ABSTRACT:

Fossil fuels were discovered in early 17th century. The day they were found, the scientists of those days thought that these fossil fuels aregoing to bring drastically changes in the Automobile fields. Things happened as the way they predicted. It really changed the Industry. People stated using commercial vehicles. Petrol brought lots of changes in the automobile field. Because of the increased demand for the fuel, the crude oil extraction was increased. But later on people found that the fossil fuels are slowly getting exhausted and that day is very nearer to us. According to the survey of several leading research institutes like MIT, the fossil fuels like coal, natural gas etc are going to be evaporated with in the coming 100 years. So, in such drastic conditions we need an alternative for this problem. The main component of fuel usage belongs to automobile industry. 80% of the total fuel consumption is by automobiles itself. So we need vehicles that depend less on the fossil fuels and more on some other alternative novel power. Such vehicles are called as Hybrid Vehicles. The classical definition of a Hybrid vehicle is that, The vehicle that uses two different kinds of energy sources to drive the vehicle. The combination of energy sources may be Solar energy + Electrical energy, Internal Combustion Engine+ Electrical energy etc. But conventionally and practically we have only well developed

Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) which will be having Electrical source as a primary source and some other source of energy generally the Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). My paper will give a complete stress on the following aspects of the Hybrid Electric Vehicles Introduction to Hybrid Electric

Vehicles. Why to use Parallel hybrid

Electric Vehicles. How are they better than Ordinary

vehicles Components of PHEV Regenerative Breaking System in

the Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Pros and Cons of the technology.

The paper gives a clear idea about the Parallel Hybrid Electric vehicles. And also the main reason behind calling these vehicles as Green vehicles is that, since they use non polluting electric power as a main source to drive the vehicle their emissions are harm less to the environment.

house effect, global warming etc. since the usage of the combustive fuels decreases, the environment can be saved from the adverse effects.

INTRODUCTION:
What is a Hybrid Vehicle? The first doubt that arises in your mind. As I have said above, A Hybrid Vehicle is a vehicle that draws power from two or more sources. Let me explain the real meaning inside the above statement using the following example shown below.

WHY PREFER HEVs:

As I have said before the main advantage of the HEVs is that they can reduce the environmental pollution to a great extent. As we all know that, the combustion engines when burns the fuel gives dangerous gases like CO2, CO, SO2, NO, NO2 etc into the atmosphere. These harmful gases are responsible for hazardous environmental effects like Green House Effect (Green house gases combining with rain water to give Acid rains) and Global warming (increase in the temperature of the environment which leads to the melting of polar ice caps and thus increasing the sea level). One more important thing is that they dont depend at all

In

the above figure you can observe a CIDI

on the Fossil fuels which are formed from the buried remaining of the living organisms about 300 to 500 million years ago. If we depend completely on these fossil fuels, within the next 100 years they will get exhausted completely and their regeneration takes about the same 300 to 500 million years once again. So now there is a need for mankind to discover something which depend more on the energy which is in exhaustible. To fill this environmental wanting, scientists have chosen the Hybrid Electric Vehicles as their path to save the planet as well

technology ICE and Integrated power electronics based Battery power supply. The vehicle runs using the power from both the CIDI engine as well as the power from the Battery equipment. So it is called as a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). The switching, connection and the working of the engines depend on the methodologies we use, which will be discussed later in the classification of HEVs. The main reason for bringing the hybrid vehicles in the market is to save fossil fuels and also to save the environment getting effect to different phenomena like green

as the Fossil fuels. Since they wont have any adverse effects on the environment and helps us to save the Fossil energies, they are proven to be the best replacement to the existing Automobile technologies. Now let us see different components of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Fuel Tank Electric Motor Generator Batteries Transmission Well defined Computerized

PARLLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC:

Control systems Internal Combustion Engine is an engine which works by the combustion of the fuel inside a evacuated chamber in presence of a air or oxygen. The combustion of the gas gives required mechanical energy as per the design of engine. Fuel tank reserves the fuel inside it. Common In the Parallel HEVs for the initial movement of the vehicle, the vehicle uses its internal combustion to move the vehicle and in parallel to that, it also helps to charge the Hybrid Battery pack. When the battery pack is sufficiently charged, the ICE is automatically switched off and the Battery pack runs the vehicle. Now let us check out the different components of PHEV. fuels used here are gasoline or petrol. It acts like a reservoir of fuel and supplies fuel to the ICE whenever needed. Electric motor generally used here is A.C type motor. It takes the energy from the battery pack and runs the wheels as per the energy supplied. Conventionally the ICE itself acts as the generator. Coming to the battery pack to supply electrical power, scientists used Lithium ion batteries in the beginning. But they are proved to be less efficient. The discharging rate is very fast for the lithium ion batteries. So the Lithium ion 1. Internal Combustion Engine

COMPONENTS OF HEVs:
Any Hybrid Electric Vehicle on the earth must consist of the following components. They are as follows

technology is replaced by a novel technology called as the Super Capacitor.

1.

Linear discharge of voltage

enables usage of the complete energy spectrum. 2. High self discharge than the

ordinary capacitor

SUPER CAPACITOR:

3. 4. 5.

Virtually unlimited life cycle Less impedance Charges in seconds and

discharges for a long time 6. High cycle efficiency

The one and only disadvantage in the ultra capacitor A super capacitor or an Ultra capacitor is nothing but a two layered conventional capacitor. It will have a separator in between the anode and cathode. The two empty gaps will be filled by activated carbon molecules which has a capability of storing and discharging the stored electrical energy inside. It cant be used directly as a source of energy in the applications. It can be used as a hybrid cell (battery + ultra capacitor) . it cant produce power on its own but can supply energy even much better than the Lithium ion batteries. Now let us see some advantages of the super capacitors over ordinary capacitors in detail. is that the ultra capacitors are very expensive than the ordinary conventional capacitors that we use in our daily life. Coming back to the components of the hybrid electric vehicle again, the next important part is the transmission. As per the required demand the transmission can either be automatic or manual transmission. The next one is the Sophisticated Computerized control system to control and coordinate the control the ICE system and the Electrical system simultaneously as per the need of the vehicle. It helps for the better switching of the two varieties of the driving mechanisms used in the HEVs. REGENERATIVE BRAKING:

The

word

itself

resembles

meaning.

1.

These are 100% emission free since

Regenerative braking means breaking that generates back some energy. Usually in automobiles while braking lots and lots of energy is wasted. To reuse this energy engineers built a novel solution called as regenerative braking. The regenerative braking is explained from the following picture

nothing is emitted into the atmosphere. 2. These are highly fuel efficient since they consume very less amount of fuel. 3. Hybrid electric vehicles are highly efficient 4. Non renewable sources are conserved since the usage of the electrical energy for the maximum extent.

DISADVANTAGES:
These hybrids has when got a very to less the

disadvantages

compared

ordinary ICE vehicles. 1. Because of the presence of the cooling Hybrid Electric Vehicles actually consists of both disc braking and electrical braking. While electrical breaking, when the electrical energy supply is stopped the motor actually acts as a generator. Its just because of a single reason. In the running condition the battery pack drives the vehicle but in the case of breaking the wheels runs the electrical machine. Generally the motor used here is D.C type. Since it is a D.C machine supplied with Mechanical energy from wheels, energy is produced by the D.C machine. This electrical energy is then supplied to hybrid battery pack for recharge purpose. This is nothing but regenerative braking. 2. To meet public acceptance, a car must include specific conditions: drive a minimum of 300 miles (482 km) between re-fueling, fill-up promptly and drive fast enough to match traffic. An electric car cannot go more than 100 miles (161 km) between re-charging, is difficult to recharge in some instances and doesn't drive beyond 60 mpg as yet. systems, it adds a little bit of extra weight on the vehicle.

CONCLUSION: The disadvantages as of

now with the HEVs are pretty less when compared to the ordinary automobiles. So if the technology could remove its flaws using the

ADVANTAGES:

advanced and fast research, the HEV technology will be the ultimate automobile technology in the future.As we all know thatevery good thing has a long gestation period. So what all we can do is to wait and see.