1. Clean, re-gap or replace spark plugs 2. Clean and inspect the ignition coil. If the tower (TOP) is cracked, replace the coil 3. Replace the primary wire ( coil to distributor and coil to switch) if it is broken. Make sure that the connections are clean and tight 4. Clean and inspect the distributor cap 5. Examine the rotor 6. Twist the distributor shaft in the direction or rotation and release. It should snap back. If it does not, the distributor advance mechanism must be re-paired 7. Inspect the contact points, replace them if necessary. Check and set the gap. 8. Put a small amount of cam lubricant ( white silicon lube ) on distributor cam.
VEHICLE MAINTENANCE
ENGINE TUNING: Loose spark plugs, start engine to blow out carbon and dust, shut off engine and remove plugs Test engine compression If the compression pressure is less, perform engine service that will eliminate the trouble. If the compression is alright re-install the spark plugs Remove the distributor cap, clean it, visually check for carbon tracks and corroded terminals, chips, etc. replace if not in good condition. Clean and inspect distributor rotor and replace if it is not in good condition Inspect the high tension leads. If they are cracked or insulation damaged, replace them Check distributor centrifugal advance Test the vacuum advance Check the distributor contact points and clean them. < Contd. On next slide>
VEHICLE MAINTENANCE
ENGINE TUNING: 10. Re-install distributor cap and replace wiring 11. Check battery state of charge, water level and hold down clamps 12. Check battery cables for damage, corrosion and loose connections 13. If the battery is over-charged or under-charged, check the dynamo (alternator) and regulator 14. Check drive belts and tighten or replace them as required 15. Check the intake manifold bolts for tightness to proper specifications. Even a slight leak will reduce engine performance 16. Check fuel lines for tight connections 17. Check the cooling system for leaks, weak or collapsed hoses, correct coolant level 18. Check and adjust accelerator linkage < Contd. On next slide>
VEHICLE MAINTENANCE
ENGINE TUNING: 19. Check crank-case ventilation system 20. Remove carburetor air cleaner and check choke valve. Clean or replace air filer element if necessary 21. Check and adjust contact point dwell and ignition timing 22. Adjust idle speed and mixture 23. Check the lube oil dipstick 24. Check the working of lights and horn. Adjust the head lamp for proper focusing 25. Check steering system for easiness
REFER HANDOUTS
6. FINAL INSPECTION ( FOREMAN / CHIEF TECHNICIAN ) Quality of work checked ( Correct items repaired ) 7. DELIVERY PREPARATION (SERVICE ADVISER) i. ii. Check on what work was done. Clean inside and outside vehicle.
iii. Prepare documentation. 8. DELIVERY (SERVICE ADVISER) i. ii. i. ii. Explain details ( work done, charges, spare parts) Receive payments. Check with customer regarding work quality. Enquire about customer satisfaction.
STUMBLING DURING ACCELERATION: 1. Defective accelerator pump. 2. Improper adjustment of acceleration pump. 3. Ignition misfire. SLUGGLISH PERFORMANCE: 1. Late ignition timing. 2. Too rich or too lean mixture 3. Defective advance mechanism.
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ENGINE MISFIRES AT HIGH SPEEDS: 1. Insufficient dwell angle 2. Carburetor problems. HARD STARTING: 1. Burned contact points. 2. Improper ignition timing 3. Defective ballast resistor 4. Low battery 5. Poor choke action 6. Open capacitor 7. Ignition timing too much advanced
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DUE TO SHORT CIRCUITED PRIMARY CIRCUIT: Grounded primary coil winding, grounded ignition switch or lead will cause excessive current flow and will usually cause wires to burn POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR GROUNDED PRIMARY CIRCUIT: 1. Ignition points not opening or closing due to improper adjustment 2. Ignition points not opening due to worn rubbing block on breaker arm 3. Faulty insulating bushing on breaker arm 4. Cracked or faulty insulator at distributor primary terminal 5. Grounded condenser 6. Distributor-to-coil lead grounded 7. Primary coil winding grounded
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c) EXCESSIVE LIGHTING LOADS d) ABNORMAL ACCESSORY LOADS e) INTERNAL DISCHARGE OF BATTERY STARTER WONT OR ROTATES SLOWLY It the lights become dim or go out when the starter switch is closed, the battery may be too weak to operate the starter. In this case a push cannot be push started if the battery is completely dead because alternators retain no residual magnetism.
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CLUTCH PROBLEMS
CLUTCH DRAG: When the clutch pedal is depressed fully, the clutch disc is not completely released. As a result the clutch continues to rotate being dragged by the rotation of the engine flywheel. Clutch drag causes clashing of gears especially when shifting from NEUTRAL to LOW or REVERSE 1. Pedal free travel ( play) is excessive. As a result pedal cannot disengage the clutch 2. Worn clutch linkage 3. Maladjustment of release lever 4. Clutch disc warped out of true 5. High spots on clutch facings 6. Broken or loose clutch facings 7. Loose rivets in facing < Contd. On next slide >
CLUTCH PROBLEMS
8. Clutch disc hub binds on the splined clutch shaft due to bent shaft fit burred splines or splines covered with gummy oil or dirt 9. Clutch disc wobbles due to broken springs in hub 10. Clutch disc hub out of true 11. Clutch shaft bent 12. Worn out bearing ( spigot ) 13. Transmission out of alignment with flywheel housing 14. Clutch pressure plate warped thus throwing release lever out of adjustment 15. Flange of clutch cover out of alignment with flywheel due to loose attaching screws, bent flange, dirt between flange and flywheel 16. Grease on clutch facing 17. Engine misaligned due to broken engine mounts 18. Loose flywheel housing to engine attaching bolts 19. Release fork pivot worn
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CLUTCH PROBLEMS
CLUTCH SLIPS: Clutch disc slips whenever the pressure plate fails to hold it tight against the flywheel on severe slips engine speed will rise above normal on full throttle. When there is no free play of the pedal, clutch starts slipping. Other causes of slipping are: 1. Driving with foot resting on pedal 2. Binding or sticking of pedal or its linkages 3. Binding or sticking of clutch disc hub on clutch shaft 4. Binding of clutch release lever 5. Sticking of release bearing sleeve 6. Weak or broken clutch pressure springs 7. Worn clutch facings 8. Facing covered with dirt, grease or oil. < Contd. On next slide >
CLUTCH PROBLEMS
9. Facing burnt 10. Release levers improperly adjusted 11. Pressure plate sticks. CLUTCH GRABS: A clutch is said to grab when it engages too abruptly. The usual causes are: 1. Loss of tension in cushioning plates in the rim of the steel clutch disc. These plates cause the clutch facings to bulge outward slightly. The resulting springy action of the facings aid in producing a smooth, gentle clutch engagement. 2. Use of wrong type of clutch facing 3. Grease or oil on facings 4. Clutch springs too stiff 5. Momentary binding in clutch linkage while clutch being engaged 6. Exposed rivet head due to excessively worn facing or loose rivets
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CLUTCH PROBLEMS
CLUTCH CHATTERS: If a clutch chatters while it is being engaged, the trouble is caused by rapid gripping and slipping. The usual causes are: 1. Somewhat sticky clutch friction surfaces due to gummy lubricant 2. Clutch friction surfaces damp or wet 3. Weak clutch springs 4. Slight binding in clutch linkage during engagement. 5. Slight binding of pressure plate during engagement 6. Loose engine mounts.
CLUTCH PROBLEMS
CLUTCH PEDAL PULSATES: A nervous pedal when slight pressure is applied on pedal with engine running. Pulsation will stop with more pressure on pedal. Causes are: 1. Loose or improperly adjusted engine mounts 2. Collar on clutch release sleeve does not run true due to bent clutch shaft or clutch shaft may be misaligned between crank shaft and transmission. 3. Clutch release levers not adjusted to uniform height CLUTCH RATTLES: This condition occurs when engine is idling with transmission neutral. Causes: 1. Excessive clearance at pressure plate driving lugs 2. Anti-rattle springs or retractor springs or release levers weak, broken or disconnected 3. Looseness in clutch pedal operating linkages 4. Loose flywheel
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CLUTCH PROBLEMS
NOISE WHEN CLUTCH PEDAL IS DEPRESSED: 1. Clutch release bearing dirty, worn, damaged, broken or inadequately lubricated 2. Clutch shaft bearing or bushing in crankshaft worn, damaged, broken or inadequately lubricated. 3. Clutch shaft rear bearing at front end of transmission worn, dirty or lacks lubricant NOISE WHEN PEDAL IS RELEASED: 1. Misalignment of transmission with engine causing slight wobble of clutch disc hub. ( noticeable @ engine idling or @ LOW speeds ) 2. Disc hub loose fir on splined clutch shaft 3. Disc damper springs weak or broken 4. No pedal play
CLUTCH PROBLEMS
5. Weak or broaden pedal return spring 6. Weak of broken release sleeve spring 7. Clutch linkage sticks 8. Clutch pedal sticks 9. Clutch release sleeve sticks 10. Clutch release fork binds 11. Bad clutch release bearing 12. Loose flywheel
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Gear box
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TROUBLE
VIBRATION AND NOISE
CAUSE
a) Broken or worn bearing of universal joint spider b) Distorted propeller shaft c) Unbalanced propeller shaft d) Loose propeller shaft a) Worn or damaged universal joint b) Worn propeller shaft splines, due to lack of lubrication c) Loose propeller shaft d) Loose flanged yoke of universal joint
REMEDY
Replace Replace Replace Re-tighten Replace Replace Re-tighten Re-tighten
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S no.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CAUSES
Excessive clearance between linings and drum Weak hose Leaking wheel cylinder Leaking master cylinder Leaking stop light switch Air in hydraulic system Low fluid level in master cylinder Wear of brake pedal bush
REMEDY
Adjust the brakes Replace with new Service with repair kit Service with repair kit Replace Bleed the system Fill and bleed replace
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S no.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CAUSES
Air in the hydraulic system Improper lining, excessive clearance between lining and shoe Distorted shoes Bell mouthed, worn out, weak or cracked drums Clogged master cylinder, filler cap vent hole Weak hose Weak master cylinder push rod and clevis Bent master cylinder push rod and clevis Bleed Reline Replace
REMEDY
Replace the drum Clean or replace and bleed Replace Check and strengthen master cylinder mounting Replace push rod and clevis
S no.
1 2 3 4
CAUSES
Uneven adjustment of brakes Tires improperly inflated Tire tread unevenly worn on either side or different types of treads Grease or fluid soaked lining on the brake opposite to the direction of pulling Linings of different grades on either side of brake Un-bedded linings
REMEDY
Adjust all the brakes evenly Inflate to recommended pressure Replace with same type of tread all round Replace the lining after remedying the cause of grease or fluid leak Replace with recommended grade of linings all round Bed linings
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CAUSES
Shoes wrongly fitted Rivets loose in lining Wheel cylinder piston seized Wheel cylinder diameter different in opposite side Clogged or restriction in hydraulic hose or pipe Weak or broken shoe return springs Drums oval or eccentric
REMEDY
Install leading and trailing shoes correctly Rivet properly Service or replace wheel cylinder Replace with correct cylinder Clean and replace pipelines Check and replace weak open coiled and cracked springs True up or replace
CAUSES
Loose back plate mounting bolts, loose shoe abutment or adjuster housing
REMEDY
Tighten back plate mounting bolts and adjuster housing mountings. If abutment is loose, replace back plate. Reset Tighten or replace Replace as a set Adjust or tighten Replace
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Improper steering geometry Loose or worn tie rod end Loose kingpin and bushes Loose wheel bearing, steering or Uclamp nuts Weak shock absorbers
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S no.
1 2 3 4 5 6
CAUSES
Incorrect grade of lining Distorted shoe Overloaded vehicle Dragging brakes Thin drums Contaminated fluid Replace
REMEDY
Replace with proper grade Reduce the load Adjust or rectify the problem Replace Change the fluid
S no.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CAUSES
Incorrect brake adjustment Incorrect lining Grease or oil soaked lining Un-bedded lining Glazed lining Pedal binding on the shaft Seized master cylinder or wheel cylinder piston Wrongly fitted shoes Bell mouthed, barrel shaped or polished drum Replace
REMEDY
Adjust properly Replace lining Bed lining properly Sand paper the lining surface Lubricate and recondition Service with kit Install leading and trailing shoes correctly Replace or re-bore the drum
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S no.
1 2 3 4 5
CAUSES
Master cylinder recuperating hole blocked Swollen cup seal in master cylinder Weak shoe retracting springs Wheel cylinder piston sticky Lining swelling
REMEDY
Service the master cylinder Flush the system and replace all rubber pads Replace the springs Service and replace internal parts Replace lining
S no.
1 2 3 4
CAUSES
Swollen ovality of drums Loose drum of hub Worn or loose bearing Rusty drums Tighten
REMEDY
True the drums Replace or re-adjust De-rust or replace
S no.
1 2
CAUSES
Maladjustment Parking brake cable seized Adjust
REMEDY
Lubricate and adjust
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S no.
1 2 3 4 5 6
CAUSES
Pedal does not return fully No clearance between push rod and master cylinder piston Improperly adjusted service brake or hand brake Recuperating and feed port clogged in master cylinder Swollen seals Seized wheel cylinder pistons
REMEDY
Lubricate or recondition pedal shaft and brushes Adjust brake pedal free play Check and adjust Service master cylinder Flush the system and replace all rubber pads Service and replace wheel cylinder < Contd. On next slide>
CAUSES
Improper brake fluid Weak or broken shoe return springs Blocked filler cap vent hole Replace Replace
REMEDY
S no.
1 2
CAUSES
Deep groves in back plate shoe pads Lack of lubrication in moving parts
REMEDY
Replace back plate Lubricate all moving parts on back plate with high melting point graphite grease Tighten Tighten or replace defective parts
3 4
Loose drum or back plate Loose or worn out front end parts
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S no.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CAUSES
Weak or broken retracting springs Clearance between the shoe and drum too small in a wheel Loose wheel bearings Wheel cylinder cup seals swollen and piston seized Excessive ovality of drum Obstructed hydraulic line Distorted shoes Incorrect grade of lining Adjust Adjust
REMEDY
Replace the springs
Service with kit True the drum Clear and flush Replace the shoes Replace with proper lining
S no.
1 2
CAUSES
Back plate bend or shoe slightly twisted Metallic parts or dust embedded in lining
REMEDY
Replace parts Sandpaper the lining and drums and remove metal particles if any or replace the lining and drum if necessary Reline shoes properly
Loose rivets or lining not held evenly against shoe rim ( gap between lining and shoe rim) Drums not true, weak or distorted Incorrect grade of lining
4 5
True up or replace drums Replace lining with recommended lining < Contd. On next slide>
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S no.
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CAUSES
Shoes scraping on back-plate shoe pads Weak or broken hold down springs Loose wheel bearing Loose back-plate, or wheel cylinder Over adjusted steady post Glazed lining Highly polished drum
REMEDY
Lubricate shoe pads with high melting point graphite grease Replace defective parts Adjust bearings Tighten Adjust properly Surface linings with sand paper Skim drum
S no.
1 2 3 4
CAUSES
Loose back-plate, drums or axle U bolts Grabbing linings Shoe retracting sprigs unequal, weak Uneven brake drum inner diameter Tighten
REMEDY
Replace with recommended grade of lining Replace springs Skim the drums or replace
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S no.
1 2 3 4 5
CAUSES
Shoe rim fouling with the drum
REMEDY
Check shoe retracting springs for correct fit
Weak shoe hold down springs or bent Replace parts pin Bent shoe web Foreign material in lining Worn out or broken lining Remove and replace Remove and replace lining Replace with lining kit. Skim or replace drum if scored Skim drums Adjust properly
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