Strength of Materials - Part 1

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Chapters
Home Topics Chapter 1 : Simple Stress and Strain Chapter 2 : Principal Stresses and Strains Chapter 3 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams Chapter 3 : Part 2 Chapter 4 : Simple Bending of Beams Chapter 5 : Torsion Chapter 6 : Thin Cylinders and Spheres Chapter 7 : Columns and Struts Chapter 8 : Slope and Deflection

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Chapter 5 : Torsion

5.1 TORSION OF A CIRCULAR SHAFT To establish a relation between the internal torque and the stresses it sets up in rhembers with circular solid and tubular cross-sections, it is necessary to make the following assumptions: 1. The material of the shaft is homogeneous, perfectly elastic, continuous, isotropic and obeys Hookes law. 2. A plane section of material perpendicular to the axis of a circular shaft remains plane after the torque is applied, i.e. no warpage or distortion of parallel planes normal to the axis of the shaft takes place. 3. All cross-sections of the shaft rotate as if rigid, i.e. every diameter rotates through the same angle. 4. The shear strains y vary linearly from the central axis, reaching Yrnax at the periphery of the shaft. 5.1.1 Torsion Formula Consider a circular shaft of length 1 and diameter d subjected to torque T, as shown in Fig. 5.1 (a). One end of the shaft is rigidly fixed. A line AB on the surface of the shaft, which is parallel to the axis before twisting, takes up the form of a helix AC after twisting. Let 4 be the angle of shear strain on the surface. Then

Therefore, we find that the shear stress in the shaft is proportional to the radius of the shaft, as shown in Fig. 5.2. Hence

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Now consider the elementary ring of the shaft at a radius x and of thickness dx, as shown in Fig. 5.1 (c).

This is the well known torsion formula for a circular shaft. The SI units of various quantities are:

5.1.2 Hollow Circular Shaft For a hollow circular shaft of outer diameter d0 and inner diameter d1, we have

5.2 COMPARISON OF SOLID AND HOLLOW SHAFTS

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Let the density of the shaft material and length be the same. 5.2.1 For the Same Weight Weight of shaft is proportional to area of cross-section. For same weight of solid and hollow shaft, we have

5.2.2 For the same Strength

5.3, POWER TRANSMITTED The power transmitted by a shaft is given by:

5.4 TORSIONAL STIFFNESS It is the torque per unit angle of twist. From torsional formula, we have.

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5.5 TORSIONAL SECTION MODULUS The torsional section modulus,

Example 5.1 A hollow shaft of diameter ratio 0.6 is required to transmit 500 kW at 100 rpm. The maximum torque being 15% greater than the man. The shear stress is not to exceed 60 MPa and the angle of twist in a length of 3 m is limited to 10. Calculate the minimum external diameter satisfying these conditions G =80 GPa.

Example 5.2 Compare the weights of two solid shafts of identical length, one of steel and the other of aluminium alloy, both designed for the same angle of
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twist per unit length when subjected to the same torque. C5 = 3G and y5 = 2Yai where = specific weight.

Example 5.3 A solid aluminium shaft I m long and 45 mm outside diameter is to replaced by a tubular steel shaft of the same length and the same outside diameter so that either shaft could carry the same torque and have the same angle of twist over the whole length. What must be the inner radius of the tubular shaft ? G5 = 3 Gai 84 GPa.

Example 5.4 A solid shaft is to transmit 300 kW at 80 rpm. The shear stress is not to exceed 60 MPa. Find the shaft diameter. Calculate the percentage saving in weight if this shaft were replaced by a hollow one whose internal diameter equals 60 percent of external diameter. The length, material and maximum shear stress remain the same. Solution.

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For same length and material of solid and hollow shafts, the weights are proportional to areas. Hence,

5.6 HELICAL SPRING A helical spring is a piece of wire coiled in the form of a helix. The helix angle is the angle which the axis of the spring wire makes with a horizontal line perpendicular to the axis of the spring. If the helix angle is small (less than about 5), then the spring is called a close-coiled helical spring. In such a spring, only torsional shear stress is present and bend ing and direct shear stresses are negligible. These springs are used as shock absorbers in automobiles, bicycle saddle, tappet valve operation, buffers in railway coaches and spring balances. 5.6.1 Close-Coiled Helical Spring subject to Axial Load Consider a close-coiled helical spring shown in Fig. 5.3 subjected to axial load. Let W = axial load D = mean coil diameter d = wire diameter

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5.6.2 Close-Coiled Helical Spring under Impact Load Let a weight W fall onto the spring from a height Ii measured from the uncompressed state of the spring. Let be the equivalent static load and the compression of the spring under

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Example 5.5 The mean coil diameter of a close-coiled helical spring is 8 times its wire diameter. It is required to support a load of 1 kN and the deflection is limited to 80 mm. The maximum shear stress should not exceed 340 MPa. Calculate (a) mean coil diameter, (b) wire diameter, and (c) number of turns. G = 82 GPa.

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Example 5.6 A railway wagon weighing 6 kN and moving with a speed of 10 kn/h is to be stopped by 4 buffer springs in which the maximum compression allowed is 180 mm. Calculate the member of turns in each spring of wire diameter 20 mm and coil diameter 200 mm. G =80 GPa. Solution. Let We = equivalent static load Kinetic energy of wagon = Work done on the springs

Example 5.7 A close-coiled helical spring is required to carry an axial load of 5 N. Its mean coil diameter is 10 mm and wire diameter is 1 mm. The number of turns are 20. Calculate the strain energy stored and resilience. G 80 CPa.

5.7 COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION OF A SHAFT Consider a shaft subjected to thecombined action of bending and torsion. Let M be the bending moment and T the torque applied to the shaft. Then

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Maxiamum shear stress,

Example 5.8 A shaft is required to transmit 600 kW at 90.rpm. The maximum torque is 1.6 times the mean torque. The main bearings are 4m apart and the shaft carries a flywheel midway between the bearings weighing 300 kN. Calculate the diameter of the shaft so that the maximum tensile stress does not exceed 60 MPa and the shear stress is limitedto40MPa.

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