As our nation is confronted with new security challenges, including asymmetric battlefield threats abroad and defense infrastructure

needs back home, enhanced battle-space awareness and effective warfighter protection are essential. Expeditionary warfighters are commonly faced with unknown enemy threats from behind opaque barriers, for which extreme precautionary measures must be encumbered to minimize risk. Borders and perimeters must also be secured with minimum burden to personnel and maximum likelihood for detecting any intrusion. Battlefield search & rescue and triage assessments must also be conducted in a manner that minimizes the chance of increased losses. Technology that can be used to unobtrusively detect and monitor the presence of human subjects from a distance and through barriers can be a powerful tool for meeting these challenges. Both basic Doppler and ultra-wide band (UWB) radar have been investigated for see-through-the-wall (STTW) applications, for their particular barrier penetration advantages in short range detection and localization. While other technologies like millimeter-wave and infra-red imaging have demonstrated good resolution through clothing and packaging, barriers in STTW applications generally involve higher density materials like reinforced concrete, concrete blocks, sheetrock, brick, wood, plastic, tile, and fiberglass. These materials provewhich they absorb incident signals and manner in which they scatter the signal. Early efforts in Doppler radar were directed at assisting with law enforcement and disaster rescue by sensing the motion of a subject attempting to hide, or buried under rubble [1]. Ideally, respiration and even heart-beat related motion are of interest as they cannot be fully suppressed. In such applications, discerning the subject's motion of interest from extraneous motion and stationary clutter is a significant challenge, as is the isolation of multiple subjects [2,3]. With the advent of practical high speed sampling and fast pulse generation technology, UWB radar has become attractive for low power through-wall personnel motion sensing, with a particular interest in constructing a real-time image [4]. This technology is also hampered by clutter and motion isolation issues, as well as persistent wide band hardware challenges. Wall loss, hardware, regulations, and probability of detection also affect transmit power levels, frequencies, and modulation choices, ultimately limiting the effectiveness of any radar. To meet these challenges, cuffent Doppler and UWB STTW radar research includes complex propagation channel modeling based on real-world urban environment expectations and multiple wall scenarios, advanced algorithms for real-time

vital signs detection and high resolution imaging algorithms, antenna arrays and multiple receivers for increased resolution and estimation accuracy, passive exploitation of environmental signals, and compact radio integration technology. Both a description of fundamental concepts and examples of current research in UWB radar for imaging, Doppler radar for life-signs isolation and detection, and multistatic radar techniques for passive personnel detection problematic as barriare presented in the following sections. II. ULTRA-WIDE BAND IMAGING RADAR UWB radar is based on the comparison of echoes from short duration pulse transmissions to detect small changes over time resulting from target motion. In the simplest sense, the time signatures (impulse response) of successive echoes from a room containing a moving target would be identical, except at the point in time associated with the signal returning from the position of the moving target. Thus, differencing successive signatures would produce an output that corresponded only to the moving objects presence and range. The primaryers both in the degree toadvantages of UWB for short-range radar imaging include extremely fine range resolution (theoretically sub-centimeter resolution), high power efficiency because of low transmit duty cycle, potential for low probability of detection and low interference to legacy systems, and ability to detect moving or stationary targets. Security oriented products of this type like Radar Vison by Time Domian are already available in the form of a briefcase sized system that can be held against a wall or tripod mounted [5]. The long term goal of military field imaging technology is the rapid detection of enemies' maneuvering; through acquiring relatively high-resolution images using advanced multidimensional image processing, pattern recognition techniques, and fast data processing. An example block diagram of such a radar system, developed at the University of Tennessee, is shown in Fig. 1. The system consists of an RF T/R board, UWB antennas, a digital timing and control board, and an imaging processing software module [6]. Capturing the data is the most challenging task for a system with a 1 GHz bandwidth, as Nyquist's sampling theorem requires a sampling rate of over 2 GS/s. In order to resolve distances on the order of one centimeter, rates exceeding 10 GS/s are required. Individual components at these rates are either not yet offered or very expensive. Hence, a fieldprogrammable gate-arrays (FPGA)-based system was developed here, to implement a hybrid sampling scheme using real-time and equivalent-time sampling techniques. Where, for a 10 MHz radar pulse repetition rate, the waveform is

digitized at a 100 MHz rate. 10 samples are taken during each cycle, and then a 200 ps delay is placed on the ADC triggering signal for the next 10 samples. The total time to collect the data comes out to 100 x 50 ns, i.e. 5 Fts [7]. In general, intense wideband signal processing would normally require an entire custom VLSI or an ASIC implementation. After taking redundancy into account, this system achieves a 2.4ms/frame rate, with an averaging factor of 8 to improve S/N ratio. FPGA-based equivalent time sampling and control network provides a low-cost and high-performance solution for a practical UWB radar system. For image formation, algorithms such as back projection methods can be used given
Fig. 1. Typical system blocArray
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(c) Fig. 2. Experimental scenario (a), time response, and imaging display for a UWB radar. The time signature peaks in (b) and white patches in (c) correspond to: A - Antenna coupling, B Reflection from target, C - Reflection from door, D Reflection from sidewall. that wall effects are considered. A typical experimental scenario and results are shown in Fig. 2, which is consistent with results from extensive modeling based on FDTD

algorithms.
III. CONSTANT AND STEPPED FREQUENCY DOPPLER RADAR

There is particular interest in Doppler radar for the detection of stationary personnel, isolation of individual vital signs, and the use of signals that are difficult to recognize upon intercept. Doppler radar transmits a signal toward a target region, and analyzes phase changes in the echoes indicating target motion. This motion can be as minute as that caused by heart-beat and respiration. Transmissions are generally single frequency, and the degree of phase variation for a given displacement is thus also proportional to the signal frequency. Doppler radar offers particular advantages for STTW applications in that the low instantaneous receiver bandwidth and modest analog to digital conversion speed requirements leads to promise for creating compact low-cost handheld systems that would be attractive for combat personnel. The concept is illustrated in Fig. 3a.

The transmitted RF signal, f( t), can penetrate a wide rangk diagram for a UWB STTW radar.