What are the differences of MAC sublayer and LLC sublayer?

In fact, Data Link layer has 2 sublayes: MAC sublayer & LLC sublayer. * MAC sublayer(802.3): defines how to transmit data on physical layer * LLC sublayer(802.2): responsible for identifying different protocol logically & encapsulate them.

What is the data unit of "Transport layer"? TCP/IP has how many layers?

The data unit of transport layer is "Segment".

5 layers: Network layer, Internet layer, Transport layer and Application layer.

Four Layers namely, Physical Layer, Internet or Network Layer, Transport Layer and Application Layer.... four layers of TCP/IP 1:-Network layer 2:-Internet layer 3:-Transport layer 4:-Application layer There are 4 layers used in TCP/IP 1- Data Link Layer 2- Network Layer 3- Transport Layer 4- Application Layer

How is data send by IP layer?

IP layer PDU is "packet". So, data is send as packet.

Name the 2 sublayers of data link layer.

MAC sublayer and LLC sublayer Layer 4

Error control is down in which layer? How does ARP response the request?
DNS, FTP, Telnet, http ARP sents the request in broadcast, response is unicast

Name 4 example of application layer? What is the upper layer name of OSI layer?
Application layer.

Switch operates on which layer of OSI model?

Normal switch operates at Layer 2 i.e. data link layer and Intelligent switch operates at Layer 3 i.e. network layer.

What are the differences among router, switch, bridge and hub?

All of them are devices and are used in network. Their differences are: * * * * Router: Layer 3 device, can work on physical, data and network layer. Switch: Layer 2 device, can work on data link layer Bridge: Layer 2 device, can work on data link layer. Hub: Layer 1device, just a multi-port repeater and works on physical layer

What are the differences between OSI and TCP/IP model?

mportant differences are: OSI is a reference model and TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model. OSI has 7 layers whereas TCP/IP has only 4 layers The upper 3 layers of the OSI model is combined on the TCP/IP model. OSI has: physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and application layer TCP/IP has : Network layer, Internet layer, transport layer and application layer. tcp/ip is prior than osi. osi has 7 layer whereas tcp/ip has 5 layer. OSI model came fist and the protocols are defined later based on the model and it is generic model for any network. The TCP/IP is derived from OSI model. In TCP/IP model the protocols came first and the TCP/IP model is defined just for decription for that defined protocols

What is the full form of OSI and TCP/IP model?

* OSI stands for = Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model * TCP/IP stands for = Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol OSI - Open System Interconnection TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol

What is TCP/IP model?

TCP/IP model is an implementation of OSI reference model. It has five layers. They are: Network layer, Internet layer, Transport layer and Application layer.

What is OSI model?

OSI model is a reference model containing 7 layers such as physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and application layer.

RARP resolves what? Address or IP?

RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. It helps to find the IP address when physical or hardware or MAC address is known.

Why we have to use router?

To communicate several networks, routers are used. Routers have both broadcast domain and collision domain. router is used to :-for path determination -for forwarding information -for call set up messages

1.packet switching 2.packet filtering 3.provide internetworking 4.make sure b/c not to go into other n/w

Which layer of OSI is responsible for end-to-end communication?

Transport layer. end-to-end communication refer to process to process delivery which is done by TRANSPORT LAYER through port number transport layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer end to end communication refers to host to host communication which is done at the networking layer.The process to process communcation is done at the transport layer!!

ARP resolves what? Address or IP?

ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. It helps to find the hardware address or MAC address when IP address is known.

What is the port number of ftp(data) and ftp?

ftp(data)use port no 20 and ftp use port no 21 whether it is TCP or UDP ftp(data)uses the port no is 20 and for ftp the port number is 21.here for TCP and UDP have same port numbers

What is the port number of Telnet and DNS?

Telnet = 23 and DNS = 53 using telnet we can take command mode in the system , it work's under port no 23 dns means domainb name aervice , port no is 53

Data link layer is sub-divide into how many groups?

* 2 sub-divided groups: MAC Layer and LLC layer * MAC: Media Access Control/Medium Access Control * LLC: Logical Link Control

What is the responsibilities of Network Layer?

* Logical addressing * Best effort delivery

1]routing 2]provides logical addressing 3]path determination

Mention one real place to use TCP/IP.

LAN cards Internet

Mark one of the most important difference between TCP and UDP.
TCP is a connection-oriented and UDP is a connection-less protocol

What is the difference between flow control and error control?

* Flow control: adjust and confirm data flow rate for successful transmission. * Error Control: a way to recover corrupted data .

What is the way to establish a TCP connection?

By using acknowledgement. By using 3 way handshake process, where client send a SUN pkt to server. If server is ready to listen this client, send back a SYN+ACK pkt back to the client, and then client send back an ACK pkt (which is an acknowledgement packet of the SYN it received from server)back to the server. When server received this ACK back, the connection is said to be established between client and server.

What is IPSec?
IPSec is "Internet Protocol Security". It is a suite of protocols for securing Internet Protocol(IP) communications.

What are the difference between TCP and UDP?

* TCP: Connection oriented protocol, acknowledged one, Point to point communication. * UDP: Connection less protocol, unreliable, less traffic TCP: -> Guaranteed delivery by using 3 way handshake -> Error Detection via using sequence & Ack No's -> Windowing -> Connection Oriented UDP: -> Best effort delivery but no guaranteed -> No error Detection -> No Windowing -> Connectionless

Differentiate between forward lookup and reverse lookup in DNS?

* Forward lookup is: name-to-address, * Reverse lookup is: address-to-name. Forward Reverse Forward Reverse lookup lookup lookup lookup is: name to IP address. is:IP address-to-name. convert:Host name to IP address. convert:IP address to Host name.

Which layer is closer to the user? DNS uses which protocol? Why?

Upper layer i.e. Application layer is closer to the user. DNS uses both TCP or UDP or both. UDP can handle only 512bytes. If data size is withing 512 bytes UDP is used, otherwise, TCP is used. DNS uses TCP and UDP both. But we can use UDP those time, when data size is within 512 bytes, otherwise we use TCP.

You are in home. But you need to access the office server router. How can you do that?
By using "Telnet" By using "Telnet" or "SSH" virtual private n/w If you have public ip, then you can access from your home.But you have a net connection first.

You have one IP: 192.168.10.29. In which layere this IP works?

Network layer only

What is the PDU of "Network layer" and "Data link layer".

PDU for Network Layer is: "Packet" and PDU for Data Link Layer is :"Frame"

128 bit in tcp ip

What is "Segment"?

"Segment" is a PDU (Protocol Data Unit) of Transport layer of OSI model.

What is the Role of TCP/IP in data transmission from source to destination?

Yes, lots of them, far too many to list here. Uri Raz maintains a TCP/IP bibliography (the "TCP/IP Resources List") that is posted to the comp.protocols.tcp-ip newsgroup on a monthly basis. It is available on the Web at <http://www.qnx.com/%7Emphunter/tcpip_resources.html> and <http://www.faqs.org/faqs/internet/tcp-ip/resource-list/index.html> or can be retrieved by anonymous FTP from <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierarchy/comp/protocols/tcp-ip/>. TCP/IP is a protocol stack used for data transmission from source to destination. In the physical layer all the physical connections like LAN cards, cables etc will b there which will send data in the form of bits. layer 2 operates with frames where the switches comes into picture. in the network layer which operates on packets.routing takes places, routers are the devices used for this. transport layer is above the network layer and it uses mainly TCP/ UDP for transport of data. the application layers is on top of this layer. application layer | transport layer[tcp/udp] | network layer[routers] | datalink layer[switches] | physical layer[Network Interface card, cables etc] for any transfer of data between 2 systems this TCP/IP stack comes into picture, whether it is file transfer or uploading something,sending an email etc. any application based on web will use TCP/IP

Can I set up a gateway to the Internet that translates IP addresses, so that I don't have to change all our internal addresses to an official network?
This is called Network Address Translation, or NAT. In general it is a difficult thing to do properly because many applications embed IP addresses in the application-level data (FTP's "PORT" command is a notable example) so NAT isn't simply a matter of translating addresses in the IP header and recalculating header checksums. Also, if the network number(s) you're using match those assigned to another organisation, your gateway may not be able to communicate with that organisation. As noted above, RFC 1918 proposes network numbers that are reserved for private use, to avoid such conflicts, but if you're already using a different network number this won't help you.

What IP addresses should I assign to machines on a private internet?

You shouldn't use IP addresses that have been assigned to some other organisation, because if knowledge of your network ever gets leaked onto the Internet they may disrupt that innocent organisation's activity. RFC 1918 provides a solution for this problem by allocating several IP address ranges specifically for use on private networks. These addresses will never be assigned to any organisation and are never supposed to appear on the Internet. RFC 1918 is the official document on which IP addresses are to be used in a nonconnected or "private" network. There are 3 blocks of numbers set aside specifically for this purpose. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space for private networks: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 We will refer to the first block as "24-bit block", the second as "20-bit block", and the third as "16-bit" block". Note that the first block is nothing but a single class A network number, while the second block is a set of 16 continuous class B network numbers, and the third block is a set of 255 continuous class C network numbers. For the record, my preference is to use the 192.168.0.0 network with a 255.255.255.0 Class-C subnet mask and thus this HOWTO reflects this. Any of the above private networks are valid, but just be SURE to use the correct subnet-mask. So, if you're using a Class-C network, you should number your TCP/IP enabled machines as 192.168.0.1, 192.168.0.2, 192.168.0.3, .., 192.168.0.x 192.168.0.1 is usually set as the internal gateway or Linux MASQ machine which reaches the external network. Please note that 192.168.0.0 and 192.168.0.255 are the Network and Broadcast address respectively (these addresses are RESERVED). Avoid using these addresses on your machines or your network will not function properly.

How can I measure the performance of an IP link?

You can get a quick approximation by timing how long it takes to FTP or RCP a large file over the link, but bear in mind that that measurement will be skewed by the time spent in dealing with the local and remote filesystems, not simply with the network itself. And remember to measure the time it takes to receive a file, not the time it takes to send it; the sender can report completion even though large amounts of data are still buffered locally by TCP and have not yet been delivered to the destination.

Where do I find assigned port numbers?

The IANA allocates and keeps track of all kinds of arbitrary numbers used by TCP/IP, including well-known port numbers. The entire collection is published periodically in an RFC called the

Assigned Numbers RFC, each of which supersedes the previous one in the series. The current Assigned Numbers RFC is RFC 1700.

How do applications coexist over TCP and UDP?

Each application running over TCP or UDP distinguishes itself from other applications using the service by reserving and using a 16-bit port number. Destination and source port numbers are placed in the UDP and TCP headers by the originator of the packet before it is given to IP, and the destination port number allows the packet to be delivered to the intended recipient at the destination system.

How does TCP try to avoid network meltdown?

TCP includes several mechanisms that attempt to sustain good data transfer rates while avoiding placing excessive load on the network. TCP's "Slow Start", "Congestion Avoidance", "Fast Retransmit" and "Fast Recovery" algorithms are summarised in RFC 2001. TCP also mandates an algorithm that avoids "Silly Window Syndrome" (SWS), an undesirable condition that results in very small chunks of data being transferred between sender and receiver. SWS Avoidance is discussed in RFC 813. The "Nagle Algorithm", which prevents the sending side of TCP from flooding the network with a train of small frames, is described in RFC 896.

What is IPsec?
IPsec stands for "IP Security". The IPsec working group of the IETF is developing standards for cryptographic authentication and for encryption within IP. The base specifications are defined in RFC's 1825, 1826 and 1827. Products that implement these are beginning to appear.

Does IP Protect Data On The Network?

IP itself does not guarantee to deliver data correctly. It leaves all issues of data protection to the transport protocol. Both TCP and UDP have mechanisms that guarantee that the data they deliver to an application is correct. Using the IP layer the correct destination of the packet is identified and delivered. The Transport layer protocols(TCP/UDP/SCTP) check if the data delivered are correct using Check sum mechanism. However if the destination IP is not alive, the packet is hopped by decrementing the TTL field and when it becomes zero, the packet is lost and undelivered. If the Transport layer is UDP the source doesn't know of the failure in delivery of the packet

How Is IP Carried On A Network?

IP really isn't very fussy about how its packets are transported. The details of how an IP packet is carried over a particular kind of network are usually chosen to be convenient for the network itself. As long as the transmitter and receiver observe some convention that allows IP packets to be differentiated from any

other data that might be seen by the receiver, then IP can be used to carry data between those stations. Ip is just a protocol which used to carry data,packets over the network in the manner which the n/w components can understand. ip is a identity of n/w devices . An Ip packet or datagram is carried on network in a connection-less manner.Every individual datagram can take it's own route and there is no relationship between any two datagrams.IP is the best-effort service. It does not ensures error and flow control and leaves this to the upper layer protocols such as TCP or SCTP.

What is IP?

Internet Protocol (IP) is the central, unifying protocol in the TCP/IP suite. It provides the basic delivery mechanism for packets of data sent between all systems on an internet, regardless of whether the systems are in the same room or on opposite sides of the world. All other protocols in the TCP/IP suite depend on IP to carry out the fundamental function of moving packets across the internet. In terms of the OSI networking model, IP provides a Connectionless Unacknowledged Network Service, which means that its attitude to data packets can be characterised as "send and forget". IP does not guarantee to actually deliver the data to the destination, nor does it guarantee that the data will be delivered undamaged, nor does it guarantee that data packets will be delivered to the destination in the order in which they were sent by the source, nor does it guarantee that only one copy of the data will be delivered to the destination. IP is the Internet's most basic protocol. In order to function in a TCP/IP network, a network segment's only requirement is to forward IP packets. In fact, a TCP/IP network can be defined as a communication medium that can transport IP packets. Almost all other TCP/IP functions are constructed by layering atop IP. IP is documented in RFC 791, and IP broadcasting procedures are discussed in RFC 919. IP is a datagram-oriented protocol, treating each packet independently. This means each packet must contain complete addressing information. Also, IP makes no attempt to determine if packets reach their destination or to take corrective action if they do not. Nor does IP checksum the contents of a packet, only the IP header. IP provides several services: * Addressing. IP headers contain 32-bit addresses which identify the sending and receiving hosts. These addresses are used by intermediate routers to select a path through the network for the packet. * Fragmentation. IP packets may be split, or fragmented, into smaller packets. This permits a large packet to travel across a network which can only handle smaller packets. IP fragments and reassembles packets transparently. * Packet timeouts. Each IP packet contains a Time To Live (TTL) field, which is decremented every time a router handles the packet. If TTL reaches zero, the packet is discarded, preventing packets from running in circles forever and flooding a network. * Type of Service. IP supports traffic prioritization by allowing packets to be labeled with an

abstract type of service. * Options. IP provides several optional features, allowing a packet's sender to set requirements on the path it takes through the network (source routing), trace the route a packet takes (record route), and label packets with security features. Internet Protocol (IP) is the central, unifying protocol in the TCP/IP suite. It provides the basic delivery mechanism for packets of data sent between all systems on an internet, regardless of whether the systems are in the same room or on opposite sides of the world. All other protocols in the TCP/IP suite depend on IP to carry out the fundamental function of moving packets across the internet. In terms of the OSI networking model, IP provides a Connectionless Unacknowledged Network Service, which means that its attitude to data packets can be characterised as "send and forget". IP does not guarantee to actually deliver the data to the destination, nor does it guarantee that the data will be delivered undamaged, nor does it guarantee that data packets will be delivered to the destination in the order in which they were sent by the source, nor does it guarantee that only one copy of the data will be delivered to the destination. Internet Protocol (IP) is the central, unifying protocol in the TCP/IP suite.Internet protocol is a "best effort" system, meaning that no packet of information sent over it is assured to reach its destination in the same condition it was sent. Often other protocols are used in tandem with the Internet protocol for data that for one reason or another must have extremely high fidelity.The current version of the Internet protocol (IPv4) allows for in excess of four billion unique addresses. ip is internet protocol he is work on network leyer IP mean"Internet Protocol". It is a network protocol and work for data transfer from one computer to another. IP means Internet Protocol, It is logical address of computer, it provides by administrator to computer. IP means internet protocol, it is 32 bit address.it is logical address of computer, it provides by administrator.

How is TCP/IP defined?

All of the protocols in the TCP/IP suite are defined by documents called Requests For Comments (RFC's). An important difference between TCP/IP RFC's and other (say, IEEE or ITU) networking standards is that RFC's are freely available online.

What is TCP/IP
TCP/IP is a name given to the collection (or suite) of networking protocols that have been used to construct the global Internet. The protocols are also referred to as the DoD (dee-ohdee) or Arpanet protocol suite because their early development was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense (DoD). tcp ip is a connection orianted &reliable protocol . it is divided data in a segement of sequenceno

Question : What is TCP/IP Answers: TCP/IP is a name given to the collection (or suite) of networking protocols that have been used to construct the global Internet. The protocols are also referred to as the DoD (dee-ohdee) or Arpanet protocol suite because their early development was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense (DoD). What TCP/IP is a name given to the collection (or suite) of networking protocols that have been used to construct the global Internet. The protocols are also referred to as the DoD (dee-oh-dee) or Arpanet protocol suite because their early development was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense (DoD).is TCP/IP TCP/IP is together used for transmission of protocols in the networking .TCP breaks the data packet into smaller packets and send from one aplication(web browser)to another application(network program),and IP is user to send those packets information to other computer in the network through routers The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Today's IP networking represents a synthesis of several developments that began to evolve in the 1960s and 1970s, namely the Internet and LANs (Local Area Networks), which emerged in the mid- to late-1980s, together with the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s. The Internet Protocol Suite, like many protocol suites, may be viewed as a set of layers. Each layer solves a set of problems involving the transmission of data, and provides a welldefined service to the upper layer protocols based on using services from some lower layers. Upper layers are logically closer to the user and deal with more abstract data, relying on lower layer protocols to translate data into forms that can eventually be physically transmitted. The TCP/IP model consists of four layers (RFC 1122).[1][2] From lowest to highest, these are the Link Layer, the Internet Layer, the Transport Layer, and the Application Layer. tcp is suppot Transport and nework layer It is relible services TCP/IP is stands for Transmission controll Protocol/Infirmation Protocol.It's use to give the ip address for Computers & communication between the Computers. Tcp-Transmission control protocol IS A connection oriented protocol . it is reliable .it works with i.p (internet protocol) TCP/IP is a name given to the collection (or suite) of networking protocols that have been used to construct the global Internet. The protocols are also referred to as the DoD (dee-ohdee) or Arpanet protocol suite because their early development was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense (DoD). TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol ProtocolThe Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other

similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Today's IP networking represents a synthesis of several developments that began to evolve in the 1960s and 1970s, namely the Internet and LANs (Local Area Networks), which emerged in the mid- to late-1980s, together with the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s./Internet. TCP/IP uses the client/server model of communication in which a computer user (a client) requests and is provided a service (such as sending a Web page) by another computer (a server) in the network. TCP/IP communication is primarily point-to-point, meaning each communication is from one point (or host computer) in the network to another point or host computer. TCP/IP is stands for Transmission controll Protocol/Internet Protocol.It's use to give the ip address for Computers & communication between the Computers Tcp/Ip protocol is connection oriented protocol.it is used in the transport layer for send and receive the data.it helps to send and receive the data from another network by using ip address. TCPIP suit is collection of some protocol like FTP, TELNET SMTP. THESE PROTOCOL SEND DATA SOURCE TO DESTINATION COMPUTER AND TCP THIS CONNECTION ORIENTED PROTOCOL THAT GIVE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AFTER DELIVRING THE DATA The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. .. The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Today's IP networking represents a synthesis of several developments that began to evolve in the 1960s and 1970s, namely the Internet and LANs (Local Area Networks), which emerged in the mid- to late-1980s, together with the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s. The Internet Protocol Suite, like many protocol suites, may be viewed as a set of layers. Each layer solves a set of problems involving the transmission of data, and provides a welldefined service to the upper layer protocols based on using services from some lower layers. Upper layers are logically closer to the user and deal with more abstract data, relying on lower layer protocols to translate data into forms that can eventually be physically transmitted. TCP/IP is a protocol stack which is used for network communication. TCP/IP (Transport Control Proctocol/Internet Protocol) Networking Protocol. TCP/IP has become the most successful Mechanism for networking computers worldwide. This Connection Oriented Protocol That Give Acknowledgement After Deliviring The Data TCP/IP is a name given to the collection (or suite) of networking protocols that have been used to construct the global Internet. The TCP/IP model consists of four layers From lowest to highest, these are the Link Layer, the Internet Layer, the Transport Layer, and the Application Layer.It's use to give the ip address for Computers & communication between the Computers.

tcp/ip means trasmission control protocol and internet protocol. it is collection of protocol. TCP/IP is a model used for network.

Can the TCP keepalive timeouts be configured?

This varies by operating system. There is a program that works on many Unices (though not Linux or Solaris), called netconfig, that allows one to do this and documents many of the variables.