Experiment 6.

1: Surface Area, Order and Rates

Aim: Describe suitable experiments for measuring rates and analyse data from rate experiments. Describe the kinetic and collision theory. Predict and explain the effects of surface area changes on reaction rates. Results:
CaCO3(s) CHIPS Time (s) Average Mass of Flask + Contents ( 0.01 g) 99.46 99.31 99.20 99.09 99.04 99.01 99.00 98.99 98.98 98.98 98.97 98.97 98.97 Average Volume of CO2 produced ( 0.01 g) - LOSS IN MASS 0.00 0.16 0.26 0.37 0.43 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.50 CaCO3(s) POWDER Average Mass of Flask + Contents ( 0.01 g) 91.06 90.97 90.92 90.89 90.87 90.86 90.85 90.84 90.84 90.83 90.83 90.83 90.83 Average Volume of CO2 produced ( 0.01 g) - LOSS IN MASS 0.00 0.08 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180

Analysis/conclusion: 1. Give a balanced equation (with state symbols) for this reaction. HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) --> CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) 2. Explain why the mass of the conical ask plus contents decreases during the experiment. Heated (from exothermic reaction) CO2 becomes less dense than cool air in the surroundings and rises due to buoyancy, escaping the ask. 3. Calculate mass of CO2 evolved (loss of mass) for each result. Chips: 0.65 g Powder: 3.86 4. Plot a graph of CO2 (y-axis) against time (x-axis) for both your sets of results. You should use the same axis for each so that you can easily compare. Draw a smooth curved line of best t.

Graph to show the mass of CO2 evolved over time for CaCO3 powder and chips
0.55
CaCO3(s) POWDER

0.5

0.45

0.4

Mass of CO2 evolved (g)

0.35

0.3

0.25
CaCO3(s) CHIPS

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

20

40

60

80

100 Time (s)

120

140

160

180

200

5. Draw tangents to both graphs at t=0 secs. Calculate the gradients of each tangent and determine the initial rate of reaction for each size marble chip (in mass s-1) Chips: 0.005333 gs-1 Powder: 0.01067 gs-1 6. Describe qualitatively using collision why decreasing the size of the chips increases the rate of reaction. Decreasing the size of the chips increases the surface area of CaCO3(s) and exposes more molecules to be reacted with HCl, and more collisions in a unit time means an increase in rate. Therefore, powder would have a higher/faster initial rate than chips. 7. For one of the sets of results, calculate mf - mt (the nal total mass of carbon dioxide at the very end of the experiment minus the mass of CO2 evolved at that particular time).
CaCO3(s) POWDER Time (s) Average Volume of CO2 produced ( 0.01 g) - LOSS IN MASS 0.00 0.08 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.21

mf - mt (g)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

0.22 0.14 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01

105 120 135 150 165 180

0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22

0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

8. Plot a graph of mf - mt ( [HCl]) versus time. Calculate 3 consecutive half lives and show the gures used for your calculations on your graph.
0.25

0.2

0.15

mf - mt (g)
0.1 0.05

20

40

60

80

100 Time (s)

120

140

160

180

200

1st half life: 23.00 s 2nd half life: 44.58 - 23.00 = 21.58 s 3rd half life: 65.55 - 44.58 = 20.97 s 9. Determine if the reaction is rst order wrt to [HCl]. Because of the (similar) constant half lives, we can say that the reaction is rst order wrt to [HCl], since the mass lost is proportional to the decrease in concentration of HCl which is being reacted to form CO2 (the mass lost).