Properties and Testing of Materials

Determination of Fracture Toughness

Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials

Toughness
Toughness measurement by calculating the area
under the stress-strain curve from static tests
Material fractures occur by progressive cracking
Stress Concentration at crack
tip by Photo-elasticity
Notch Toughness
Defined as the ability of a material to absorb
energy, (usually when loaded dynamically) in the
presence of a flaw
Laboratory measurement of impact energy by
Charpy test (V-notch impact specimen)
Izod test
Dynamic tear test
The general purpose of the various kinds of notch-
toughness tests is to model the behavior of actual
structures so that the laboratory test results can be
used to predict service performance.
Impact Energy
Introduction
Hardness o Strength
Impact Energy o Toughness
Laboratory measurement of impact energy
Charpy test
Izod test

Charpy test
Impact Energy
Stress concentrating
notch
Charpy Impact Test
Sensitivity of Impact Test Data
Test conditions
Notch sharpness
Nature of stress concentration at notch tip
Test temperature
Internal atomic structure of the material
Sensitivity of Impact Test Data
Ductile to brittle transition temperature
Most structural steels can fail in either a ductile or brittle manner depending on
several conditions such as temperature, loading rate, and constraint.
Ductile fractures are generally preceded by large amounts of plastic
deformation and usually occur at 45 to the direction of the applied stress.
Brittle or cleavage fractures generally occur with little plastic deformation and
are usually normal to the direction of the principal stress.
Ductile to brittle transition temperature
Why is it of great practical importance???
Alloy Loses toughness and it is susceptible
to catastrophic failure below this transition
temperature
It is a design criterion of great importance.
Several disastrous failures of ships occurred
because of this phenomenon.
Plane stress & Plane strain
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Microscopic Fracture Surface
Fracture Toughness
Fracture Toughness the most widely used
material property single parameter from
fracture mechanics.
It is represented by the symbol K
IC
, defined as
The critical value of the stress intensity factor
at crack tip necessary to produce catastrophic
failure under simple uni-axial loading.
Fracture Toughness
The value of Fracture Toughness is given by:
(1)
Y is a dimensionless geometry factor
o
f
is the overall applied stress at failure
a is the length of the surface crack or one half of an internal crack
K
Ic
have the units of MPa\m ( for plane strain conditions in which the
specimen thickness is comparatively large ).
Fracture Toughness
K
Ic
(plane strain conditions).
K
c
(plane stress conditions).
ASTM E 399
Failure Modes by cracking
Types of relative movements of two crack surfaces
Failure Modes by cracking
The opening mode,
Mode I
The sliding or shear mode,
Mode II
The stress field at the crack tip can be
treated as one or a combination of
the three basic types of stress fields
The tearing mode,
Mode III
Typical Fracture Toughness values
K
Ic
represents the inherent ability of a
material to withstand a given stress-field
intensity at the tip of a crack and to resist
progressive tensile crack extension
under plane-strain conditions.
K
Ic
represents the fracture toughness of
the material and has units of (MN/m
3/2
).
K
Ic
Fracture toughness
Is the material-toughness property depends on the particular material,
loading rate, and constraint as follows:
K
c
= critical stress-intensity factor for static loading and plane-stress
conditions of variable constraint. Thus, this value depends on specimen
thickness and geometry& crack size.
K
Ic
= critical-stress-intensity factor for static loading and plane-strain
conditions of maximum constraint. Thus, this value is a minimum value
for thick plates.
K
Id
= critical-stress-intensity factor for dynamic (impact) loading and plane-
strain conditions of maximumconstraint.
K
Ic
Fracture toughness
K
c
, K
Ic
, or K
Id
= C o \ a ,
C = constant, function of specimen and
crack geometry,
o = nominal stress, ksi (MN/m
2
),
a = flaw size, in. (mm).
K
Ic
Fracture toughness
Experimental determination of K
Ic
KIC test procedure
1 Determine critical specimen size dimensions
2 Select a test specimen and prepare shop drawing
3 Fatigue crack the test specimen (by cyclic loading)
4- Obtain test fixtures and displacement gauges
5- Alignment, positioning of loads, loading rate, friction, eccentricity,
6- Test record of the load displacement.
7- Measurements of specimen dimensions and fractures to calculate K
Q
(B, S, W, a).
8- Analysis of P-o records.
9- Calculation of conditional K
Ic
(K
Q
).
KIC test procedure
1 Determine critical
specimen size dimensions
2
2
2
0 . 5
5 . 2
5 . 2
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ys
Ic
ys
Ic
ys
Ic
K
depth Specimen W
K
thickness Specimen B
K
depth crack a
o
o
o
CTS, Slow bend Specimens
KIC test procedure
2 Select a test specimen and prepare shop drawing
Specimen Design
KIC test procedure
3 Fatigue crack the test specimen (by cyclic loading)
KIC test procedure
4- Obtain test fixtures and displacement gauges
5- Alignment, positioning of loads, loading rate, friction,
eccentricity,
Gauges for CTS
Gauges for Slow bend test specimen
Testing Machine
Tensile cracking experimental setup
Instron Screw Machine
PC
AE
System
Pin grips
MTS
Extensometer
AE
sensor
Fracture Toughness Specimens
KIC test procedure
6- Test record of the load displacement.
7- Measurements of specimen dimensions and
fractures to calculate K
Q
(B, S, W, a).
8- Analysis of P-o records.
9- Calculation of conditional K
Ic
(K
Q
).
Load
Displacement Curve
P-A test record 5% offset line
Determination of PQ
KIC test procedure
Calculation of conditional K
IC
(K
Q
) for SBTS
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2
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2
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2
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2
3
7 . 38 6 . 37 8 . 21 6 . 4 9 . 2
W
a
W
a
W
a
W
a
W
a
W B
S P
K
Q
Q
P
Q
= Load as determined
B = Thickness of specimen
S = Span length
W = Depth of specimen
a = Crack length as determined
K
IC
test procedure
Calculation of conditional K
IC
(K
Q
) for CTS
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9 . 638 0 . 1017 7 . 655 5 . 185 6 . 29
W
a
W
a
W
a
W
a
W
a
W B
P
K
Q
Q
P
Q
= Load as determined
B = Thickness of specimen
W = Width of specimen
a = Crack length as determined
ASTM E 399 90
Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials
1- This test method covers the determination of the plane strain fracture
toughness (KIc) of metallic materials by tests using a variety of fatigue-cracked
specimens having a thickness of 0.063 in. (1.6 mm) or greater.
2- This test method also covers the determination of the specimen strength
ratio Rsx where x refers to the specific specimen configuration being tested. This
strength ratio is a function of the maximum load the specimen can sustain, its
initial dimensions and the yield strength of the material.
3- This test method is divided into two main parts. The first part gives general
information concerning the recommendations and requirements for KIc testing.
The second part is composed of annexes that give the displacement gage
design, fatigue cracking procedures, and special requirements for the various
specimen configurations covered by this method. In addition, an annex is
provided for the specific procedures to be followed in rapid-load plane-strain
fracture toughness tests.
ASTM E 399 90
Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials
ASTM E 399 90
Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials
ASTM E 399 90
Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials
ASTM E 399 90
Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials
ASTM E 399 90
Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials
ASTM C1018

Flexural Toughness and First Crack Strength of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With
Third Point Loading)
ASTM E 399 90
Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials
ASTM C1018

Flexural Toughness and First Crack Strength of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With
Third Point Loading)
ASTM C1018

Flexural Toughness and First Crack Strength of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With
Third Point Loading)
ASTM C1018

Flexural Toughness and First Crack Strength of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With
Third Point Loading)
RILEM 50-FMC

Determination of the Fracture Energy of Mortar and Concrete by Means of Three-Point Bend
Tests on Notched Beams
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0 0
) (
m
J
m
N
A
mg W
G
lig
f
o
W
0
= area under the load deflection curve (N/m)
m = m
1
+ m
2
= deformation at the final failure of the beam (m)
A
lig
. = area of the ligament at mid span (m
2
)
A
lig.
Thanks