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Theory of migration

Endre Sik: Hungarians in the Austrian labor market

Introduction
Case study based on interviews (1990s) Typical household: nuclear family with two school-age children Age effect, generational effect To take care of the childrens future The wifes role as a working person Unique reasons The overlapping between the household structure and the labor market generation

About the employment


Typical Austrian seasonal job:
Agricultural Patriarchal relation with the employer

Motivation:
Difference is wages Hungarian speakers (shopping-tourism) Pressure combined with possibility Previous attempts/plans, migration capacity

Organizers: help in
Gathering the information, cutting the costs, psychological preparation

Personal relations (Granovetter)


Important role -> to discover the structure, functioning and unique characteristics Strong and long-term relations help in: Passing the information + using the possibilities Creating the labor market strategy Hiding Decreases the number of weak relations Negative effect: not learning the language

Legal-illegal
Illegal both in Austria and in Hungary Illegal in Austria, legal in Hungary Combining the legal and illegal employments in Austria
The overtime is not official

From legal to illegal work


By changing the job

From illegal to legal Goal: legality -> pension Participation of the Austrian partner in illegality

The distance from the border, regionality


The Austrian employment is higher in the border regions Type and development level of settlement Probability of migration and distance from the border:
Slovak border region (+), Ukrainian (-)

The distance from the border counts in Austria


Labor market is worse, social allocations too (-) Personal relations, better atmosphere, less costs (+)

Cost and profit


Better salary, high cost -> travelling together etc. Professional success, improvement in techniques Bad conditions ~ exploitation, insecure future Failure: with the officials, employer etc.

Cost, risk, threat and humiliation


Travelling costs, crossing the border, lack of having some official papers Everyday travelling -> risk of accident, being late Crossing the border can be humiliating Bosss behavior can be also humiliating Being afraid of officials in Austria Lack of language knowledge -> less salary, humiliation

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