIN KAMARUDDIN

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

DR NUR SYUHADA BINTI YA'ACOB

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ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

CHIEF EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

GENERAL MANAGER PLANNING AND DEVELOPEMENT

CHIEF FINALCIAL MANAGER

GANERAL MANAGER MARKETING AND SALES

SENIOR MANAGER TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION

1.2 Job Opportunities Interested candidates are strongly encouraged to submit the application at TPS@TeleProSolutions.com for a speedy processing of your application. For further clarification please call 014-2674162 (IR Dato Sopna A/P Balakrishnan) For those who unable to submit online, you may also write-in detail resume to : TelePro Solution,
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Blok 33, Jalan Dr Lim Chwee Leong, 10100 Georgetown, Pulau Pinang. 2.0 OBJECTIVE

Our main objective in this assignment to design complete PSTN network for North region including Kedah, Pulau Pinang, Perak and Perlis. The criteria of design network are based on population and the socioeconomic factors of the district under designed. This design also considers exchange, tandems and group of trunks. After that, for each region we decide numbering code plan for the subscriber to differentiate the server. Overall design must be estimate the total calls that will be handled by north network to avoid traffic during holiday and break hour. For future development (R&D) we are planning onward 10 years population growth. For financial planning, we also predict the number of potential customers for forecasts TelcoPro Solution gross income. In this case, our company consider the total cost include fiber optics and twisted cable for built this PSTN connection. The cost of this connection also consider source of financial and labor cost. TelePro Solution promise to provide excellent telecommunication services to customer on the Northern Region which includes Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Penang and Perak by means of up-to-dated technologies, at the same time complying with the relevant international standards and regulations for the purpose of further telecommunication of our information society. 3.0 THEORY & BACKGROUND Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) according to Network Dictionary meaning is a circuit switched network(concatenation) that is used primarily for voice communication worldwide, with hundreds of millions subscribers operated by various companies and administrations(Telecom Operators and Public Telephone and Telegraph, PTT, operators). In
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short form understanding, PSTN is a domestic telecommunication network usually accessed by telephones, key telephone systems, private branch exchange trunks and data arrangement. Exactly, a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital and provides mobile as well as fixed telephone service. PSTN often called plain old telephone system network (POTS) which include all the equipment that goes into interconnected two points, such as the cable, the networking equipment and the telephone exchange. Originally, the telephone network was based on analogue technologies and traffic and on FDM multiplexing. But, PSTN system is used to largely digital, with analog connections existing primarily between homes and the local phone exchanges. PSTN is actually based on the circuit switching technique. Switching technique is an end-to-end which must be established reserving resources for phone call .Free transmission resources must be reserved on each link for switch-to-switch as shown in Figure 1.These resources are entirely dedicated to this conversation for all duration time. In case that on a link there is no available resource the call is blocked (provided that no resources are available also on alternate paths) and refused; the originating phone user receives a busy tone.

Public Switched Telephone Network

Figure 1: Classical telephone network and involved resources for a phone call to user B

For beginning telephony system introduced, network architecture just used a simple network which is connection between local exchanges with direct subscribers. In the future, as the need to communicate outside a town increased, it become necessary to interconnect the local exchanges. There are complicated problem when to interconnect a local exchange with
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any other local exchange (mesh topology).Nodes at different levels were conceived. ITU-T defines six levels of network hierarchy from local exchanges to different levels of transit exchanges, to different levels of transit exchanges and finally, to exchange of international level. What is function of transit exchange? The task of transit exchanges is to transfer traffic within and between different areas. International exchange. National transit exchange. Regional transit exchange. Tandem transit exchange. Local exchange.

Characteristics of POTS/PSTN are as follows: The speeds for dial-up are not very fast, providing speeds up to 56Kbps. Dial-up is based on the telephone system and use analog lines, whereas both ISDN and DSL are digital Local exchanges are used to connect subscribers (local loops), while the task of regional transit exchanges is to transfer traffic upward in the hierarchy and to switch the traffic between local exchanges. The task of the tandem exchange is needed in most cases in metropolitan areas to transfer traffic between many different local exchanges. A tandem exchange does not usually transfer traffic upward in the network; only between adjacent local exchanges.

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Figure 2: Telephone network hierarchy

The local loop employs a twisted pair transmission medium. Loading coils have been added within the subscriber loop to provide a flatter transfer function to further improve voice transmission within 4 kHz band while increasing attenuation at the higher frequencies. Trunks located at the other higher hierarchy because they realized through coxial cables, optic fibers and microwave radio links. Trunk task to use multiplexing to transport signals. The level of the multiplexing hierarchy increases as we move from local to regional to national and international level. Finally, there are also private networks within large companies that are linked to the PSTN through gateways, i.e., Private Automatic Branch eXchange (PABX) systems. Between switches in the PSTN, most signaling is now digital using the Signaling System N. 7(SS#7).Signaling is need to define the path of the end-to-end circuit across different switches and to allow each involved switch to route internally the call in the proper way.

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The PSTN has to be designed to guarantee some QoS levels. The real main problem is related to the fact that each interconnection between two network elements has a limited capacity in terms of simultaneous phone calls, It is important to design phone call routing schemes and to determine the capacity of interconnecting links in order to obtain that the blocking probability PB for new call arriving at the system is below a given threshold (for instance PB 1% or better).

Figure 3: PSTN Amalgamating Numerous PSTNs

In network parlance, we use formula shown in below where n equals the number of nodes or users on the network. Formula to calculate number of connections

The industry built switched network to overcome this impossible task which allow to be established for duration of phone call, then disconnected at the end of the conversation. PSTN, this network lets anyone to talk to anyone, but allows cost-effective sharing of the central office

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(CO) equipment. As end-users, we get reasonable service at a reasonable cost to the telephone company.

Figure 4:Component of Switched Network.

Each customer is connected to the CO by a pair of copper wires, referred to as local loop. It isnt always a pair of wires connected clear back to central office (CO) although that was an early common arrangement. The equipment in the CO allows any subscribers connection to be connected, or switched to any other connection. Each CO serves a radius or geographic serving area that allows transmission of voice calls with reasonable quality. Trunks are used to connect Central Office or in other word line capable of handling more than one phone call. If a trunk has 24 channels, it can handle 24 connections between COs. Once a connection dropped, another user can reused the trunk to place a a call, so lines are shared sequentially based on need. 3.1 The Central Office Switch The CO switch sets up the temporary connection or circuits between users making a telephone cell. In order to manage this switch, local loops and trunks all terminate at the CO switch. The switch also has service circuits used for supervision and management of the network itself. These circuits monitor call setup and disconnect send announcement or signals, and gather information. Nowadays, switching equipment are modern where all digital in nature using solid state electronics-making the CO switch in essence a large computer optimized for
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handling telephone calls. These switches are placed in COs or wire centers that also contain battery and power equipment, test boards, frame terminations for all equipment and cabling and a cable vault where all the cabling enters the building.

Figure 5:Component of PSTN

1. A call originates at the subscribers premise using the twisted pair local loop to connect to the CO. Several variations of telephone service can be provided over twisted pair, including plain old telephone service or POTS, digital service like integrated service digital network (ISDN) and new high-speed data services like DSL technologies. Many other services, such as traditional T-1 circuits, require two pair of wire. 2. The end office provides connection to local users within their serving area and the local switch handles all connections that dont leave the area. When a user makes a call to subscribers in another area, the switch connects to a trunk to extend the call outside the local serving area. 3. Trunks are four-wire circuits; using two pairs of wires.\this two-wire and four-wire terminology is a carryover from the early days of the telephone network, when all connections were made using pairs of copper wires. The need for two pairs of wire was for traffic in both directions at the same time, or full-duplex communications .Today, these connections are often made using fiber connections. Trunks are usually deployed

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in groups of circuits, so that a trunk group might consist of 100 or more connections between two CO switches. 4. A tandem switch is used to connect office together. As the PSTN grew, it became impractical for every other CO to have connections to every other CO, so the tandem switch became a concentration point for trunks. 5. A point of presence or POP is a tandem switch that a long distance carrier or competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC) owns and uses to connect into a serving area. 6. Signaling System 7 (SS7) is a key component of the network.SS7 is a network that overlays the PSTN and connects databases and switches in the network, along with other network elements. This secondary network provides the intelligence used for call setup and enhanced services, such as 800 services and credit card billing.SS7 is the core of the advanced intelligent network (AIN).

Figure 6: Element PSTN

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3.2 Digital Switching Systems Current central office technology has a digital switching fabric controlled by a central processor. Most modern switching equipment, ranging from small PBXs to large toll tandem switches that can handle thousands of trunks, uses Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) technology. For future development, Softswitch is being next generation switch. The central processor generally runs on commercial operating systems such as Microsoft Windows or Linux. Voice is digitized in the telephone set and converted to IP so that the output of the telephone is a stream of IP packet. The endpoint of the network has IP addresses, typically a high-end Ethernet switch; connect IP packets between the source and destination. 3.3 Numbering System/Code area PSTN numbering system is standardized uniform around world by ITU-T standard, E.164.E.164 addresses consist of a country code, an area code, and a telephone number that is generally associated with a particular central office; the exception being when the number is relocated to another switch through number portability. The exact structure of the numbering plan varies with the country, but the pattern is compatible worldwide.

Figure 7:PSTN Dial Plan Scenario

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Inbound call routing: Incoming calls from the PSTN need to be routed correctly to their final destination, which might be a directly attached phone, including endpoints that are handled by Cisco Unified Communications Manager or Cisco Unified Communications Manager Express. This inbound call routing also includes digit manipulation to ensure that the incoming Dialed Number Identification Service (DNIS), that is, the incoming called number, matches the pattern expected by the final destination.

Outbound call routing: Outgoing calls to the PSTN need to be routed to the voice interfaces of the gatewayfor example, a T1/E1 or a Foreign Exchange Office (FXO) connection. As with inbound calls, outbound calls might also require digit manipulation to modify the DNIS according to the PSTN requirements. This outbound call routing usually includes stripping of any PSTN access code that might be included in the original called number.

Correct PSTN Automatic Number Identification (ANI) presentation: An often-neglected aspect is the correct ANI presentation for both inbound and outbound PSTN calls. The ANI for inbound PSTN calls is often left untouched, which might have a negative impact on the end users experience. The calling number that is presented to the end user should include the PSTN access code and any other identifiers required by the PSTN to successfully place a call using that ANIfor example, using the missed calls directory. The higher tier in the hierarchy is the country code. Area code numbering system is

hierarchical and geographically oriented. The next level is the central office or prefix, abbreviated as NXX. The lowest tier on the PSTN switching hierarchy is the end office, also known as a class 5 office. Switching system contain routing algorithms to enable them to select the appropriate group of trunks, always attempting first to connect to a distant central office over high usage trunk. System route calls by exchanging signals over an external data network known as SS7.

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4.0 ANALYSIS DATA 4.1 Population State: KEDAH

Figure 8: KEDAH MAP

Administrati ve District Baling Bandar Baharu Kota Setar Kuala Muda Kubang Pasu Kulim Langkawi Padang Terap Pendang Sik Yan

Total in 2010 (peoples) 132,304

Total in 1991 (peoples) 114,485

Changes between 1991 and 2010 (people) 17,819

Estimation in 2020 ( peoples) 150123 49698 391998 632604 270995 434164 142630 73214 49682 78308 72729

41,352 33,006 8,346 357,176 322,354 34,822 443,488 254,372 189,116 214,479 157,963 56,516 281,260 128,356 152,904 92,784 42,938 49,846 61,970 50,726 11,244 66,387 83,092 -16,705 66,387 54,466 11,921 66,606 60,483 6,123 Table 1: Estimation Kedahs population

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State : Perlis

Figure 9: Perlis map

Administrative District Total in 2010 (peoples) Estimation in 2020 ( peoples) Kaki Bukit 663 729.3 Kangar 10,024 11026.4 Arau 1,530 1683 Kuala Perlis 686 754.6 Padang Besar 729 801.9 Simpang Empat 2,379 2616.9 Pauh 1,546 1700.6
Table 2: Estimation Perlis's Population

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State : Pulau Pinang

Figure 10: Pulau Pinang map

Administrative Total in 2010 Total in 1991 District (peoples) (peoples) SEBERANG PERAI TENGAH 362,820 236,270 SEBERANG PERAI UTARA 288,692 224,647 SEBERANG PERAI SELATAN 166,685 84,771 TIMUR LAUT 510,996 395,714 BARAT DAYA 197,131 122,764

Changes between 1991 and 2010 (people) 126550 64045 81914 115282 74367

Estimation in 2020 ( peoples) 489370 352737 248599 626278 271498

Table 3: Estimation Pulau Pinang Population

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State : Perak

Figure 11: Perak's Map

Administrati ve District Batang Padang Manjung Kinta Kerian Kuala Kangsar Larut dan Matang Hilir Perak Ulu Perak Perak Tengah

Total in 2010 (peoples) 125867 211,113 657,892 120,192 108,504 245,015 128,143 60 547 58,816

Total in 1991 (peoples) 154,686 168,331 627,899 148,720 146,684 271,882 202,059 81,636 75,574

Changes between 1991 and 2010 (people) -28819 42782 29993 -28528 -38180 -26867 -73916 -81636 -16758

Estimation in 2020 ( peoples) 97048 253895 687885 91664 70324 218148 54227 -81636 42058

Table 4: Estimation Perak's Population

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4.2 Geographical Analysis State: Kedah

Figure 12: Kedah's map

The main key to be noted is Baling, Bandar Baharu, Kota Setar , Kuala Muda while Sik and small part of Baling considered to highland. Langkawi is an island.

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Figure 13: Perlis's map

Perlis ia mainly all lowland.

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State: Pulau Pinang Pulau Pinag is separated into two. 1 part is in the island another part is in the mainland. Both of them are considered as the lowland since it does not have high hills.

Figure 14:Pulau Pinang's Map

State : Perak The northern part Perak is highland while centre part of Perak is lowland. The east side of Perak, theres a bit of high land. Mostly Perak is a lowland state.

Figure 15: Perak's map

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4.3 Socioeconomic State: Kedah Economic culture Agriculture Tourism Places Kubang Pasu, Kota Star, Yan, Baling Langkawi, Bukit Kayu Hitam, Balai Nobat ,Balai Seni Negeri ,Batu Hampar Waterfall,Junjong Waterfall,Kota Kuala Kedah,Lata Mengkuang Waterfall,Lembah Bujang Archaeological Park Kulim, Sungai Petani

Residential

State: Perlis Economic culture Agriculture Residential State: Pulau Pinang Economic culture Agriculture Tourism Industrial Residential State: Perak Economic culture Agriculture Tourism Industrial Residential Places Tapah, Teluk Intan, Langkap, Lenggong Ipoh, Sitiawan, Taiping Simpang Pulai, Batu Gajar, Lumut Ipoh, Kampar Places Tasek Gelugor, Nibong Tebal Georgetown, Bukit Bendera Butterworth, Bayan Lepas Bukit Mertajam, Permatang Tinggi, Places Perlis Kangar, Kuala Perlis

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5.0 DESIGN STRUCTURE 5.1 Criteria for Key Decision 1. The potential subscribers are determined based on the economics and main activities (socioeconomic) of an area. 2. The number of local exchange is determined based on population and area size. 3. All of the local exchanges should be connected to the tandem switch for routing purposes. 4. The tandem switch should be placed at flat area and avoid the high mountain or soft coil. This is aim to cut down the budget and future maintenance fees. 5. The trunks needed between local exchanges and tandem switch is calculated by using Erlang B Calculator. 6. The Erlang is obtained by assuming number of calls carried in certain minutes for an hour. The blocking calls rate is assumed as 0.01%. 7. The number of calculated trunks should be adding some more in order to solve the congestion problems due to the festival season and tourism season. 8. Every tandem switch should be connected to the primary switch exchange and nearby tandem switch so that the calls can be route from one state to another state. 9. The four states primary switch exchange should be connected in full mesh network so that all the states are being connected and easier to route the calls.

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Tandem
Figure 16: Kedah's Design

Transmission connecting tandem and server

Server Exchange

Transmission connecting tandem and server below sea level.

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Transmission connecting between tandem and primary exchange

Primary exchange

Server 1 Server 1 Server 9

Server 2

Server 7

Server 6

Server 5

Server 3

Server 4

Figure 17:Area coverage for each server

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5.2 State: Perlis Tandem 1 : Kuala Perlis Population Potential Subscribers Local Exchange Total Trunks 1700629 50% from 1700629= 850 314 Kaki Bukit, Kuah, Kangar 72

Justification : assuming that 180 calls in average 5 minutes. Erlangs = (180x5)/60 = 15. Using Earlang B calculator, it is calculated 24 trunks. Hence it is advisable to have 24 trunks for Kangar, Kaki Bukit, and Kuah. The total trunks will be 72.

Figure 18: Earlang for Tandem 1 ( Perlis)

5.3 State : Kedah Tandem 1 : Changlun Population Potential Subscribers Local Exchange Total Trunks 705165 50% from 705165 is 352 580 Gunung Keriang, Kuala Nerang 48

Justification: Assuming that 180 calls in average 5 minutes since its not industrial area . Erlangs = (180x5)/60 = 15. Using Earlang B calculator we have 24 trunks each exchange, we do not want much trunks since to avoid wastage.

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Figure 19: Earlang for Tandem 1 ( Kedah)

Tandem 2 : Pokok Sena Population Potential Subscribers Local Exchange Total Trunks 122411 50% from 122411 is 61 206 Pendang, Tasik Muda 52 trunks

Justification: assuming that 200 calls in average 5 minutes since there are few big cities in this area. Erlangs = ( 200x5) /60= 17. Using Earlang B calculator is 27 trunks for each trunks but for Tasik Muda is 25 trunks.

Figure 20:Earlang for Tandem 2 ( Kedah)

Tandem 3 : Jeniang Population Potential Subscribers Local Exchange

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861036 50% from 861 518 is 430518 Gunung Jerai, Sungai Petani , Baling

Total Trunks

20+ 28+28= 76

Justification: assuming that 213 calls in average in 5 minutes since its centre of Kedah. Erlangs = ( 213x5)/60=18 . Hence each server is 28 but we would assingn 20 for Gunung Jerai

Figure 21:Earlang for Tandem 3 ( Kedah)

Tandem 4 : Kulim Population Potential Subscribers Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification: Assuming that 200 calls in average 5 minutes since there are few big cities in this area. Erlangs = ( 200x5) /60= 17. Using Earlang B calculator is 27 trunks for each trunks. 483862 50% from 483862 is 9678 Bandar Baharu ,Sungai Petani 54

Figure 22:Earlang for Tandem 4 ( Kedah)

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5.4 State: PERAK Tandem1: Ipoh

Notes: Tandem Switch: Local Exchange:

Figure 23: Placement Tandem 1 (Perak)

Economic and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks

Tourism, Residential Areas, Administrative Center, Education Center 600 km2 657,892 people 50 % = 328,946 people 39.1% Malays, 45.4% Chinese, 14.5% India, 1% others Majlis Perbandaran Ipoh ,Simpang Pulai, Tambun, Tanjung Rambutan, Chemor , Jelapang , Lahat 336

Justification: Since Ipoh is a big city with administrative center and residential area, it is estimated an amount of 50% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, seven exchanges will support almost 350 thousand subscribers. Moreover, as a tourism places, it is expected to have many calls but not a longer duration. It is estimated to have 400 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (400x5)/60 = 33.33 Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks are 45. Consider the possible problem of congestion due to the large population, 48 trunks are used. Hence, the total trunks for Tandem 1 are 336 trunks.

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Figure 24:Earlang for Tandem 1 ( Perak)

Tandem 2: Batu Gajar

Figure 25: Placement Tandem 2 (Perak)

Economic and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks

Industrial zone, Residential Areas, Transportation 578.4 km2 79,969 people 35 % = 27,989 people 46.39% Malays, 36.54% Chinese, 15.17% India, 1.9% others Batu Gajar ,Gunong Hijau, Tronoh, Bali, Sungai Durian 130

Justification: Since the area surrounded Batu Gajar is consists of industrial zone and transportation, it is estimated an amount of 35% people could be the potential subscribers. Thus, five exchanges will support almost 28 thousand subscribers. Moreover, as an industrial and transportation places, it is expected to have many calls but not a longer duration. It is estimated to have 200 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (200x5)/60 = 16.67
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Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 26. The percentage of ethnics is balance; congestion is hard to occur during festival season. Thus, we remain the number of trunks to save cost. The total trunks for Tandem 2 are 130 trunks.

Figure 26:Earlang for Tandem 2 ( Perak)

Tandem 3: Tapah

Figure 27: Placement Tandem 3 (Perak)

Economics and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks

Agricultural, Farming and Forest, Residential Area 2712 km2 125,867 people 20 % = 25,173 people 62.39% Malays, 17.54% Chinese, 18.17% India, 1.9% others Bidor, Tapah, Tanjung Malim, Cendering, Sungkai 92

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Justification: Tandem is placed at Tapah since it is located at the center and lowest place in the district. The area inside district Batang Padang is mostly agricultural area, it is estimated an amount of 20% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, six local exchanges will support almost 26 thousand subscribers. As an agricultural place, it is expected that not many calls will be made. It is estimated to have 80 calls in average of 10 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (80x10)/60 = 13.33Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 22. After consider the issue of congestion during festival season, it is better to use 23 trunks. Hence, the total trunks for Tandem 3 are 92 trunks.

Figure 28:Earlang for Tandem 3 ( Perak)

Tandem 4: Sitiawan

Figure 29:Placement Tandem 4 (Perak)

Economics and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks
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Industrial Zone, Tourism, Fishing, Residential Area 1158 km2 211,113 people 35% = 73,889 people 62.94% Malays, 13.54% Chinese, 15.17% India, 8.35% others Sitiawan, Lumut, Pengkalan Baharu, Beruas, Pulau Pangkor 109

Justification: Tandem is placed at Sitiawan since it is located at the center of surrounded local exhanges. The area consists of industrial zone and tourism places, it is estimated an amount of 35% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, five local exchanges will support almost 75 thousand subscribers. Different area types have different called time. In tourism place (Pulau Pangkor), it is expected that many calls will be made in a long duration. It is estimated to have 150 calls in average of 10 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (150x10)/60 = 25 Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 36. After consider the issue of congestion during tourism season, it is better to use 40 trunks. In Industrial zone (Lumut, Setiawan), it is expected that many calls will made in a short duration. It is estimated to have 120 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 18. In fishing or residential area, it is estimated to have 80 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (80x5)/60 = 6.67. Using Erlang Traffic calculator, we obtained 14 trunks. In order to avoid congestion problem, we use 17 trunks instead. The total trunk for tandem 4 is 40 + 18 + 17 +17+17= 109 trunks. Tandem 5: Teluk Intan

Figure 30:Placement Tandem 5 (Perak)

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Economics and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks

Residential Area, Transportation, Agricultural 3009 km2 186,959 people 30% = 56,087 people 53.94% Malays, 22.54% Chinese, 18.17% India, 5.35% others Teluk Intan , Hutan Melintang, Langkap , Parit, Seri Iskandar 90

Justification: Tandem is placed at the Teluk Intan since it is situated at the center with higher population. Five exchanges are connected to the tandem. Three of the tandem (Teluk Intan, Hutan Melintang, Langkap) support the potential subscriber at District Hilir Perak, while the other two exchanges (Parit, Seri Iskandar) support subscriber at District Perak Tengah. Since the main activity in this area is transportation and agricultural, it is estimated that 30% people will be the potential subscribers. For traffic analysis, it is assumed that 100 calls is made in 5 minutes for one hour, Erlang = (100x5)/60 = 8.33. Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 16. After future consideration, it is wise to add the trunks into 18. Hence, the total trunks for the tandem 5 are 90.

Figure 31: Earlang for Tandem 5 (Perak )

Tandem 6: Gunong Semanggol

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Figure 32:Placement Tandem 6 (Perak)

Economics and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks

Residential Area, Tourism, Transportation, Agricultural 3054 km2 395,656 people 35% = 138,479 people 43.94% Malays, 32.54% Chinese, 19.17% India, 4.35% others Taiping, Parit Bundar, Bukit Gantang, Batu Kurau, Selama, Selinsing 84

Justification: Two exchanges (Taiping, Bukit Gantang) are support the subscriber at zone taiping and two exchanges (Selama, Batu Kurau) support the subscriber at zone Selama. The remaining two exchanges (Parit Buntar, Selinsing) support the subscribers at District Kerian. Since it is tourism and agricultural places, it is estimated that 35% people could be the potential subscribers. In Zone Taiping, the main activity is tourism. It is estimated have many calls in a short duration. Let assume it has 120 calls in average 5 minutes per hour, Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. Using Erlang Calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 18. Consider the tourism season, it is better to has 20 trunks. In the remaining zone, most of the places are rural area and the main activity is agricultural. It is estimated to have fewer calls in long duration. Let assume it has 30 calls in average 10 minutes
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for an hour. Erlang = (30x10)/60 = 5. Using Erlang Calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 11. Since it is a rural area with bigger area size, it is not suitable to add more trunks. Thus, we remain the 11 trunks in order to save cost. The total trunks for tandem 6 is 2(20) + 4(11) = 84. Tandem 7: Kuala Kangsar

Figure 33:Placement Tandem 7 (Perak)

Economics and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification:

Residential Area, Transportation, Agricultural 9104 km2 245,518 people 25% = 61,379 people 63.94% Malays, 22.54% Chinese, 9.17% India, 4.35% others Kuala Kangsar, Sungai Siput Utara, Lenggong, Temengor 44

The tandem is situated between the area of Kuala Kangsar and Sungai Siput Utara because it is lower place in that area. Although District Ulu Perak is big, but the population is too small, two exchanges are able to support all the subscriber at that district. In District Kuala Kangsar, two exchanges are placed at Kuala Kangsar and Sungai Siput Utara to support the high population subscribers at that area. Since it is mainly agricultural and transportation area, it is assumed that fewer calls made in short duration. Let assume there are 50 calls made in average 5
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minutes for an hour, Erlang = 4.167. Using the calculator, the trunks needed are 10. The exchanges at district Kuala Kangsar with high population can add some trunks in order to backup. The trunks used are 12. The District Ulu Perak is quite big and less population, it is not wise to add some trunks. Thus, the trunk number is remained. The total trunks for tandem 7 are 12+12+10+10 = 44 Tandem 8: Kampar

Figure 34:Placement Tandem 8 (Perak)

Types of Area Area Size Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks

Education Center, Residential Area, Transportation 783.2 km2 90,313 people 40% = 36,125 people 31.1% Malays, 54.5% Chinese, 13.9 % India, 0.5% others Kampar, Teja, Kampar 78

Justification: The main activity in Kampar is education center and transportation. Thus, we put three exchanges in this area. Two of the exchanges in Kampar are connect together to backup if one of them faces problems. The potential subscribers are estimated 40% of the population. Since this area is education and transportation area, we estimated it will be 180 calls in average 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (180x5)/60 = 15. Using Erlang B calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 24. Sometimes, it will be some congestion due to high traffic; it is wise to use more trunks, which are 26. The total trunks for tandem 8 are 78.

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Figure 35: Earlang for Tandem 8 ( Perak )

Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in State Perak

Figure 36:Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in State Perak

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represents primary switch exchange represents Tandem Switch

In the diagram above, every tandem switch is connected to a primary switch exchange. The purpose of the primary switch exchange is to route the local call to the other states easily. Every tandem switch is connected to their nearby tandem switch (mesh topology) to make a connection for routing purposes. 5.5 State : PENANG Tandem 1: Seberang Perai Tengah

Figure 37: Tandem 1 Placement (Penang)

Economics and Activities Area Size Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks

Residential Area, Transportation, Industrial Zone 239 km2 362,820 people 35% = 126,987 people 45.8% Malays, 35.9% Chinese, 17.3% India, 1% others Bukit Mertajam, Permatang Pauh, Simpang 4 Bukit Tengah, Permatang Tinggi, Kubang Semang, Mechang Bubuk 120

Justification:
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Seberang Perai Tengah is an area that consists of residential area and industrial zone. Thus, we can estimate that 35% people of this area could be our potential customers. The six local exchanges have higher capacity to support almost 130 thousand people. Since this place is industrial zone, it is assumed that many calls will made in shorter duration. Let assume it has 120 calls made in average 5 minutes from one hour, Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. Using Erlang B calculator with 0.01 % blocking, the trunks needed are 18. It is better to has two more trunks for backup from the problems. Hence, the total trunks for tandem switch 1 are 120.

Figure 38: Earlang tandem 1 ( Penang)

Tandem 2: Seberang Perai Utara

Figure 39:Tandem 2 Placement (Penang)

Economic and Activities Area Size Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics

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Residential Area, Industrial zone, Agricultural 269 km2 288,692 people 30% = 86,607 people 58.8% Malays, 30.9% Chinese, 18% India, 1% others

Local Exchange Total Trunks

Butterworth, Permatang Kuching, Telok Ayer Tawar, Tasek Gelugor, Pernaga 78

Justification: This area has two main activities: Industrial and Agricultural. In southern region, it is mostly Industrial zone where northern region consists of agricultural area. Thus, we assume that 30% of the people would be our potential subscribers. There are three exchanges going to support the subscribers in industrial zone. Since it is industrial zone, we assume that there are 120 calls made in average 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. From the calculator, the trunks needed are 18. We add two more trunks for backup reason. In agricultural area, it is estimated to have 40 calls in average 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (40x5)/60 = 3.33. From the calculated results, the trunks needed are 9. Due to the big area size for agricultural zone, there are no more trunks to be added in order to save the cost. Hence, the total trunks for tandem switch 2 are 20+20+20+9+9 = 78.

Figure 40: Earlang Tandem 2 ( Penang)

Tandem 3: Seberang Perai Selatan

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Figure 41:Tandem 3 Placement (Penang)

Economics and Activities Area Size Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks

Residential Area, Agricultural, Transportation 243 km2 166,685 people 25% = 41,671 people 48.8% Malays, 40.9% Chinese, 18% India, 1% others Nibong Tebal, Permatang Kling, Jawi, Simpang Ampat, Permatang Tok Mahat 45

Justification: Seberang Perai Selatan is an area focus on agricultural and transportation activities. Thus, we assumed that only 25% people could be our potential customers. We use six local exchanges to support nearly 42 thousand people. Let us assume in this agricultural area, there are 40 calls made in 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (40x5)/60 = 3.33. The trunks needed would be 9. It is not wise to add more trunks for a big area with less population. Thus, we remained the number of trunk calculated. The total trunks needed for tandem switch 3 are 45.

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Figure 42:Earlang Tandem 3( Penang)

Tandem 4: Timur Laut Pulau Pinang

Figure 43:Tandem 4 Placement (Penang)

Economics and Activities Area Size Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks

Big residential area, Administrative Center, Tourism, Education Center. 121 km2 510,996 people 50% = 255,498 people 25.8% Malays, 62% Chinese, 12% India, 1.2% others Geogetown (3), Batu Feringgi, Gelugor, Tanjung Tokong, Bukit Bendera 245

Justification: District Timur Laut Pulau Pinang is a small place with high population. Since Georgetown has a higher population, we put three high capacity local exchanges to serve the subscribers. The three local exchanges are connected together so that when one of the exchanges break down,
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the other two exchanges can still serve the subscribers temporarily. Due to this area is an administrative center and tourism area, it is logical to assume 50% people could be our potential customers. To serve the high population subscribers in this area, 7 high capacity local exchanges are built for this purpose. Let us assume there are 250 calls made in 5 minutes for an hour, Erlang = (250x5)/60 = 20.83 Using the calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 31. Due to the high number of incoming tourists, it is assume to make 35 trunks. Total Trunks for this tandem switch are 245.

Figure 44: Earlang Tandem 4 ( Penang)

Tandem 5: Barat Daya Pulau Pinang

Figure 45:Tandem 5 Placement (Penang)

Economic and Activities Area Size Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks

Residential area, Industrial zone, Transportation, Tourism 176 km2 197,131people 40% = 78,852 people 55.8% Malays, 32% Chinese, 11% India, 2.2% others Ginting, Pulau Betong, Teluk Kumbar, Bayan Lepas, Sungai Pinang 74

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Justification: This area consists of industrial zone and tourism area. These two type activities could bring many subscribers. Thus, we assume it is 40% people would be our potential subscribers. Five high capacity local exchanges are capable to support over 80 thousand peoples. In this case, only Bayan Lepas would be considered as industrial zone while the others are tourism area. For industrial zone, it is assume that 120 calls are made in 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. The trunks needed are 18. For Tourism area, it is assume that 100 calls are made in 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (100x5)/60 = 8.33. The trunks needed are 16. For backup reason, it is better to add two more trunks for each local exchange. The total trunks for this tandem are 20+18+18+18+18 = 74 Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in Penang

Figure 46:Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in Penang

Primary Switch Exchange: Tandem Switch:

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Penang is divided into two places: peninsula mainland and Islands. Therefore, we need to use underwater cable to make the connection between two places. In order to save cost, these two primary switch exchanges are located as near as possible. One primary switch exchange will serve the area of Islands while another switch exchange will serve the peninsula mainland. Every tandem switch is connected with the primary switch exchange and nearby tandem switch to form a mesh topology network for routing purposes. Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in Northern Region ( Perlis,Kedah,Perak and Penang)

Figure 47:Placement of Primary Switch Exchange Whole Network

Primary Switch Exchange 47 | P a g e

Transmission line

5.6 EXCHANGE NUMBERS PROTOCOL State : Perlis (5) TANDEM NUMBER TANDEM 1 ( Kuala Perlis) EXCHANGE NUMBER EXCHANGE 1 (KAKI BUKIT ) EXCHANGE 2 (KANGAR) EXCHANGE 3 (KUAH) NUMBERING SCHEME 08-51100000 to 08-511XXXXX 08-51200000 to 08-512XXXXX 08-51300000 to 08-513XXXXX

State : Kedah (6) TANDEM NUMBER TANDEM 1 ( CHANGLUN) TANDEM 2 ( Pokok Sena ) EXCHANGE NUMBER EXCHANGE 1 (GUNUNG KERIAN) EXCHANGE 2 (KUALA NERANG) EXCHANGE 1 ( PENDANG ) EXCHANGE 2 ( TASIK MUDA ) EXCHANGE 1 (GUNUNG JERAI ) EXCHANGE 2 ( SUNGAI PETANI ) EXCHANGE 3 ( BALING ) EXCHANGE 1 ( GUNUNG JERAI) EXCHANGE 2 ( SUNGAI PETANI ) NUMBERING SCHEME 08-61100000 08-61200000 08-62100000 to to to 08-611XXXXX 08-612XXXXX 08-621XXXXX 08-622XXXXX 08-631XXXXX

08-62200000 to 08-63100000 to 08-63200000 08-63300000

TANDEM 3 ( JENIANG )

to 08-632XXXXX to 08-633XXXXX 08-641XXXXX

TANDEM 4 ( KULIM)

08-64100000 to

08-64200000 to 08-642XXXXX

State: Perak (7) TANDEM NUMBER TANDEM 1 ( IPOH ) EXCHANGE NUMBER EXCHANGE 1 ( MAJLIS PERBANDARAN IPOH ) EXCHANGE 2 ( SIMPANG NUMBERING SCHEME 08-71100000 to 08-711XXXXX 08-712XXXXX

08-71200000 to

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PULAI ) EXCHANGE 3 ( TAMBUN ) EXCHANGE 4 ( TANJUNG RAMBUTAN) EXCHANGE 5 ( CHEMOR ) EXCHANGE 6 ( JELAPANG ) EXCHANGE 7 ( LAHAT) EXCHANGE 1 ( BATU GAJAR ) EXCHANGE 2 ( GUNONG HIJAU ) EXCHANGE 3 ( TRONOH ) EXCHANGE 4 ( BALI ) EXCHANGE 5 ( SUNGAI DURIAN ) EXCHANGE 1 (BIDOR ) EXCHANGE 2 ( TAPAH ) EXCHANGE 3 ( TANJUNG MALIM ) EXCHANGE 4 ( CENDERING ) EXCHANGE 5 (SUNGKAI ) EXCHANGE 1 (SITIAWAN) EXCHANGE 2 ( LUMUT ) EXCHANGE 3 ( PENGKALAN BAHARU) EXCHANGE 4 ( BERUAS ) EXCHANGE 5 ( PULAU PANGKOR) EXCHANGE 1 ( TELUK INTAN ) EXCHANGE 2 ( HUTAN MELINTANG ) EXCHANGE 3 ( LANGKAP) EXCHANGE 4 (PARIT ) EXCHANGE 5 ( SERI ISKANDAR ) EXCHANGE 1 ( TAIPING) EXCHANGE 2 ( PARIT BUNTAR)

08-71300000 08-71400000 08-71500000 08-71600000 08-71700000 08-72100000 08-72200000

to 08-713XXXXX to to to to to 08-714XXXXX 08-715XXXXX 08-716XXXXX 08-717XXXXX 08-721XXXXX

TANDEM 2 ( BATU GAJAR )

to 08-722XXXXX 08-723XXXXX 08-724XXXXX

08-72300000 to 08-72400000 to 08-72500000

to 08-725XXXXX

08-73100000 to 08-731XXXXX 08-73200000 to 08-732XXXXX 08-73300000 to 08-733XXXXX 08-73400000 08-73500000 08-74100000 08-74200000 08-74300000 08-74400000 08-74500000 08-75100000 08-75200000 08-5300000 08-5400000 08-5500000 08-6100000 08-6200000 to to to to to to to to 08-734XXXXX 08-735XXXXX 08-741XXXXX 08-742XXXXX 08-743XXXXX 08-744XXXXX 08-745XXXXX 08-751XXXXX

TANDEM 3 ( TAPAH )

TANDEM 4 (SITIAWAN)

TANDEM 5 ( TELUK INTAN (

to 08-752XXXXX to 08-53XXXXX to 08-54XXXXX to to to 08-55XXXXX 08-61XXXXX 08-62XXXXX

TANDEM 6 ( GUNUNG SEMANGGOL )

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TANDEM 7 ( KUALA KANGSAR )

TANDEM 8 ( KAMPAR)

EXCHANGE 3 ( BUKIT GANTANG) EXCHANGE 4 ( BATU KURAU ) EXCHANGE 5 ( SELAMA ) EXCHANGE 6 ( SELINSING ) EXCHANGE 1 ( KUALA KANGSAR) EXCHANGE 2 ( SUNGAI SIPUT UTARA ) EXCHANGE 3 ( LENGGONG ) EXCHANGE 4 ( TEMENGOR ) EXCHANGE 1 ( KAMPAR ) EXCHANGE 2 ( TEJA )

08-6300000 08-6400000 08-6500000 08-6600000 08-67100000 08-67200000 08-67300000 038-67400000 08-68100000 08-68200000

to 08-63XXXXX to to 08-64XXXXX 08-65XXXXX

to 08-66XXXXX to to 08-671XXXXX 08-672XXXXX

to 08-673XXXXX to 08-674XXXXX

to 08-681XXXXX to 08-682XXXXX

STATE: PULAU PINANG ( 8) TANDEM NUMBER EXCHANGE NUMBER EXCHANGE 1 ( BUKIT MERTAJAM) EXCHANGE 2 ( PERMATANG PAUH) EXCHANGE 3 ( SIMPANG 4 BUKIT TENGAH) EXCHANGE 4 ( PERMATANG TINGGI) EXCHANGE 5 ( KUBANG SEMANG) EXCHANGE 6 ( MECHANG BUBUK) EXCHANGE 1 ( BUTTERWORTH) EXCHANGE 2 ( PERMATANG KUCHING) EXCHANGE 3 ( TELOK AYER TAWAR) EXCHANGE 4 ( TASEK GELUGOR PERNAGA NUMBERING SCHEME 08-81100000 08-81200000 08-81300000 08-81400000 08-81500000 08-81600000 08-82100000 08-82200000 to 08-811XXXXX to 08-812XXXXX to 08-813XXXXX to 08-814XXXXX to 08-815XXXXX to 08-816XXXXX to 08-821XXXXX

TANDEM 1 ( SEBERANG PERAI TENGAH )

TANDEM 2 ( SEBERANG PERAI UTARA)

to 08-822XXXXX

08-82300000 to 08-823XXXXX 08-82400000 to 08-824XXXXX

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EXCHANGE 1 ( NIBONG TEBAL ) EXCHANGE 2 ( PERMATANG KLING) TANDEM 3 (SEBERANG PERAI EXCHANGE 3 ( JAWI) SELATAN) EXCHANGE 4 ( SIMPANG AMPAT) EXCHANGE 5 ( PERMATANG TOK MAHAT ) EXCHANGE 1 ( GEORGETOWN 3) EXCHANGE 2 ( BATU FERINGGI ) TANDEM 4 EXCHANGE 3 ( TANJUNG TOKONG ) EXCHANGE 4 ( GELUGOR) EXCHANGE 5 ( BUKIT BENDERA ) EXCHANGE 1 ( GINTINNG) EXCHANGE 2 ( PULAU BETONG ) EXCHANGE 3 ( TELUK TANDEM 5 KUMBAR ) EXCHANGE 4 ( BAYAN LEPAS ) EXCHANGE 5 ( SUNGAI PINANG )

08-83100000

to

08-831XXXXX 08-832XXXXX 08-833XXXXX 08-834XXXXX 08-835XXXXX 08-841XXXXX 08-842XXXXX 08-843XXXXX 08-844XXXXX 08-845XXXXX 08-841XXXXX 08-842XXXXX 08-843XXXXX 08-844XXXXX 08-845XXXXX

08-83200000 to 08-83300000 08-83400000 to to

08-83500000 to 08-84100000 to

08-84200000 to 08-84300000 08-84400000 to to

08-84500000 to 08-84100000 to

08-84200000 to 08-84300000 08-84400000 to to

08-84500000 to

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6.0 FINANCIAL ANAYSIS Budget (Main Expenditure): One-time Expenditure: Section Local Exchange Tandem Switch Primary Switch Centre Trunk Category Low Capacity Normal Capacity High Capacity Number 12 38 28 18 4 Unit Amount (RM in thousands ) 100 500 1,000 1,000 1,000 Total Amount (RM in thousands) 1,200 19,000 28,000 18,000 4,000

Tandem Trunk

Underwater Cable

1000 (average each 25km) 2 (average each 25km)

each km: 30

750,000

each km: 80

4,000

Total Amount: RM 824 million

Annual expenditure: Section Manpower Category Engineer Technician Administrative Worker Number 100 200 100 Unit Amount (RM in thousands) 4 2 1.8 Total Amount (RM in thousands) 4,800 4,800 2,160 8,000

Maintenance fees

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Total Amount: RM 19.76 million

Gross Income: Potential Subscribers in Year of 2010: 1,276,956 peoples Service Charges: The call rate charge offered: RM 0.015 per minutes The leased lines charge for household: RM 300 annually The leased lines charge for corporate: average RM 10,000 annually Assumptions: 1. 10000 corporations used the leased lines. 2. 1 million household used the leased lines. 3. Every day one subscriber makes calls for average 20 minutes. Annual income: Leased line: (10000x RM 10000) + (1 million x RM 300) = RM 400 million Call Charges: (RM 0.015x20x30x12) x 1.2 million = RM 110.16 million Total Annual Gross Income = RM 510.16 million

7.0 CONCLUSION Our company is just newly growing company in telecommunication. We manage to build a network connecting the northern region which has been assigned to each us. We did applied the Earlang class B software that is a useful software for telecommunication engineers. 8.0 REFERENCES 1. P.GNANASIVAM, Telecommunication Switching and Networks, New Age International(P) Limited Publishers, 2006 2. Andy Valdar, Understanding Telecommunications Networks, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2006
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3. R.E.Farr, Telecommunications traffic, tariffs and costs, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2006 4. J.E.Flood, Telecommunication networks, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2006

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