Lesson 1: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

MATI213: Plane Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to : Define trigonometry. Measure angles in rotations, in degrees and in radians. Find the measures of coterminal angles. Change from degree measure to radian measure and from radian measure to degree measure. Define the six trigonometric functions. Identify the relations derived from Pythagorean Theorem. Find the values of the six trigonometric functions of special angles. Define the trigonometric functions of complementary angles.

1.1 TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry
the branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement of triangle, that is, the sides and angles of a triangle.

Trigonometry was derived from two Greek words trigonon, which means triangle metron, which means measurement

1.2 ANGLE
ANGLE the amount of rotation to move a ray from one position to another.

1.2 ANGLE
Remarks:
When the vertex of an angle is the origin of the rectangular coordinate system and its initial side coincides with the positive x-axis, the angle is said to be in the standard position.

1.2 ANGLE
The sign of an angle is determined by the direction of rotation of the initial side.

1.2 ANGLE

Angle Measurement
Angles can be measured in degrees, radians or grads.

NOTE: One rotation measures 360, 2 radians, or 400 grads.

1.2 ANGLE

Methods of Measuring Angles

1. Sexagesimal system where the basic unit is degree. The degree can be further divided into 60 equal parts called minutes, and each minute can be divided into 60 equal parts called seconds.

1.2 ANGLE
2. Revolution system where the angle measure is given as the number of rotations from the initial side to the terminal side.

3. Radian system where angle measure is in radians. A radian (rad) is the angle that intercepts an arc equal to the radius of the circle.

1.2 ANGLE
.

1.2 ANGLE
.

1.2 ANGLE
.

1.2 ANGLE

COTERMINAL ANGLES
angles in standard position whose initial and terminal sides are the same.

REMARK: To find angles co-terminal to a given angle, add or subtract multiples of 360 to it.

1.2 ANGLE
.

1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES

Angles are classified according to the measurement of its angle.
1. Zero Angle an angle formed by two coinciding half-line (rays) without rotation between them.

1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES

2. Acute angle (or Sharp) an angle formed between 0 and 90.

3. Right Angle is a 90 angle. Angle formed by two perpendicular half-lines.

1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES

4. Obtuse Angle (Blunt) angle formed between 90 and 180.

5. Straight Angle an angle whose measure is exactly 180. It is formed by two-half lines extending in opposite directions.

1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES

6. Reflex Angle (Bent-Back) angle formed between 180 and 360.

1.4 TRIANGLE

TRIANGLES
Polygon having three sides

NOTE:
The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always 180.

1.5 KINDS OF TRIANGLE

According to the measure of its angle:
1. Right Triangle triangle with a right angle
2. Oblique Triangle triangle with no right angle (a) Acute Triangle triangle having three acute angle (b) Obtuse Triangle triangle with an obtuse angle

1.5 KINDS OF TRIANGLE

According to the measure of its sides:
1. Scalene triangle - triangle with no equal sides 2. Isosceles triangle - triangle with two equal sides 3. Equilateral triangle - triangle with all three sides equal

1.6 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Consider the right triangle ABC, with right angle at C.

1.6 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

.

1.7 RECIPROCAL FUNCTIONS

The following gives the reciprocal relation of the six trigonometric functions:

1.8 THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

Using the ACB as shown, the Pythagorean theorem states that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
In symbols,

1.8 THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

.

1.9

PYTHAGOREAN RELATIONS TO TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

If is an acute angle of a right triangle, then by applying the Pythagorean Theorem

1.10

FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

By referring to the definitions of the trigonometric functions, for the acute angle B

1.10

FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

Comparing these with the functions for A and making use of the fact that A and B are complementary angles (i.e., A + B = 90), then

Any function of the complement of an angle is equal to the cofunction of the angle.

1.10
.

FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

1.11

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL ANGLES 45, 30, 60

For a 45 - 45 - 90 triangle:

1.11

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL ANGLES 45, 30, 60

For a 30 - 60 - 90 triangle, consider an equilateral triangle:

1.11

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL ANGLES 45, 30, 60

For a 30 - 60 - 90 triangle, consider an equilateral triangle:

1.11
.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL ANGLES 45, 30, 60