MECH 3XX Lab - Torsion

1.0 Introduction
In this experiment we observed the difference in rigidity of open and closed thin walled sections and solid sections of circular and rectangular beams. From our observations, we calculated material properties such as Young's modulus and the modulus of rigidity.

2.0 Procedure
Refer to "Lab #8 Torsion and Bending of Solid and Thin-Walled Sections" in MECH 305/306 Instruction Manual 2012.

3.0 Results
3.1 Part 1 - Determination of using Load-Deflection Measurements In this part of the experiment we loaded the rectangular and circular beams directly in the centre and measured the end deflection under pure bending. Table 1 and 2 show the data resulting from the pure bending test for both specimens. Figure 1 and 2 show the resulting data in graph form. Load (lb) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Load (lb) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Deflection (in) 0 0.011 0.0191 0.0322 0.043 0.0568 Deflection (inch) 0 0.0155 0.029 0.043 0.058 0.071

Table 1 - Pure Bending Test for Rectangular Beam

Table 2 - Pure Bending Data for Circular Beam

Pure Bending Rectangular Beam

0.06 y = 0.0109x 0.05 End Deflection (in) 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0 1 2 3 Load (lb) 4 5 6

Figure 1- End Deflection vs. Load for Rectangular Beam in Pure Bending Test

Pure Bending for Circular Beam

0.08 0.07 End Deflection (in) 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0 1 2 3 Load (lb) 4 5 6 y = 0.0144x R = 0.9993

Figure 2 - End Deflection vs. Load for Circular Beam in Pure Bending Test

The relationship between deflection and load is described by

where is the deflection, of inertia of the beam.

is the load, the length of the beam,

Young's Modulus, and the moment

From Figure 1 and 2, we can get the relationship

where

is the slope of the graph. Combining equations (1) and (2), we can find that

Table 3 below shows the calculated values of Young's Modulus using equation 3. The expected value of is about 10000ksi according to datasheets. Specimen Rectangular Beam Circular Beam Young's Modulus, (psi) 5494954 1909193
Table 3 - Young's Modulus for Both Specimens in Part 1

The modulus of rigidity, , can be obtained with a method similar to the method used to obtain Young's modulus. The beams were held such that there would be no deflection and only pure torsion. Table 4 and 5 show the data obtained in the pure torsion test of part 1. P (lb) 0 1 2 3 4 5 D1 (thou) 0 6.2 12.9 18.3 24.8 31.5 D1 (in) T(lb-in) Phi (rad) 0 0 0 0.0062 6.2 1.590E-03 0.0129 12.4 3.308E-03 0.0183 18.6 4.692E-03 0.0248 24.8 6.359E-03 0.0315 31 8.077E-03

Table 4 - Measured Deflection and Calculated Angle of Twist for Rectangular Beam under Pure Torsion Test

P Torque Deflection Deflection (lb) (lb*in) (thou) (inch) phi (rad) 0 0 0 0 0 1 6.2 7.5 0.0075 1.923E-03 2 12.4 15 0.015 3.846E-03 3 18.6 23 0.023 5.897E-03 4 24.8 33 0.033 8.461E-03 5 31 43.5 0.0435 1.115E-02
Table 5 - Measured Deflection and Calculated Angle of Twist for Circular Beam under Pure Torsion Test

Pure Torsion Rectangular Beam

0.009 0.008 0.007 0.006 Phi (rad) 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0 -0.001 0 5 10 15 20 Torque (lb-in) 25 30 35 y = 0.0003x

Figure 3- Angle of Twist vs. Torque for Rectangular Beam under Pure Torsion

Pure Torsion for Circular Beam

0.012 0.01 Torque(lb-in) 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0 0 5 10 15 Phi (rad) 20 25 30 35 y = 0.0003x R = 0.9917

Figure 4 Angle of Twist vs. Torque for Circular Beam under Pure Torsion

The relationship between angle of twist

and Torque

is

Where G is the modulus of rigidity and J the second moment of area. Similar to the method used to obtain Young's modulus, we can rearrange the equation to get

where

is the slope of the graphs in figures 3 and 4. The expected value of G is about 3900ksi. Modulus of Rigidity, G (psi) 1143137 504910
Table 6 - Calculated Values for the Modulus of Rigidity G

Specimen Rectangular Beam Circular Beam

From the values calculated in tables 3 and 6, we can find Possion's ratio for both specimens. The relationship between is

Table 7 shows the calculated values for Poisson's ratio. The expected Poisson's ratio is about 0.3. Specimen Rectangular Beam Circular Beam Poisson's Ratio 1.40 0.8906
Table 7 - Calculated Values for Poisson's Ratio

3.2 - Measurements Using Strain Gauges In this part of the lab we performed pure torsion, pure bending, and combined bending-torsion tests on circular and rectangular specimens that were solid, closed thin walled, and open thin walled. Experimentally, using the Strain Measurement Using Rosettes equations in Appendix 2 of "LAB #8 Torsion and Bending of Solid and Thin-Walled Sections", and rosette angles of :

Using and found in part 1 of the experiment, we can then calculate the normal stresses the shear stress .

and

Tables 8, 9, and 10 show the collected data throughout the experiment, the calculated values of from the experimental data, as well as the theoretical values of the normal and shear stresses. The theoretical values are calculated by the formulas in the lab booklet as well as the results achieved in part 1 of the experiment. Solid Section Circular 3 18.6 0.023 0.00590 -41 0 39 -30 0 30 x x x -80 -60 x -70.1 -52.6 x 28.3 28.3 x 1.24E-03 Closed thin wall section Circular Rectangular 2 2 12.4 12.4 0.023 21.2 0.00590 0.00331 48 -42 0 0 -53 39 34 -36 17 0 -44 36 x -34 x 0 x 35 101 -81 78 -72 x -69 88.5 -92.6 68.4 -82.3 x -78.9 79.1 225.5 79.1 225.5 x 225.5 3.70E03 1.36E+00

R1 Strain R2 Strain R3 Strain Strain () Psi (T) Psi

Section Load, P (lb) Torque D2 (thou) 45 90 135 45 90 135 45 90 135 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 (T)

Rectangular 3 18.6 18.3 0.00469 -26 0 42 -26 0 36 x x x -68 -62 x -77.7 -70.9 x 231.9 231.9 x 6.88E-03

Open thin walled section Circular Rectangular 1 1 6.2 6.2 0.285 170.03 0.07295 0.00159 -1 -95 -34 -10 149 120 -154 -116 0 -6 147 124 x -106 x 0 x -122 -150 -215 -301 -240 x 16 -131.5 -245.7 -263.8 -274.3 x 18.3 1631.5 2445.3 1631.5 2445.3 x 2445.3 5.29E-02 3.49E-02

Table 8 - Collected Data and Calculated Experimental Values of Shear Stress in Pure Torsion

R1 Strain R2 Strain R3 Strain () Strain

Section Load, P (lb) D1 (thou) 45 90 135 45 90 135 45 90 135 R1 R2 R3 R1

Solid Section Circular 3 0.043 0 -30 21 0 0 0 x x x -21 0 x 93.00555175 0 x

Closed thin wall section Rectangular Circular Rectangular 3 32.2 16 -20 22 0 0 0 x x x -6 0 x 171.437625 0 x 2 33 15 -22 26 14 -20 18 x 0 x 0 x 0 -7 -11 22 -4 x 0 191.0206 184.0097175 105.4484 -137.1501 x 0 6.135728 -12.5720925 19.28372 -4.57167 x 0 226.9 226.9 2 0.048 27 -42 34 0 36 -22

Open thin walled section Circular Rectangular 1 0.032 48 0 0 37 0 -30 x x x 48 67 x 92.373945 13.4712 x 42.073561 58.727678 x 226.9 226.9 1 19.2 20 0 -18 34 -24 0 27 0 -26 38 34 53 -11.429175 107.505105 -5.7145875 43.430865 38.859195 60.5746275 1101.9 1101.9 1101.9 201.3 201.3 201.3

x() psi

R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

() Psi

x(P) Psi (P) Psi

-18.4071828 -6.857505 0 0 x x -75.297495 739.313794 0 0 x x x 0 0 2.275657627 8.37888967 x x x

1101.9 1101.9 1101.9 x 201.3 201.3 x

Table 9 - Collected Data and Calculated Experimental Values of Shear Stress in Pure Bending

Section Load,P (lb) D1 (in) D2 (in) 45 R1 90 Strain 135 45 R2 90 Strain 135 45 R3 90 Strain 135 R1 () R2 Strain R3 R1 x() R2 R3 R1 () R2 R3 R1 x(P) R2 R3 R1 (P) R2 bending R3 R1 (P) R2 torque R3 R1 (P) R2 Combined R3

Solid Section Circular 3 0.0495 0.028 0 -21 47 -27 0 32 x x x -47 -59 x 127.26 9.62 x -41.20 -51.72 x -4.5 0 x 1.71 1.71 x 28.3 28.3

Closed thin wall section Rectangular Circular Rectangular 3 0.048 0.03 -24 -14 51 -39 0 43 x x x -75 -82 x -122.29 -22.86 x -85.72 -93.72 x 739.3 0 x 5.59 0.09 x 231.9 231.9 x 79.1 79.1 225.5 225.5 x 8.92 0.22 13.33 333.33 x 226.9 226.9 1101.9 1101.9 x 61.36 78.01 -84.58 -88.00 197.82 -61.49 -139.44 -94.86 x x x 70 89 2 0.0495 0.028 70 -36 0 39 23 -50 2 50 31 -22 -14 52 -25 -26 52 -40 0 52 -74 -77

x x 30.00674322 237.485926 30.00674322 231.989375 x x

x 88.02061 238.8333333 79.32079 558.8333333 x

Table 9 -- Collected Data and Calculated Experimental Values of Shear Stress in Combined Loading

4.0 Discussion, Sources of Error, and Recommendations

The results gained from the experiment do not match the theoretical results closely if at all. Although the margin of error on are not very high, they are still significantly different than the expected results. As we use in almost all of the calculations after, the error margins increase even higher. A way to compare the six specimens would be to compare the for the torsion test, and

for the bending test. The specimens with higher ratios would perform better in torsion and bending loads respectively. Physical sources of error include the loading mechanism and the strain gauges. The strain gauges were very sensitive and hard to calibrate, thus the readings we achieved in tables 8, 9, and 10 are very likely to be inaccurate. Even though they were checked over, there is also a high probability of calculation errors in the theoretical values. Recommendations included would be to use strain gauges that are easier to read and calibrate.