Section 8

Differential Calculus
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Chapter 42

Introduction to differentiation
42.1 Introduction to calculus
f (3) = 4(3)2 3(3) + 2 = 36 9 + 2 = 29 Calculusfilea branch of mathematics involving or leadBuy this is from http://www.download-it.org/learning-resources.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=1277 f ( 1) = 4(1)2 3(1) + 2 ing to calculations dealing with continuously varying functions. =4+3+2=9 Calculus is a subject that falls into two parts: f (3) f ( 1) = 29 9 = 20 (i) differential calculus (or differentiation) and (ii) integral calculus (or integration). Problem 2. Given that f (x) = 5x 2 + x 7 determine: Differentiation is used in calculations involving velocity (i) f (2) f (1) (iii) f (3 + a) f (3) and acceleration, rates of change and maximum and minimum values of curves. f (3 + a) f (3) (ii) f (3 + a) (iv) a

42.2

Functional notation

f (x) = 5x 2 + x 7 (i) f (2) = 5(2)2 + 2 7 = 15 f (1) = 5(1)2 + 1 7 = 1 f (2) f (1) = 15 = 15 1

In an equation such as y = 3x 2 + 2x 5, y is said to be a function of x and may be written as y = f (x). An equation written in the form f (x) = 3x 2 + 2x 5 is termed functional notation. The value of f (x) when x = 0 is denoted by f (0), and the value of f (x) when x = 2 is denoted by f (2) and so on. Thus when f (x) = 3x 2 + 2x 5, then f (0) = 3(0)2 + 2(0) 5 = 5 and f (2) = 3(2) + 2(2) 5 = 11 and so on.
2

(ii) f (3 + a) = 5(3 + a)2 + (3 + a) 7 = 5(9 + 6a + a2 ) + (3 + a) 7 = 45 + 30a + 5a2 + 3 + a 7 = 41 + 31a + 5a2 (iii) f (3) = 5(3)2 + 3 7 = 41 f (3 + a) f (3) = (41 + 31a + 5a2 ) (41) = 31a + 5a2 (iv) f (3 + a) f (3) 31a + 5a2 = = 31 + 5a a a

Problem 1. If nd: f (0), f (3), f (1) and f (3) f (1) f (x) = 4x 2 3x + 2 f (0) = 4(0)2 3(0) + 2 = 2

f (x) = 4x 2 3x + 2

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384 Engineering Mathematics

Now try the following exercise Exercise 148 Further problems on functional notation 1. If f (x) = 6x 2 2x + 1 nd f (0), f (1), f (2), f (1) and f (3). [1, 5, 21, 9, 61] 2. If f (x) = 2x 2 + 5x 7 nd f (1), f (2), f (1), f (2) f (1). [0, 11, 10, 21] 3. Given f (1) = 1 f (2) 7 f (x) = 3x 3 + 2x 2 3x + 2 prove that
f (x1) 0 E x1 D x2 x f (x) B

f (x2)

Figure 42.2
f (x) 10 8

f (x)

x2

4. If f (x) = x 2 + 3x + 6 nd f (2), f (2 + a), f (2 + a) f (2) 6 f (2 + a) f (2) and a 4 [8, a2 a + 8, a2 a, a 1] Buy this file from http://www.download-it.org/learning-resources.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=1277 C
2 A 1 D

42.3 The gradient of a curve

0 1.5 2 3 x

(a) If a tangent is drawn at a point P on a curve, then the gradient of this tangent is said to be the gradient of the curve at P. In Fig. 42.1, the gradient of the curve at P is equal to the gradient of the tangent PQ.
f(x) Q

Figure 42.3

(c) For the curve f (x) = x 2 shown in Fig. 42.3: (i) the gradient of chord AB = f (3) f (1) 91 = =4 31 2

Section 8

(ii) the gradient of chord AC

P

=
x

f (2) f (1) 41 = =3 21 1

(iii) the gradient of chord AD = f (1.5) f (1) 2.25 1 = = 2.5 1.5 1 0.5

Figure 42.1

(b) For the curve shown in Fig. 42.2, let the points A and B have co-ordinates (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ), respectively. In functional notation, y1 = f (x1 ) and y2 = f (x2 ) as shown. The gradient of the chord AB = BC BD CD = AC ED = f (x2 ) f (x1 ) (x2 x1 )

(iv) if E is the point on the curve (1.1, f (1.1)) then the gradient of chord AE = f (1.1) f (1) 1.1 1 1.21 1 = 2.1 = 0.1

(v) if F is the point on the curve (1.01, f (1.01)) then the gradient of chord AF

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Introduction to differentiation 385

f (1.01) f (1) 1.01 1 1.0201 1 = 2.01 = 0.01 = Thus as point B moves closer and closer to point A the gradient of the chord approaches nearer and nearer to the value 2. This is called the limiting value of the gradient of the chord AB and when B coincides with A the chord becomes the tangent to the curve. y f (x +x) f (x) = x x y As x approaches zero, approaches a limiting x value and the gradient of the chord approaches the gradient of the tangent at A. Hence (ii) When determining the gradient of a tangent to a curve there are two notations used. The gradient of the curve at A in Fig. 42.4 can either be written as: f (x + x) f (x) y limit or limit x0 x x0 x In Leibniz notation, dy y = limit dx x0 x In functional notation, f (x + x)f (x)

Now try the following exercise Exercise 149 A further problem on the gradient of a curve 1. Plot the curve f (x) = 4x 2 1 for values of x

f (x) = limit Buy this file x = 1 to x = +4. Label the co-ordinates from from http://www.download-it.org/learning-resources.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=1277 x0 x (3, f (3)) and (1, f (1)) as J and K, respectively. Join points J and K to form the chord JK. Determine the gradient of chord JK. By moving J nearer and nearer to K determine the gradient of the tangent of the curve at K. [16, 8] (iii) dy is the same as f (x) and is called the differdx ential coefcient or the derivative. The process of nding the differential coefcient is called differentiation. y dy = f (x) = limit x0 x dx f (x+x)f (x) = limit x0 x

Summarising, the differential coefcient,

42.4

Differentiation from rst principles

B(x dx, y d y) dy A(x,y) f(x) 0 dx x f (x d x)

To differentiate from rst principles means to nd f (x) by using the expression f (x) = limit f (x) = x 2 Substituting (x + x) for x gives f (x + x) = (x + x)2 = x 2 + 2xx + x 2 , hence f (x) = limit = limit
x0 x0

f (x + x) f (x) x

Figure 42.4

Gradient of chord However,

y x y = f (x + x) f (x) AB =

(x 2 + 2xx + x 2 ) (x 2 ) x 2xx + x 2 x = limit{2x + x}

x0

x0

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Section 8

(i) In Fig. 42.4, A and B are two points very close together on a curve, x (delta x) and y (delta y) representing small increments in the x and y directions, respectively.

Problem 3. Differentiate from rst principles f (x) = x 2 and determine the value of the gradient of the curve at x = 2

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