Practikal 6.

Title : Soaps and detergents. Date : 26. 11. 2009 Aim : To Prepare Soap using the safonication process. Theory of introduction: Soaps are water soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. Soaps are made from fats and oils, or their fatty aqcids with a strong alkali. Materials/apparatus: Palm oil, sodim hydroxide solution, sodium chloride powder, filter paper, distilled water, beaker, measuring cylinder, spatula, glass rod, filter funnel, wire gauze, tripod stand, bunsen burner, test tube. Procedure: 1. 10cm3 of palm oil is poured into a beaker. 2. 50cm3of 5 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is added to thr palm oil. 3. The mixture is heated until it boils. 4. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod. 5. The mixture is allowed to boils for a 10 minutes. 6. The beaker is removed from the heat. The mixture is added with 50cm 3 of distilled water and three spatulaful of sodium chloride. 7. The mixture is boils for another 5 minutes. 8. The mixture allowed to cool. 9. The soap is filtered out. The soap is washed with a little distilled water. 10. The soap is pressed between two pieces of filter paper to dry it. 11. The soap is felt with fingers. A small amount of the soap is placed in a test tube. Tap water is added into the test tube. The mixture is shaken. 12. The observations is recorded.

Questions: 1. Describe the properties of soap produced. The properties of soap produced are effective cleansing in soft water But ineffective in hard water, react with Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions to form a percipitate called scum, not effective in acidic water and biodegradable.

2. What is the function of sodium chloride in this experiment? The sodium chloride is use to salting out to reduces the solubility of soap in water and causes it to be precipitated.

3. Write a word equation for safonication process involved in this experiment. Palm oil + sodium hydoxide Sodium palmitate + Glycerol

4. Predict your obsevation if tap water is replaced by distilled water in procedure 11. Explain your answer. If the soap is shaken in the tap water, a lot of foam is produced. This happen due to the property of tap water as a soft water.

5. Can soap be produced by hydrolyzing fat or oils under acidic conditions? Explain your answer. When the fat or oils hydrolyzing under acidic conditions it will be produce detergent. Like the soap detergent can be used as a cleansing agent because it can act as emulsifying agents to emulsify oil and grease.

6. Name two different techniques used in making soap. Saponification and sulphonation.

7. What are the advantages of commercial soap? The advantages of commercial soap are has improved hygiene and possibly brought many diseases under control.

8. What are the materials used in the industry to manufactured detergent? Detergent are synthetic cleansing agents that use chemical extracted mostly from petroleum instead of fatty acids.

Conclusion: Soap can be prepared through the saponification process, by boiling palm oil With a sodium hydroxide solution.

Appendices; Apparatus and material;

Palm oil is poured into the beaker

The mixture of palm oil and sodium hydroxide solution is stirred and allowed to boils for 10 minutes.

Three spatula of sodium chloride and 50 cm3 of distilled water will be added into the mixture. The mixture is boils for 5 minutes, then allowed to cooled.

The mixture is filtered.

Soap

References; Ho Hon Yoon, Pre-U text STPM Organic Chemistry,Pearson Malaysia SDN BHD, Selangor, 2009. Grace Lee, Phoon Pooi Lan, Fok Poon Lin, W.S. Tham, Grade A Chemistry Cerdik Publications, Shah Alam Selangor, 2009. Yeap Tok Kheng, Essential chemistry SPM, Longman, Malaysia, 2008