2

Experiments Details
Page
- Experiment #1: Determination of Frequency of A.C. Supply
By Melde's method.
3
- Experiment #2: To determine the variation of photoelectric
Current with the change of intensity of light.
(Verification of inverse Square Law).
6
- Experiment #3: Determination of value of g by Compound
Pendulum.
9
- Experiment #4: Determination of value of g by Katers
Reversible pendulum.
13
- Experiment #5: To determine the Resistivity and Conductivity
of Eureka wire
17
- Experiment #6: To convert a Weston type Galvanometer into
An Ammeter of range 01A.
19
- Experiment #7: To convert a Weston type Galvanometer into
Voltmeter of range 05V.
24
- Experiment #8: To determine the Low Resistance by Cary
Fosters bridge.
26













3


Experiment # 01


To determine the frequency of AC supply by Meldes
apparatus.

Equipment, Tools and Supplies:

Meldes apparatus (vibrograph), AC supply, Pulley with stand, two small
optical pins with stands, Light string of about 2 meters, Pan, Weight box ,
meter scale

Introduction:

The frequency of AC supply is given by

m
Mg
l
f
2
1
=
where f is the frequency of AC supply (or frequency of transverse standing
waves produced in string), l is the distance between two successive nodes,
i.e., equal to the length of a loop, M is the total mass suspended to the string,
i.e., mass placed in the pan plus mass of pan, g is acceleration due to gravity,
and m is mass per unit length of string.

Lab Procedure:
1.If the mass per unit length of string is not known, measure full length of
string, say 2m, and weight it to the nearest milligram. Divide the measured
mass by its length to get mass per unit length m of string. Note also the
mass of pan
1
m .
2.One end of string is tied to the iron strip of vibrograph and the other end
is passed over a frictionless pulley and is attached to a light pan(Pl. see attached
Fig.). Take care that the pan does not touch the table or any other thing.

4
3.Stretch the string by placing some mass
2
m say 2 gm, in the pan attached
at end of the string, and set vibrograph to vibrations by switching the
current on.
4.The length of the string is adjusted by moving the vibrograph or position
of vibrating strip is adjusted until standing waves having an amplitude of
about 1-2 cm are seen in the string.
5.Now, one optical pin each is placed at the second and second last node
formed in string and the distance L between these two optical pins is
measured by meter scale, and the number of loops n formed between
the optical pins are counted.
The ends of the string are not true nodes, and measurements should not
be made from these points.
6.Record the values of L and n and hence find out length l of one loop.
7.After the values of tension in string by changing weight in pan, say 5, 10,
15 and 20 gm, and repeat the operation five times for each weight to find
L and n .
8.Determine the frequency of AC supply in each case by using formula

m
Mg
l
f
2
1
=
and take the mean value.

Record of Observations:

1.Mass per unit length of string =m= _______ gm/cm
2.Mass of pan =
1
m = _________ gm

The frequency of AC supply is given by

m
Mg
l
f
2
1
= Hz ________ =
Mass
In
Pan
2
m
gm

Total
Mass
M =
m
1
+m
2
gm
No. of
Loops

n

Total
Length
Of n
Loops
L
cm

Length
Of one
Loop
n
L
l =
cm

Frequency
Of AC
m
Mg
l
f
2
1
= Hz
or c/s

Mean
Frequency
Of AC

Hz or c/s

1
2
3
4
5
6


5
Result:

The frequency of AC supply Hz _________ =

Sources of Error:

1. Vibrating strip or length of string should be so adjusted that the loops
formed are sharp, stationary and of maximum amplitude.
2. The pulley used should be frictionless and in line with string.
3. The string should be of uniform diameter.
4. The pan should be light.
5. The string and pan should be kept off the table.
6. Optical pins should be carefully adjusted.





























6



Experiment #02


To determine the variation of photoelectric current with the change of
intensity of light (Verification of Inverse Square Law).

Equipment, Tools and Supplies:

Photocell fitted in a box having lamp, meter rod, micro ammeter, resistor (load),
Intensity meter with detector (solar cell) and 220 volts mains.
Introduction:
Photo cell is device in which light energy is used to create a potential difference
which is directly proportional to frequency and intensity of the incident light.
Photocell consists of piece of semiconductor material such as silicon, germanium
which is bonded to a metal plate. When light falls on the semiconductor valence
electrons and holes are librated from its crystal structure. These electrons flow out
of the semiconductor into the metals whereas holes flow in the opposite direction. It
creates a potential difference between the semiconductor and the metal which is
sufficient to cause current flow through a load resistor.




Lab Procedure:

1: Give a supply of 220V to the lamp.
7
2: Switch on the lamp and move the lamp from extreme position towards photo
cell. There will deflection on micro ammeter at certain distance. Record this
distanced and reading of photocell current I from micro ammeter. Then go on
recording the readings of micro ammeter with distance reduced to an interval of 5
cm.
3: If the distance of lamp from the photocell is denoted by d then the intensity of
light L is
Proportional to 1/d
2
i.e., L= constant/d
2

4: Plot a graph between intensity L i.e., 1/d
2
and current I which will be a
straight line, which indicates that intensity of light is proportional to photo
current.

Note: Perform the same experiment by directly measuring the intensity of light at
the distances on which photocurrent has been measured. We can plot the two graph
one between 1/d
2
and photo current I another between intensity L and
photocurrent I. It will confirm that the two graphs are same indicating that
L1/d
2
. Add another column of intensity L (mw/cm
2
) in the observation table.

Precautions:

1: Expose the photocell to light for short interval of time.
2: The lamp should be moved towards the cell along the straight line.
3: Take at least twelve reading in each case.
4: The distance of electric lamp should be changed linearly without changing the
angle at which light falls initially.
5: Lamp should not be very close to the photocell to avoid over heating. (Minimum
distance between lamp and the cell may be around 30 cm).

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS


8


Lamp distance
from photocell
d (cm)
Current in the
ammeter
I (A)
Intensity of
Light
L 1/d
2

(cm
-2
)
Intensity of
Light
L(mw/cm
2
)




























9


Experiment # 03



To determine the value of g by Compound pendulum.

.

Introduction:

A compound pendulum consists of rigid body which can oscillate freely about a
horizontal axis passing through it. In our experiment we use a metallic, regular
shaped rod having small holes bored in it at equal distances along its length.
Time period of a compound pendulum is given by

g
L
T t 2 = (i)
Where L is the length of an equivalent simple pendulum.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Simplifying equation (i) we get


2
2
4
T
L
g t =

Equipment Tools and Supplies:

A bar pendulum, telescope with cross-wires in its eye piece, stop watch, meter rod,
metallic wedge, wooden wedge etc.

Lab Procedure:
1: Determine the Centre of gravity of the bar pendulum by placing it horizontally
on a wooden wedge.
2: Mark one of the ends of the bar as A and the other B.
3: Measure the distance between the first hole at the end A and the center of
gravity.
4: Fix the metallic wedge into the first hole near the end A and suspend the bar
on the support.
5: Place a telescope at atleast one meter distance from the bar pendulum and focus
the eye piece of the telescope on the cross wires, rotate the eye piece so that the
horizontal axis is not horizontal and vertical not vertical, instead they make cross
mark i.e. a mark like X.
6: Focus the telescope on the metallic bar such that the origin of cross wires is
focused at the centre of one of the holes of the bar at the end B ( or focus it at
certain well defined point on the bar ).
7: Set the bar in oscillations. Note down the time for twenty oscillations of
10
the bar, oscillations being observed through the telescope. Repeat it at least three
times with the metallic wedge fixed in first hole at the end A of the bar,
amplitude of oscillations must be small. Find the mean time t for twenty
oscillations corresponding to first hole. Calculate the time period T by
20
t
T =
8: Now fix the metallic wedge in the second hole and find out mean time for
Twenty oscillations, calculate the time period. Measure the length of the bar
pendulum from second hole to the centre of gravity of the bar.
9: Similarly determine the time period corresponding to each hole on the end
A of the bar also note down the length of the bar between centre of gravity
and corresponding hole.
10: Now invert the bar and fix the metallic wedge in the first hole near the
end B determine the time for 20 oscillations and calculate the time period T, also
measure the length of the bar between C.G. and the first hole at end B.
Similarly determine the time period and the length of the bar between each hole on
the end B of the bar and C.G.
11: Plot a graph between time period (along y-axis) and length of the bar
pendulum on either side of centre of gravity along x-axis.


The graph will be similar to that shown in figure below:





Draw two horizontal lines XY and
/ /
Y X . These two lines will cut the two curves at
KLMN and OPQR respectively. Measure the length KM & LN the mean of these
two lengths gives length
1
L of equivalent simple pendulum i.e.
2
1
LN KM
L
+
= ,
Note down the corresponding time
11
period
1
T Calculate the value of g using these values of
1 1
&T L . Also measure the
length OQ and PR and find out mean length i.e.
2
2
PR OQ
L
+
= also note down the
corresponding time period
2
T , again calculate the value of g using the value
of
2 2
&T L .

Observations:


END A END B

Distance Time for 20 oscillations Distance Time for 20 osc
from the T from T
C.G. to 1 2 3 Mean t sec sec C.G. to 1 2 3 Mean sec
suspension suspension t sec
cms cms

1

2

3



From graph: (i) KM = cm.
LN = . cm.
T
1
=..sec.

(ii) OQ = cm.
PR = .cm.
. .......... ..........
2
2
cms
PR OQ
L =
+
=
T
2
= .sec.

Calculations:
1.
2
1
1 2
4
T
L
g t =
= cm / sec
2

2.
2
2
2 2
4
T
L
g t =
= ..cm / sec
2

Mean g = ..cm / sec
2



No
of
obs
12
Result: Acceleration due to gravity g is found to be = .. cm / sec
2

Percentage error =

Precautions:

1: Support of the pendulum should be rigid, so that it should not vibrate along with
the vibrations of the pendulum.
2: Bouncy of air is the important source of air.
3: Some of air also drags along with the pendulum which affects the time period of
the pendulum, because the moment of inertia of the system increases.
4: Since the formula
2
2
4
T
L
g
t
= is valid only for small amplitudes,
therefore amplitude of oscillations must be small.

































13

Experiment # 04



To determine the value of g using Katers reversible pendulum

Introduction:

Katers pendulum is a compound pendulum. It is based on the principle that we can
change centre of oscillation and centre of suspension. It consists of a long metallic
rod made of brass or steel. This rod is fixed with two knife edges
2 1
andK K at its
ends. There are two similar weights M and M
/
and a small adjustable weight m. All
these can slide along the length of the rod and their positions can be fixed at any
desired point on the rod. The two big weights M, M
/
are fixed near the knife edges
K
1
and K
2
while the small weight m is fixed in between them.
The time period
1
T about the knife edge
1
K is given by

g l
K l
T
1
2 2
1
1
2
+
= t

2 2
1
2
1
2
1
4
K l
g l T
+ =
t
. (i)
where
1
l is the length of the rod between its centre of gravity and the knife edge
1
K
and K is the radius of gyration.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Similarly time period
2
T about the knife edge
2
K is given by

g l
K l
T
2
2 2
2
2
2
+
= t
or
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
4
K l
g l T
+ =
t
.(ii)
2
l is the length of the rod between its centre of gravity and knife edge
2
K ,
subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i) we get
( )
2
2
2
1 2
2
2 1
2
1
2
4
l l l T l T
g
=
t

or
2
2
2
1
2
2
2 1
2
1
2
4
l l
l T l T
g

=
t


(

+
+
+
=
2 1
2
2
2
1
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1 4
l l
T T
l l
T T
g
t
.(iii)
If T
1
and T
2
i.e. the time period of the pendulum about knife edge
2 1
orK K respectively, are made exactly equal (or nearly equal) then
14

(

+
+
=
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1 4
l l
T T
g
t

(since the second term of equation (iii) vanishes)
If L is the distance between the two knife edges then
2 1
l l L + = , similarly
T T T = =
2 1
, then

L
T
g
2 2
4
=
t
or
2
2
4
T
L
g t =

Equipment Tools and Supplies:

Katers reversible pendulum, stop watch, telescope, meter rod etc

Lab Procedure:
(i) Fix the weights M, M
/
above and below the two knife edges
1
K and
2
K and
mat about the centre of rod such that they all lie along the same line.
(ii) Suspend the pendulum on the knife edge
1
K on the stand. Focus the cross wires
of telescope at any suitable point (suitably at the lower edge of the rod which will
be seen vertically upward in the telescope). The telescope is placed at some distance
from the pendulum.
(iii) Now displace the pendulum so that its start oscillating with small amplitude.
Observe the motion through telescope and note down the time
1
t for 20 oscillations
twice. Find its mean and calculate time period
n
t
T
1
1
= (n=20).
(iv) Without disturbing the positions of M, M
/
and m, suspend the pendulum edge
2
K , displace it from its equilibrium position through small amplitude. Find the
time
2
t for 20 oscillations twice, find its mean and calculate the time period
n
t
T
2
2
= (n=20).
(v) Note down the distance d between the two knife edges.
(vi)Now move the knife edges
1
K and
2
K inward by equal distance (e.g. 5cm).
Repeat the steps (ii) to (iv) i.e. find the time periods about the two knife edges and
note the distance between them.
(vii) In this way take at least five sets of observations by changing the distance d
between the two knife edges.
(viii) Draw a graph between distance d and time period T for each knife edge. From
the graph you will obtain the two separate lines intersecting each other at a point.
(ix) Note down the values of time period T and distance d between the knife edges
corresponding to the point of intersection. These values will give the length L ( d =
L) and time period T of the equivalent simple pendulum.
(x) Using the values of L and T , calculate the value of g.

15

Katers reversible pendulum

Record, Calculations and Results:

Least count of the stop watch = .. Sec.

















Distance
between
edges
K1& K2
d(cm)


Time for 20
oscillations when
supported on K1
t
1



Time
period
T
1
=
n
t
1

(n=20)

(Sec)

Time for 20
oscillations when
supported on K1
t
2



Time period
T
2
=
n
t
2

(n=20)

(Sec)

1
s
e
c

2
s
e
c
Mean
Time
t
1
(Sec)

1
s
e
c

2
s
e
c
Mean
Time
t
2
(Sec)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
16















Length of the equivalent simple pendulum from the graph L =.cm
Time period of equivalent simple pendulum from the graph T = sec

Calculations:


2
2
4
T
L
g
t
=

g = cm / sec
2



Result:
The value of g by Katers reversible pendulum is found to be ..cm / sec
2


Precautions:
(i) The edges K
1
and K
2
must be sharp.
(ii) The support must be rigid, so that it should not vibrate during the
Oscillations of the pendulum.
(iii) Time of oscillations must be noted carefully and accurately.
(iv) The place of experiment should be free from air currents.











L d (cm)
Distance between the two knife edges












T
i
m
e

P
e
r
i
o
d









T

(
s
e
c
)

T
17

Experiment #05



To determine the resistivity and conductivity of Eureka wire.

Equipment, Tools and Supplies:
Power supply with ammeter and volt meter, eureka wire, screw gauge, meter rod
and connecting wires.

Introduction
Resistivity or specific resistance of a material is defined as the resistance of a unit
volume of the material. If R is the resistance, A is the area of cross section, L'
is the length of a wire and a current I is passing through its area A, then

So R L/A
Or R = Constant * L/A
Or Constant = R * A/L
This constant is called Resistivity of the material . The inverse of resistivity is
called Conductivity o of the material given by
= R* A/L Ohms-cm
o = 1/ Ohms
-1
-cm
-1
Lab Procedure:
1: construct the fallowing diagram to find resistance of the eureka wire

2: Switch on the Power supply and give a small current in the wire record this
current and corresponding voltage across the wire from the meters on the power
supply.
3: Keep on changing the current with regular intervals and record corresponding
voltages and currents in the table given below
4: Find the value of resistance of eureka wire for each set of voltage and current
and find the average resistance R
18
5: Find the diameter D of the wire using screw gauge and length of the wire
using a meter rod in centimeters
6: The area of cross section A of wire is t r
2
where radius r = D/2

7: Measure length L of the wire.
8: Calculate and o as per given procedure.


Precautions:
1: Provide small current to the wire for short time to avoid heating.
2: Take at least twelve reading in each case.
3: Take several readings of diameter of wire and get average diameter D

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:


Average Resistance of the wire = R = ...Ohms
Length of the wire = L = cm
Diameter of the wire = D =.cm
Radius of the wire r = D/2 = ...cm
Area of cross section A of the wire = t r
2
=.... cm
-2
Resistively of the wire = = R* A/L = .. Ohms-cm
Conductivity of the wire = o = 1/ = Ohms
-1
-cm
-1



Current I
(Amperes)

Voltage V
(Volts)

Resistance R
R = V/I Ohms










19


Experiment # 06


To convert a Weston type galvanometer into an ammeter of range 0 1.0
amp.

Introduction:
A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a very small
resistance, called shunt, across its terminals. This resistance can be calculated if the
internal resistance of the galvanometer and maximum current which it can draw for
full scale deflection are known. Suppose internal resistance of the galvanometer is
Rg and current required for full scale deflection is I
g
which is very small. If the
current passing through the galvanometer exceeds this value, its needle goes out of
scale. Now if it is required to measure current I which is very very large as
compared to I
g
' then another resistance is connected across the terminals of the
galvanometer in such a way that (I I
g
) current passes through this resistance and
only I
g
current passes through the coil of the galvanometer. So that the resistance
shares the extra burden put upon the galvanometer. The extra burden put on the
galvanometer is (I I
g
) amperes. So the value of the resistance connected across the
galvanometer should be so calculated that it allows exactly (I I
g
) amperes of
current to pass through it. Hence the galvanometer in combination with calculated
resistance can be used to read I amperes current.

Equipment Tools and Supplies:

Weston type galvanometer, high resistance box, low resistance box, two plug keys,
ammeter of range 0 1 amp., rheostat, battery, connecting wires and screw gauge.

Lab Procedure:

First Step: To find the internal resistance R
g
of the galvanometer.

20
The resistance of the galvanometer can be found by Half deflection method
described below:

1. Complete the circuit as shown in the Fig. above G is a galvanometer, K
1

and K
2
are the plug keys, R is the high resistance box S is a low resistance box
and B is the battery.
2. Take out 5000 ohms resistance from the resistance box R. Introduce the
plug in the key K
1
. (Suppose the total number of divisions on the galvanometer
scale is 30). Adjust the
resistance in R so that the galvanometer needle resets at its 30
th
division i.e. it
gives full scale deflection.
3. Introduce the plug in key K
2
as well, the deflection in the galvanometer
will decrease. Take out a certain resistance S
1
from the resistance box S in such
a way that for this value of resistance, the galvanometer gives half scale deflection
i.e. the needle of the galvanometer rests at 15
th
division of the scale.
4. Take out plug from key K
2
and introduce plug in the K
1
. Adjust the
resistance R to get a deflection of 20 division in the galvanometer. Close key K
2

also and by adjusting S, bring the needle back to 10
th
division. Let the resistance in
S be S
2
.

Record and Calculation:

.
Deflection in
galvanometer

Resistance from the low
Resistance box S for
half deflection S (ohms)

Internal resistance
of galvanometer
Rg = S (Ohms)

1
2
3


30 divisions
20
10

S
1
= ..
S
2
=
S
3
=.



Second step: To determine the current I
g
for full scale deflection.

1. Measure the voltage of the battery by a voltmeter. Suppose it is E volts.
2. Then make the circuit as shown in Fig. below. Take out 5000 ohms
resistance from R.B. and introduce the plug in key K. Adjust the resistance, either
by increasing it or by decreasing it, so that galvanometer gives full scale deflection.
Note the value of resistance R in R.B. for this deflection and calculate I
g
as
under:-
I
g
= (E / R + R
g
) amperes
21

Third Step: To determine the shunt resistance for conversion of galvanometer
into an ammeter of range 0 1.0

This step does not involve any practical set up. It can be calculated theoretically.
The Fig. below is used to explain this step only.




Suppose the required value of resistance is X which, when connected across the
galvanometer, gives full scale deflection with the help of battery B supplying
current I amperes.
In this case potential difference across galvanometer is equal to the potential
difference across X i.e,

I
g
Rg=(II
g
)X
or
X = (I
g
Rg / I I
g
)
Knowing I
g
, R
g
and I, X can be calculated. (I = I ampere i.e. the range of the
ammeter).

Fourth Step: It is also theoretical. It involves the determination of length of the
wire having resistance X ohms
22

We know that the specific resistance S of the wire is given by

S = X (A / L)
where A the area, L the length and X the resistance of the wire to be used
Ifd is the diameter of the wire,

then, S = X(d
2
/ 4L) (A = d
2
/ 4)
or L = (X / S) (d
2
/ 4) cm.

Knowing x, d and s (from tables) the length of the wire can be calculated.


Hint: As the value of X is very small, the common connecting copper wire
should be used for connecting it across the galvanometer. The lengths of the wires
of other materials having resistance X will be very small, even less than the
distance between the terminals of the galvanometer.


Fifth Step: Verification of the result:

1. Connect the copper wire of calculated length across the galvanometer.
This arrangement, shown in Fig. below converts the galvanometer into an ammeter,
whose 30 divisions read one ampere current. So the value of each division of the
galvanometer is (1 / 30) ampere.

2. Introduce plug in key Key adjust the rheostat in such a way that the
galvanometer gives full scale deflection. It means that the current read by it is one
ampere. If the ammeter A, connected in the circuit, also shows one ampere reading,
then the conversion is perfectly all right.
3. Verify it by adjusting the rheostat, so that the galvanometer gives half
scale deflection, the reading in the ammeter will also be (1 / 2) ampere.


23
Verification:


Deflection in
galvanometer
u division

Current for
u division
= 1/30*u
=I
1
ampere

Reading in
the
I
2
ampere

Difference
I
1
- I
2


1
2
3
4
5


10
10
20
20

5
2.5
5
2.5


Result: The galvanometer has been converted into an ammeter of range 0 1.0
amp because the difference is zero or very small.




























24


EXPERIMENT # 07


To convert a Weston type galvanometer into voltmeter of range 0 5.0 volts.

Equipment Tools and Supplies:
Galvanometer, voltmeter of high range, high resistance box, low resistance box, two
plug keys, battery, connecting wires, eureka wire and screw gauge.

Lab Procedure:

First Step:
Find the resistance R
g
of the galvanometer by half deflection method as in
previous experiment.

Second Step:
Find the maximum current I
g
required for full scale deflection of the galvanometer
as in previous experiment.

Third Step:
Find the value of the resistance to be connected in series with the galvanometer, so
as to convert it into a voltmeter of range 0 5 volts. This is theoretical process and
can be calculated without using any apparatus. It is given by
R = (V/I
g
) R
Where V is 5 volts, I
g
, is the maximum current required for full scale deflection,
R
g
is the resistance of the galvanometer R will have quite large value, usually
Eureka wire is used to connect it in series with the galvanometer, or for simplicity
a high resistance box with much resistance is connected in series with the
galvanometer.

Fourth Step:
To determine the length of the Eureka wire (if used) having resistance R ohms to
be connected with the galvanometer, proceed as follow:
1. Find the diameter,d of the wire by means of screw gauge. Find its
specific resistance S from the tables and calculate the length of the wire using
formula
L = (R / S) (d
2
/ 4)
2. Connect this calculated length Lof the wire in series with the
galvanometer which will be converted into a voltmeter of range 0 5 volts.

Fifth Step:
Suppose there are n divisions in the galvanometer scale which read 5 volts, so
each division of the galvanometer gives (5 / n) volts.

25
4. Complete the circuit as shown in Fig. below where z is a rheostat, V is a
voltmeter of high range and R.B. is a resistance box.
5. Take say 10 ohms resistance out of the resistance box R.B. Introduce plug
in key K, and adjust the rheostat to get full scale deflection in the galvanometer G.
Note the reading in the voltmeter; if it also reads 5 volts, the galvanometer has been
correctly converted into voltmeter. Again adjust the rheostat to get half scale
deflection in the galvanometer and the voltmeter will read 2.5 volts at that time.
Repeat it by taking 20 ohms resistance out of the resistance box R.B.

Record and Calculation:

Resistance of the galvanometer from first step = Rg= ohms
Current for full scale deflection in the galvanometer from 2
nd
step = Ig=Amp.
Resistance to be connected across the galvanometer from 3
rd
step =R =Ohms.
Diameter of the wire = d =.cm
Specific resistance (resistivity) of the eureka wire = S = 49.0*10
-6
Ohms-cm
Length of the wire to be connected with the galvanometer from 4
th
step
= L = R td
2
/ 4S = cm
Value of each division of the galvanometer = 5/n volts

Verification:


Resistance
taken out
from R.B
(ohms)

Reading in
voltmeter
V
1
(volts)

Deflection in
galvanometer
u division

galvanometer
voltage
5/n*u = V
2

volts

Difference
V
1
- V
2


1
2
3
4


10
10
20
20

5
2.5
5
2.5

Result: The galvanometer has been converted into a voltmeter of range 0 5.0
volt, provided the difference is negligible.