Middle East Technical University Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department

EE472 Power System Analysis II Project #2

Prepared by: Mushfig Mammadov 1526458

Submitted to: Prof.Dr.Nezih Guven 07 June 2011

Executive Summary

Design of new energy system and load flow analysis of one of subsystems owned by CEC was objective of this project. Load flow study was carried out to assess the operational characteristics of the electrical system owned by CEC in 2011. These kinds of studies can be used for developing and analyzing technical requirements for the rehabilitation and upgrade of transmission system for the future years. For the load flow studies DIGSILENT power system simulation software is used. We have done our best for your company. We assigned senior electrical engineer as a project manager for finding the best solution to your problem.

There were 3 different contingences. In this report base case and above mentioned contingencies are considered. Total load for system is 206.5 MW. Total load can be supplied from external grids or from hydro generator. In this project most of the load is supplied from hydro generator in Twin Branch. In addition, losses and the rest of the load will be supplied from external grids. Since there was an earthquake in near past there are a lot of problems in the system. In this design project problems will be solved by adding new transformers, lines, shunt capacitors and even by adding new substation. In addition, 1 line outage and 2 transformer outage contingences will be considered. Proposed solutions will include solutions to those contingences as well. In the end, we want to mention that economics and environmental impact is taken into account while building solutions for your new energy system. On the next page, 2 solutions are tabulated. They can be compared according to their initial investment and total grid losses. First, our engineers made a site visit. They took a look at pre-determined 3 locations for possible substation sites. After careful survey and discussion we agreed to build new substation at West Elkhart. This is our first solution. Some site visit photos are attached in Appendix. In the second solution, again considering environmental conditions, we decided to build new 138 kV line between Dragon and Concord. This line can be installed without a major impact on environment.

Our company suggests the first solution. Second solution is cheaper than another in terms of initial investment. However, first solutions grid losses are smaller than the second one. The grid loss difference is about 0.6 MW. By considering increasing energy prices and environmental issues we suggest to choose the solution with high initial investment. This solution will be better for your customers and for our world. If we consider next 20 years total loss cost in second solution is greater than first one by an amount of 8 269 440 $. (8 cents/ kW/h). We want to inform you that generators voltage assigned by you is changed only for solving reactive power limit problem. It means that all problems solved by methods mentioned above. After that reactive power limit of generators are solved by changing voltages of PV buses. You can contact us anytime for additional information.

Table of Contents:

Executive summary1 Introduction...4 Problem statement5 Analysis and results7 Conclusions.9 Appendix..10

Introduction
In this report, design of new energy system for CEC in one of subsystems is discussed in detail. Since March 5 2011 the CTS station of the system has been out of service due to damage caused by an earthquake and subsequent landslides. Transmission lines between Miles and CTS and Concord and CTS are also out of service. Above mentioned lines cant be replaced due to environmental impact. External grid is able to provide required power to the system. For load flow analysis DIGSILENT software is used. It is the program that gathers the necessary tools for analyzing events in power systems, according to regulations or user specifications. The requirements used in the calculation are based on the project definitions. In order to perform a load flow study, full data must be provided about the studied system, such as connection diagram, parameters of lines, rated values of each equipment, and the assumed values of real and reactive power for each load. This numbers will be presented in the report under problem statement section. In this report calculation results for 3 different contingences will be presented also. Forecasted loads given correspond to the load ten years from now. These calculations provide power flows and voltages in a power system at the specified operating conditions. It is performed to investigate the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus and the real and reactive power flows in the system components. Results and conclusions about new system design will be given in this report.

Problem statement
There are 34 buses in the system. The highest voltage in the system is 345kV. This bus is used as an slack bus. It supplied all the losses and required power for the system. New designed system has to be economically affordable and environmentally friendly. As it is mentioned above loads are forecasted for ten years. Loads and available generators are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Line data and transformer data is prepared by the company. Parallel lines and transformers are given as single line and transformer. Transformer data is given in Table 2. Line data is given in Appendix.

Table 2 Single contingencies are: 1) The outage of the Concord 138/34.5 kV transformer 2) The outage of the E. Elkhart 138/69/34.5 kV transformer 3) The outage of the Currant-Miles transmission line There will be 2 solutions for these outages and base case. They will be compared due to their price and impact on environment. Single line diagram used for this project is attached as an appendix.

Some assumptions are made for slightly simplification of the problem. These are: Interconnection with other subsystems are presented as a load We are number One is available for practically unlimited power generation Length of lines are approximated Taps are assumed to be on low voltage side of transformers Price of 60 MVA transformer is approximated After solving each contingency and base case reactive power limit problem of generators are solved by changing generators voltage

Analysis and Results

Project requirements for load flow analysis are defined as:

i) ii) iii)

All bus voltages should be within the range of 0.95 and 1.05 All lines should operate below 90% of their ratings Reactive power flow control can be accomplished by means of capacitor banks and/or tap-changing transformers. In the first trial there were overloading in generators, transformers and lines. Generators

maximum and minimum reactive power generation limit exceeded during load flow analysis. In addition, there were some voltage drop problems in some buses. In the design period these problems are solved. Same problems observed during contingence analysis as well. Now about solution procedure: First, our engineers made a site visit. They took a look at determined 3 locations for possible substation sites. After careful survey and discussion we agreed to build new substation at West Elkhart. This is our first solution. Some site visit photos are attached in Appendix. After building new substation there is a need to make some modifications in the system. Since we are considering load increase for next 20 years we added 4 new transformers to the system. These are 2 80 MVA, 1 50 MVA and 1 60 MVA transformers. 80 MVA transformers are between buses 2-14 and 35-36. 50 MVA and 60 MVA transformers are between 8-17 and 4-15 respectively. In addition, new parallel lines added between some buses. These are 8-9, 15-18, 16-33, 17-27, 1831 and 23-24. In 1 line old line is replaced with new one. This is line between 21-26. In the final step, we considered under-voltage problems is the system. They are solved by adding shunt capacitors to those buses. We have added 5 shunt capacitors to the system. These are 10 MVAR and 4 MVAR capacitors to bus 12. 2 8 MVAR capacitors added to one to 16 and next to 26th bus. And final shunt capacitor added to 25th bus of the system. The results for base case and for 3 different contingences are added into appendix part of the report. Total system loss is 4.18 MW. Second solution includes building new 138 KV line between Dragon and Concord. In this solution only 3 transformers added to the system. These are 1 80 MVA, 1 50 MVA and 1 60 MVA transformers. 80 MVA transformers is between buses 2-14. 50 MVA and 60 MVA

transformers are between 8-17 and 4-15 respectively. In addition, new parallel lines added between some buses. These are 15-22, 15-18, 23-22, 17-27,27-28,19-24, 18-31 and 23-24. In the final step, we considered under-voltage problems is the system. They are solved by adding shunt capacitors to those buses. We have added 6 shunt capacitors to the system. These are 2 10 MVAR capacitors to bus 12 and 25. 2 8 MVAR capacitors added to one to 16 and next to 23rd bus. And final 2 4 MVAR shunt capacitors added to 14th and 33rd bus of the system. The results for base case and for 3 different contingences are added into appendix part of the report. Total system loss is 4.77 MW.

Conclusions
Elkharts (IN, USA) electrical system is analyzed in this report. Earthquake impact on the system is solved. 2 solutions are suggested. One is cheaper than another in terms of initial investment. However, other solutions grid losses are smaller than the first one. The difference is about 0.6 MW. By considering increasing energy prices and environmental issues we suggest to choose the solution with high initial investment. This solution will be better for your customers and for our world. Some assumptions are made for slightly simplification of the problem. In overall there 206.5 MW load in the system. All lines loadings and bus voltages are in a desired range. In this project normal steady-state condition was analyzed. The main information learned from the power flow calculation is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus, and the real and reactive power flowing in each line. A slight change in bus voltages was very significant in Q flow in nearby generators. Increasing the magnitude of desired generator voltages will increase MVAR injection; doing the reverse will have an opposite effect on Q flow. In addition, shunt reactors are used to absorb generated Q in the system. This helps to keep voltages in a desired range. To decrease losses, transmission of power over long distances should be avoided to keep I2R losses low. In conclusion, we have done our best to satisfy your needs.

Appendix

East Elkhart Hydro generator-substation

Twin Branch hydro-generator and substation (Satellite view)