COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock Campus

Lecture # 1
Course Title : Electrical Circuit Analysis 1(EEE121) Course Instructor: Syed Usama Yunas Office: Room 24, Department of Electrical Engineering Contact email: usamayunas@ciit-attock.edu.pk

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COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock Campus

Helps to produce, transmit and measure electrical signals. Helps to produce systems that meet our real life needs. There are four major categories of electrical systems
Communication Systems (television equipment, radio telescopes, Satellite systems, radar systems and telephone systems). Computer Systems (calculators, personal computers and supercomputers). Control Systems (controlling temperatures, pressures and flow rates in refineries; mechanisms in doors, lights and elevators; automatic systems like autopilot and auto-landing). Signal Processing Systems (image processing systems in satellites, CT scans and audio processing systems).

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The International System of Units is used by all major engineering societies most engineers through out the world. The SI units are based on seven defined quantities, listed with their basic units and symbols in the following table
Quantity Length Mass Time Electric current Basic Unit Meter Kilogram Second Ampere Symbol m kg s A

Thermodynamic temp
Amount of substance Luminous intensity

Degree Kelvin
Mole Candela

K
mol cd
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Some standardized prefixes used by engineers are as follows,

Prefix tera giga mega Symbol T G M Power of 10 1012 109 106

kilo
milli micro nano pico

k
m n P

103
10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12

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Electric charge is the most fundamental concept in ECA. Charge is bipolar, either can be negative or positive. For example, electrons have negative charge and protons have positive charge. Charge exists in discrete quantities which are integral multiples of electronic charge, 1.6022x10-19 C. A single electron has negative charge of -1.6022x10-19 C and single proton has a positive charge of 1.6022x10-19 C. Electrical effects are attributed due to the separation and motion of charges.

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The electrical effect caused by the charges in motion is called electrical current. Electrical current depends upon the rate of flow of charge and can be expressed as, i = dq/dt where i = current in amperes q = charge in coulombs t = time in seconds

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When positive and negative charges are separated, energy is required. Voltage is defined as the energy per unit charge created by the separation and can be expressed as, v = dw/dq where v = voltage in volts w = energy in joules q = charge in coulombs

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An ideal basic circuit element has the following attributes: 1. It has only two terminals which are points of connection to other circuit components. 2. It is described using current and voltage. 3. It cannot be subdivided into sub elements. The polarity reference is used for the voltage is indicated by plus and minus sign. The direction reference is used for the current is indicated by the current sign. Both references for voltage and current can be summarized as follows,

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Passive Sign Convention Passive sign convention states that Whenever the reference direction for the current in an element is in the direction of reference voltage drop, use a positive sign convention to related voltage and current otherwise use a negative sign

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Power and Energy

The useful output from the system is conventionally expressed in terms of power and energy. Power is the time rate of expanding or absorbing energy. For example, a water pump rated 75kW can deliver more liters per second than the one rated 7.5 kW. Mathematically, power can be expressed in terms of energy and time as p = dw/dt where p = power in watts w = energy in joules t = time in seconds

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Power and Energy(continued)

In terms of voltage and current, power can be expressed as p = dw/dt p = (dw/dq) x (dq/dt) p = vi where p = power in watts v = voltage in volts i = current in amperes

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Power and Energy(continued)

If power is positive, power is being delivered to the circuit inside the box. If power is negative, power is being extracted from the circuit inside the box. Using passive sign convention, power can be expressed in the following four ways

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Basic Circuit Elements

Five basic circuit elements are 1. Voltage sources 2. Current sources 3. Resistors 4. Inductors 5. Capacitors which can be classified on the basis of energy generation as, Active Elements: Circuit elements capable of generating electrical energy are called active elements. For example, voltage and current sources. Passive Elements: Circuit elements that cannot generate electrical energy are called passive elements. For example, resistors, inductors and capacitors.
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Voltage and current sources

Basically electrical source is a device that is capable of converting nonelectrical energy to electric energy or vice versa. For example, discharging battery coverts chemical energy to electrical energy. On the other hand, charging battery converts electrical energy to chemical energy. Ideal Voltage Source: Ideal voltage source is a circuit element that maintains a prescribed voltage across its terminal regardless of the current flowing in those terminal. Ideal Current Source: Ideal current source is a circuit that maintains a prescribed current through its terminals regardless of the voltage across those terminals.
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Voltage and current sources(continued)

Ideal voltage and current sources can be further described as either independent sources or dependent sources. Independent sources: These sources maintain a voltage or current in a circuit without depending on any other voltage and current source. The circuit symbol for independent voltage and current sources is shown below,

(a) Independent Voltage Source

(b) Independent Current Source

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Voltage and current sources(continued)

Dependent sources: These sources depend upon other voltage and current sources to maintain voltage or current in a circuit. Dependent sources are also called controlled sources. The circuit symbols are as follows,

(a) Dependent Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source

(b) Dependent Voltage-Controlled Current Source

(c) Dependent Current-Controlled Voltage Source

(d) Dependent Current-Controlled Current Source

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Voltage and current sources(continued)

Let us test some interconnections of dependent and independent sources;

Valid

Valid

Invalid

Invalid

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Voltage and current sources(continued)

Invalid

Valid

Valid

Invalid

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Voltage and current sources(continued)

Example 1:

1. Find Vg so that the interconnection remains valid. 2. Find the power associated with 8A source.

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Voltage and current sources(continued)

Example 2:

1. Find for the interconnection to be valid. 2. Find the power associated with 25V source.

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Lecture # 2
Course Title : Electrical Circuit Analysis 1(EEE121) Course Instructor: Syed Usama Yunas Office: Room 24, Department of Electrical Engineering Contact email: usamayunas@ciit-attock.edu.pk

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Resistor is a circuit element that opposes the flow of electrical charge. When electric current is opposed, some amount of electrical energy is converted into thermal energy and dissipated in the form of heat. Metals such as copper and aluminium have small values of resistance so they are used as conductors. Voltage and current through a resistor can be referred in the following two ways, 1. Current can be referred in the direction of voltage drop across the resistor. 2. Current can be referred in the direction of voltage rise across the resistor.
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So according to Ohms law we can write, v = i x R or v = -i x R

where v = voltage in volts(V) i = current in amperes(A) R = Resistance in ohms()

Ohms law is the algebraic relationship between voltage and current for a resistor. Current can be represented as function of voltage as follows, i = v / R or i = -v / R Reciprocal of the resistance is referred as conductance and it is denoted by letter G and it is measured in siemens(S). Professionally, conductance is measured in mho(). Thus G = 1/R
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Ohms Law(continued)
Power at the resistor terminals can be defined in many ways. First approach (in terms of voltage and current) is given by, p = v x i when v = i x R OR p = -v x i when v = -i x R Second approach (in terms of current and resistance) is given by, p = v x i = (iR) x i = 2 x R OR p = -v x i = -(-iR) x i = 2 x R Third approach (in terms of voltage and resistance) is given by, p = 2 / R This equation is independent of polarity references. Resistance can be replaced by conductance (G) in all of the above equations.
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Ohms Law(continued)
Example 1:

(a) Calculate the value of v and i. (b) Determine the power dissipated in each resistor.
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Ohms Law(continued)
Example 2:

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Kirchhoffs Current Law

Terminal dots are the starting and end points of a circuit element. Node is a point where two or more circuit elements meet. Node identification is necessary for Kirchhoffs current law. Kirchhoffs current law states that The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit is equal to zero. In order to use the Kirchhoffs law a reference direction must be assigned to every current at the node. For example, assign positive sign to the current entering a node and negative sign to the current leaving a node. Conversely, assign negative sign to the current entering a node and positive sign to the current leaving a node.
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Kirchhoffs Current Law(continued)

Applying Kirchhoff's current law to the four nodes in the circuit shown above we will get four equations,

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Kirchhoffs Current Law(continued)

Example 3:

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Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

Kirchhoffs voltage law states that The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit is equal to zero. Closed path (also called loop) is a trace that starts from one node in a circuit and finishes on the same node. In order to use the Kirchhoffs law a reference direction must be assigned to every voltage in the loop. For example, assign a positive sign to a voltage rise and assign a negative sign to a voltage drop. Conversely, assign a negative sign to a voltage rise and assign a positive sign to a voltage drop.

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Kirchhoffs Voltage Law(continued)

Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law to the circuit shown above we will get the following equation, Observations: As all the elements are connected in series, same current will be flowing through all the circuit elements. Similarly, if we find current in the circuit then we can find out all the voltages using ohms law as resistance is known of all the resistors.
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Kirchhoffs Voltage Law(continued)

Example 4:

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Application of Ohms law and Kirchhoffs law

Example 5:

Find 0 using Ohms law and Kirchhoff's law. Calculate the power for each element.

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Application of Ohms law and Kirchhoffs law

Example 6:

Find value of R using Ohms law and Kirchhoff's law.

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