Residential Energy Audit

Sigma Kappa Sorority Chapter House 10 Fraternity Row College Park, MD 20742

Thursday March 15th, 2012

Team Contributions Kristin Kern: Introduction, Facility Overview, EUI, Cost Index, Utility Analysis, Compilation Steven Rockwood: Internal and Lighting Loads and Recommendations Jamison Smith: Electrical and HVAC Audit and Recommendations Jon Shin: Energy Star Rating, Envelope Audit and Recommendations

Sigma Kappa Residential Energy Audit

Introduction
In 2008 the University adopted a strategic plan that included a strong basis for being a national model for a Green University. Part of this model includes using energy efficiently to reduce the current University spending of over 50 million a year on campus wide utilities. An energy audit is part of the overall energy program. The Sigma Kappa Sorority chapter house is an on campus residence to thirty three students at the University of Maryland. This report contains the documentation, findings, and analysis of a residential energy audit performed on the Sigma Kappa chapter house. The findings in this report can be used to help reduce the energy bills of this one residence. This residence can also be used as a model for the other twenty five similar residences the University owns on its southern campus to help reduce the overall energy bill. The tasks completed in this audit were per ASHARE specification. The energy usage was analyzed for the past calendar year (2011). The University also does not allow students in the mechanical room. Therefore, the appliances present in that room has very limited information presented in this report. The energy audit does include information about the entirety of the house and its thirty three occupants. Time of use information is based on an observational average from one of the team members who is a resident of the house. The chapter house also does not have any occupants for four months out of the year, closing for the Universitys summer and winter breaks.

Sigma Kappa Residential Energy Audit

Executive Summary
The following report provides an analysis and evaluation of the energy efficiency of the Sigma Kappa Sorority house located in College Park, MD. The Sigma Kappa House was built in 1954 and has a total square footage of approximately 9,464. There are currently 33 students living in the house, and is heated by steam and cooled by an HVAC system. Energy auditing concepts and methods were used to determine several key factors attributing to the energy efficiency of the building, and then provide recommendations to improve the overall efficiency. Audits were performed on the lights, appliances, internal loads, and the structural envelope to determine where areas of improvements could be made. The EUI was calculated to be 105.43 with a cost index of $3.60. The building also received an Energy Star rating of 62 out of 100. Results of the data show that a large portion of energy consumption comes from the redundant appliances in the building such as mini-fridges and hair dryers. Also, the basement was found to have the largest overall consumption of resources due to the larger area, several industrial size refrigerators, and kitchen. Some low cost/no cost recommendations were to unplug appliances when not in use during the day and night. In addition, turning off lights of rooms when not in use, and sharing mini-fridges can also help to decrease the load of appliances in the building. Air leakage from a broken window and an emergency door was found as well, but was able to be fixed by hand without any cost. Some higher cost recommendations were to reduce the overall amount of redundant appliances such as mini-fridges and hair dryers. Also, to install occupancy sensors in the communal rooms such as the Chapter Room and TV room, instead of running the lights 24 hours a day. Upgrading the appliances such as the refrigerator in the basement can also save up to $1000 a year, paying back the expenses in 6 years. Replacing the every hair dryer as well can save around $650 a year, paying back the expenses in only a year. In addition, installing either storm windows or gas-filled high efficiency windows can decrease the amount of energy loss by up to 30% to 40%.

Sigma Kappa Residential Energy Audit

Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 3 Table of Tables ............................................................................................................................... 5 Table of Figures .............................................................................................................................. 6 Level One ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Facility Overview........................................................................................................................ 7 Energy Utilization Index ............................................................................................................. 8 Cost Index ................................................................................................................................... 8 Energy Star Rating ...................................................................................................................... 9 Low Cost/ No Cost Recommendations ....................................................................................... 9 Level Two ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Utility Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 12 Major Equipment List ............................................................................................................... 16 Electrical Audit ......................................................................................................................... 18 Television Room ................................................................................................................... 18 Basement ............................................................................................................................... 19 Bedrooms .............................................................................................................................. 23 Lighting Audit ........................................................................................................................... 25 HVAC Energy Audit................................................................................................................. 26 Internal Loads ........................................................................................................................... 30 Envelope Audit ......................................................................................................................... 32 Components .......................................................................................................................... 32 Environment Temperature .................................................................................................... 33 Thermal Loads ...................................................................................................................... 34 Energy Loss through Walls and Windows............................................................................ 34 Discussion on Capital Improvements and Energy Conservation .................................................. 36 Electrical ................................................................................................................................... 36 Internal Loads ........................................................................................................................... 41 Lighting Loads .......................................................................................................................... 41 Envelope ................................................................................................................................... 42 4

Sigma Kappa Residential Energy Audit

Storm Windows .................................................................................................................... 42 Argon-Filled Double Layer Windows .................................................................................. 43 Blown-In Insulation .............................................................................................................. 44 Work Cited .................................................................................................................................... 45 Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 46 Appendix One: Appliance Calculations................................................................................... 46 Appendix Two: Lighting Loads ................................................................................................ 47 Appendix Three: Floor Plans .................................................................................................... 48 Appendix Four: Appliance Pictures .......................................................................................... 52 Appendix Five:Envelope Audit ................................................................................................ 54

Table of Tables
Table 1: Total Energy Consumption for 2011 ................................................................................ 8 Table 2: Energy Utilization Index................................................................................................... 8 Table 3: Cost Index Calculation ..................................................................................................... 8 Table 4: Total Energy Usage ....................................................................................................... 12 Table 5: Monthly Climatologically Summary .............................................................................. 15 Table 6: Electrical Equipment ...................................................................................................... 16 Table 7: Lighting Equipment ........................................................................................................ 17 Table 8: Heating Equipment ......................................................................................................... 17 Table 9: TVR Electricity Cost ...................................................................................................... 19 Table 10: Basement Electricity Cost............................................................................................. 22 Table 11: Bedrooms Electricity Cost ............................................................................................ 24 Table 12: Steam Heater Energy Cost ............................................................................................ 27 Table 13: Square Footage Calculations ........................................................................................ 32 Table 14: Monthly Climatological Info ........................................................................................ 33 Table 15: 2011 Average Temperatures in Washington, D.C. ....................................................... 34 Table 16: Calculations .................................................................................................................. 35 Table 17: Energy Loss .................................................................................................................. 42 Table 18: Energy Loss .................................................................................................................. 43 Table 19: Energy Loss for Various Windows............................................................................... 44

Sigma Kappa Residential Energy Audit

Table of Figures
Figure 1: Sigma Kappa Chapter House .......................................................................................... 7 Figure 2: Broken Window in the Basement .................................................................................. 10 Figure 3: Door Leakage ................................................................................................................ 10 Figure 4: Electric Usage for 2011 ................................................................................................. 13 Figure 5: Steam Usage for 2011 ................................................................................................... 13 Figure 6: Gas Usage for 2011 ....................................................................................................... 14 Figure 7: Utility Costs Throughout 2011 ...................................................................................... 14 Figure 8: Television Room ........................................................................................................... 18 Figure 9: Television and VCR/ DVD Player ................................................................................ 18 Figure 10: Basement Overview .................................................................................................... 19 Figure 11: Washers and Dryers..................................................................................................... 20 Figure 12: Space Heater ................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 13: Kitchen Refrigerators .................................................................................................. 21 Figure 14: Kitchen Oven and Stove .............................................................................................. 21 Figure 15: Bedroom Set up ........................................................................................................... 23 Figure 16: Hair Appliances ........................................................................................................... 24 Figure 17: Cooling System ........................................................................................................... 28 Figure 18: Cooling System Side ................................................................................................... 28 Figure 19: Cooling System 3 ........................................................................................................ 28 Figure 20: Exhaust Fan ................................................................................................................. 30 Figure 21: Closet Server ............................................................................................................... 31 Figure 22: Sigma Kappa Exterior ................................................................................................. 32 Figure 23: New G Series Traulsen Refrig..................................................................................... 36 Figure 24: Hobart LXi Dishwasher............................................................................................... 37 Figure 25: Magic Chef Countertop Microwave ............................................................................ 38 Figure 26: Conair 1600 Watt Wall Mount Hair Dryer ................................................................. 40 Figure 27: Foyer Chandelier ......................................................................................................... 41 Figure 28: New Window Improvements....................................................................................... 42 Figure 29: Window Suggestion- Argon Gas ................................................................................. 43 Figure 30: Suggested Insulation................................................................................................... 44 Figure 31: First Floor Lighting Layout ......................................................................................... 48 Figure 32 Basement Lighting Layout ........................................................................................... 48 Figure 33 Typical Bedroom Lighting Layout ............................................................................... 49

Sigma Kappa Residential Energy Audit

Level One
Facility Overview
The Sigma Kappa Sorority chapter house was constructed in 1954 making the structure fifty-eight years old. The house has undergone two major renovations since its construction, but these renovations have been primarily only a change of furniture and wall paint color. The only major structural renovation was over the summer of 2011 when the bathrooms were redone to fix leaking showers and toilets. The shower heads were replaced, the tile in the showers was also replaced, and the toilets had flush control handles installed. The insulation in the house was replaced sixteen years ago with batt insulation that is five inches thick. An exterior picture of the house can be seen in figure 1. The exterior of the house is brick with a wooden frame. There is no attic or crawl spaces in this 9,464 square foot residence. There are two living floors in the house that hold fifth teen rooms for thirty three residents. The basement holds a large kitchen where a chef prepares two meals a day. Each room is equipped with one or more heater/air conditioner. There is one unit that performs both functions depending on which system the units are hooked up too. Heating is provided by the steam produced on campus while the cooling is provided by a Carrier system on the exterior of the house. Each heating/ cooling unit has a low, medium, or high setting that can be switched by the residents. There are switched lights in every room with one light in each room that is always on as the emergency light. In the basement, there are two lighting controls that are motion detectors that turn on when residents enter those areas. The water is also heated by a steam system. There no trees very close to the residence, but small trees and shrubs located on the outside perimeter. This chapter house has thirty three residents that occupy the house during normal semester hours, but also is open to any member of the sorority twenty four hours a day. A unique residence with unique utility and energy needs this residence is in need of a few ways to save energy.

Figure 1: Sigma Kappa Chapter House 7

Sigma Kappa Residential Energy Audit

Energy Utilization Index

The energy utilization index (EUI) is a measure of energy consumption used to compare different buildings and different energy types. EUI is a way to see energy use and efficiency over time in a facility. EUI is defined as the total energy consumption of a building divided by the total building area. A small EUI dictates a smaller use of energy per square foot which is desirable. A lower EUI correlates with a more energy efficient building. The inverse is true for a higher EUI. Table 1 below shows the energy consumption for the Sigma Kappa chapter house for the year 2011. The calculation of EUI presents the information found in Table 2. Table 1: Total Energy Consumption for 2011
Utility Electric Steam Gas Units kWh lbs therms Usage 138,172.10 333,244.90 1,284.50 Conversion 3412.14163 1.194 100,000 BTU 471462774.9 397894.4106 128450000 Total kBTU 471462.775 397894.411 128450 997807.186

Table 2: Energy Utilization Index

Total Square Footage EUI 9464 105.43

Cost Index
The cost index for a building is the ratio of the total amount spent on energy to the square footage of the building. This gives an idea of how much per square foot the residents are spending on energy. This number is used as a model for new construction on how much a building will cost in energy bills per year. Table 3 shows the calculation for the cost index. Table 3: Cost Index Calculation
Total Square Footage Total Cost Cost Index 9464 $34,070.41 $3.60

Sigma Kappa Residential Energy Audit

Energy Star Rating

Using Energy Stars online resource, the Sigma Kappa house received a score of 62 out of 100 for last years energy use. According to the utility bills collected from last year, the total amount of electricity used last year was 138,172.1 kWh. Based on the calculations done on Energy Stars portfolio manager, the total source energy use was 1,574,621.4 kBTU and the energy intensity was 166.4 kBTU/sq. ft.

Low Cost/ No Cost Recommendations

After surveying the Sigma Kappa house, a few key observations were taken that could potentially provide energy savings and merit further consideration. Surveying the basement, it could be seen that one window, when opened, did not correctly fit in the side jambs once closed. This ultimately allowed leakage of air in the basement which could affect both heating and cooling loads for the basement. In order to fix the window, a replacement window or side jamb would be required, which can cost anywhere between $100-250. However, because the window can be closed properly if done carefully, it can be suggested that this window not be used and kept closed to ensure an effective seal around the window. This would then have no cost and prevent air leakage in the basement.

Sigma Kappa Residential Energy Audit

Figure 2: Broken Window in the Basement Also, the emergency exit door in the T.V. Room also appears to be another source of infiltration as the brush strips around the door frame does not fully seal the door when closed. This however can be fixed with no cost, as the brush strips can be removed and re-installed so that it completely seals the door when shut.

Figure 3: Door Leakage

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Another observation that was taken was the large amount of personal mini-fridges used in Kappa Sigma house, as each bedroom had a mini-fridge in it. Apart from the mini-fridges in each bedroom, the basement also had several refrigerators as well. If the occupants of the house were able to use communal refrigerators, they can possibly reduce up to 50% of the energy consumption from the mini-fridges alones. Finally, the occupants can also make sure to consistently turn off all lights and unplug any appliances that are not be used in order to cut down on the energy consumption each month. It was made apparent that there are several rooms where lights are left on 24 hours a day. Turning these lights off during times when the rooms are not being used, and simply unplugging appliances when not in use, such as laptop chargers, hair dryers, etc., can also provide additional energy savings. In addition, keeping all doors for communal rooms such as the TV room and chapter room closed can help regulate and maintain environmental conditions during the heavier heating and cooling load days.

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Level Two
Utility Analysis
The data collected for the Sigma Kappa house was for the 2011 calendar year. The utilities this house uses include electric, gas, steam, and water. The analysis in this report includes electric, gas, and steam. Electric and steam are provided by the University with on campus plants. Gas is provided by Washington Gas through the distribution system on campus. The total charges for gas include transmission and supply costs, which are bundled. The Sigma Kappa chapter house is not inhabited four months out of the year for the Universitys summer and winter breaks. However, some utilities must remain running throughout the year to keep the chapter house in useable condition. Also, the University staff can enter the house at any time for repairs or inspections. The tables and figures below show the usage and associated costs for each utility.

Table 4: Total Energy Usage

Usage Month 11-Jan 11-Feb 11-Mar 11-Apr 11-May 11-Jun 11-Jul 11-Aug 11-Sep 11-Oct 11-Nov 11-Dec Totals Electric (kWh) 7,191.50 8,684.30 8,690.90 10,593.80 12,181.20 11,501.70 14,699.20 16,132.60 17,315.90 12,520.90 9,635.90 9,024.30 138,172.10 $0.119/ kWh 855.79 1,033.43 1,034.22 1,260.66 1,449.56 1,368.70 1,749.20 1,919.78 2,060.59 1,489.99 1,146.67 1,073.89 16,442.48 Water (gal) 29,600 44,300 39,000 48,800 39,000 4,300 13,600 10,100 36,600 42,100 49,700 54,000 411,100.00 $12.5/ 1000 gal 370 554 488 610 488 54 170 126 458 526 621 675 5,139 Steam (lbs) 94,693.30 64,510.90 40,447.00 20,335.50 4,103.30 0 0 0 0 13,790.40 44,351.00 51,013.60 333,244.90 $32.84/ 1000 lbs 3,109.73 2,118.54 1,328.28 667.82 134.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 452.88 1,456.49 1,675.29 10,943.76 Gas (therms) 51.7 203.2 161.4 109.9 99.9 25.4 48.9 61.3 171 161.5 113.9 76.4 1,284.50 $1.2/ therm $75.96 $246.20 $202.69 $140.17 $133.93 $45.86 $87.60 $77.76 $189.04 $158.32 $122.62 $65.27 $1,545.42

Total Costs

$34,070.41

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Electric runs the lights, some appliances, and the chiller outside of the house used for cooling. A summary of electric usage can be seen in figure 4. The spike in the summer is not surprising because the house must be cool over the summer and the highest peak around September is when the students return to the residence. This is when every air conditioning unit is turned on in every room to cool the house.

Electric Usage
20,000.00 15,000.00

kWh

10,000.00 5,000.00 0.00 1-Mar 1-May 1-Nov 1-Feb Electric

1-Aug

1-Sep

1-Apr

1-Oct

1-Jun

1-Jul

Month

Figure 4: Electric Usage for 2011 The steam used in the residence is for heating. The same units that provide conditioned air are used for heating as well. The steam usage for the past year is provided in figure 5. The steam usage completely drops off in the summer while the heat is completely shut off in the house. There is a spike in the winter months, with the highest peak being in January when the students return to the house after break. All the heaters are left on low heat during the winter breaks to ensure that the pipes do not freeze while no one is at the house.

Steam Usage
lbs 100,000.00 80,000.00 60,000.00 40,000.00 20,000.00 0.00 Steam Usage

Month

Figure 5: Steam Usage for 2011 13

1-Dec

1-Jan

Sigma Kappa Residential Energy Audit

The gas usage for the house is variable throughout the entire year. Gas is used for cooking on the stove in the kitchen. There are dramatic spikes down when the house is not in use and no cooking is taking place. The summary of gas usage can be seen in figure 6.

Gas Usage
250 200 Therms 150 100 50 0 Gas Usage

Month

Figure 6: Gas Usage for 2011 To compare all the utilities against one another a common unit must be found. The costs of each utility remain constant throughout time and are directly correlated to the usage over time. Below is a figure that displays a comparison among the costs of each utility. The residence consistently spends most of its electric bill on electric throughout the year. Steam is the most variable cost throughout the year since it completely drops off in the summer months.

Monetary Costs
3,500.00 3,000.00 2,500.00 2,000.00 1,500.00 1,000.00 500.00 0.00

Dollars

Electric Cost Water Cost Steam Cost Gas Cost

Month

Figure 7: Utility Costs Throughout 2011 14

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Table 5: Monthly Climatologically Summary

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Major Equipment List

Pictures can be found in Appendix Four. Table 6: Electrical Equipment
Quantity 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 TV Alarmed Door Fire Alarm System Washing Machine Dryer Refrigerator Drink machine Server Microwave Mini fridge Ice Machine Soda Machine Toaster Coffe machine Refrigerator Stove Heating server trays Microwave Minifridge TV Hair straigher Hair dryer Laptops Desklamp Printer Radio AC Unit Handicap elevator Fan Traulsen, 404A Vulcan APW 1000 W R134A Refrigerant 28 in Chi Conair Dell Wal-Mart Brand 5 hp Sony R410A, Carrier 14 amps, 110-120 V 30 Amps switch, 240 V 252 W 170 W 35W 10875 W 53Wh 25 W 20 W 20W X15 X15 X 33 X23 X33 X33 X15 X15 Sanya, true refrigeration Scotmans Coca Cola What Model 32" Sam Sung LNT3242H LCN 4041 Simplex Grinnet ED Maytag Centennial Maytag Centennial Whirpool Crathco Cisco Catalyst 4503-E 2040 W 2040 W 145 W 632.5 W 1400 W 1.6 kW 252 W 18.3 W 984 W 1800 W 900 W 1788 W 10 burners 4 burns pay back 4 yrs..1 yr old Power 170 W Notes Color temperature control Does not close properly

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Table 7: Lighting Equipment

Quantity 26 5 3 15 16 86 52 6 1 4 12 2 LED Flood Lights What CLF CLF Incandesent Bulb Overheads Small chandelier Pu34 Fluorescents T-12 Pu34 Fluorescents flourscent Overhead light GE Silnova 34 W 9W 60 W bulbs F14W 5000K X15 Silnova Extralife Model Power 75 W 75 W 100W 9W 60 W 34 W 1 always on Temperature Notes switch operated emergency light barely ever on switch operated

Table 8: Heating Equipment

Quantity 2 3 2 1 2 17 What Heater/Cooler Heater/Cooler Heater/Cooler Heater/Cooler space heater heater Model Dunham- Bush Dunham- Bush Dunham- Bush Dunham- Bush Dunham- Bush Dunham- Bush Power

115 V

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Electrical Audit
Television Room The television room is located on the ground floor in the northeast corner of the house. The television room serves a media room for the entire house where they can watch movies, do instructional exercises, and many other group activities while gathered around the television.

Figure 8: Television Room

Figure 9: Television and VCR/ DVD Player

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Table 9: TVR Electricity Cost

Appliance Quantity Samsung 32 TV 1 VCR/DVD Player 1 Watts 170 25 Quantity Cost per Year $ 19.26 $ 1.42 20.68

Total Electricity Cost $

It is important to note that these appliances do not get run all year round. The sorority house only provides housing to students during the academic school year. For this room there are no recommendations for improvement when looking at the electricity usage. The Samsung television is an energy star appliance and there is no way to cut down the television usage with all of the students living in the house. It was a surprise that the television was not used more than reported. A more detailed electricity cost calculation table can be found in the appendices.

Basement The basement is by far, uses the most electricity in the house. This should not be a surprise because this is where the kitchen is located. This is where most of the appliances are located as well as the server for the house, and the laundry area. The following table shows the appliances used in the room and their associated cost per year.

Figure 10: Basement Overview 19

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Figure 11: Washers and Dryers

Figure 12: Space Heater

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Figure 13: Kitchen Refrigerators

Figure 14: Kitchen Oven and Stove

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Table 10: Basement Electricity Cost

Appliance Quantity Samsung TV 32 1 Washer 2 Dryer 2 Space Heater 2 Refrigerator whirlpool 1 Crathco Drink Machine 1 Cisco Server 1 Microwave 1 True Refrigeration mini 1 Scotmans Ice Machine 1 Soda Machine 1 Toaster 1 Coffee Maker 1 Refrigerator Traulsen 2 Dishwasher 1 Garbage Disposal 1 Microwave 1 Watts 170.0 2040.0 2040.0 149.5 145.0 632.5 1400.0 1600.0 252.5 18.3 984.0 1800.0 900.0 1788.0 5160.0 588.0 1000.0 Total Electricity Cost Quantity Cost per Year $ 38.52 $ 231.11 $ 231.11 $ 8.47 $ 24.64 $ 35.83 $ 1,459.42 $ 45.32 $ 14.30 $ 12.44 $ 278.69 $ 50.98 $ 25.49 $ 3,727.77 $ 292.28 $ 16.65 $ 28.32 $ 6,521.32

It can be seen from the electricity costs that the two big appliances in this room are the Cisco Server and the Traulsen Refrigerators. These two appliances costs were calculated under the assumption that they run all year long. The other appliances only run when the house is occupied by students. In this room there are definitely some recommendations for energy efficiency improvements. The biggest way to improve them is by updating the kitchen appliances. Some of the kitchen appliances that should be updated are:
Traulsen refrigerators Dishwasher Microwaves

These items were picked mainly because they are outdated and have appliances now that can run more efficiently while performing the same if not better than the old appliances. The washers and dryers were not added to the list because they are already energy star rated appliances. Their associated electricity cost is going to be significant because of the amount of students living in the house and the number of loads they have to go through. The estimated magnitude of savings on replacing the Traulsen refrigerators and dishwasher should be the most significant. This should make sense because the Traulsen refrigerators run all year long and the dishwasher runs every day and multiple times a day while students live in the house. The microwaves estimate of magnitude of energy savings will most likely be low due to the fact that they run for a very small amount of time. However it is still beneficial to update these 22

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appliances because they could draw a lot of power while they are running and this would reduce power fluxes in the house which would protect other small electronics. A more detailed electricity cost calculation table can be found in the appendices. Bedrooms Besides the television room and the basement, students will spend most of their time in their bedrooms. This is where many students study, watch their personal televisions, and just have their alone time. There are 15 bedrooms in the house each with similar appliances based on what is permitted per resident as stated in their housing contract. The following table shows the appliances used in the room and their associated cost per year.

Figure 15: Bedroom Set up

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Figure 16: Hair Appliances Table 11: Bedrooms Electricity Cost

Appliance Quantity Minifridge 1 TV 1 hair straigher 2 hair dryer 1 Laptops 2 desklamp 2 printer 1 radio 2 Watts 144 170 35 10875 53 25 20 20 Total Electricty Cost Cost x15 Bedrooms Quantity Cost per Year $ 8.16 $ 28.89 $ 0.33 $ 51.33 $ 30.02 $ 2.83 $ 0.02 $ 0.57 $ $ 122.15 1,832.22

Looking at the electricity costs for the bedroom, most of the costs come from the TV, hair dryer, laptops, and the mini-refrigerators. This makes sense because in a typical room these are the things that come to mind first when thinking of what uses electricity in a room. There

are not that many areas to recommend for energy efficiency improvements. The areas that can be suggested are:
Mini-refrigerators Hair Dryer

The estimate magnitude of energy savings in a bedroom from these suggested appliances will be small; however the social impact could be large. If these students are being more energy conscious it can encourage their friends to be more energy conscious that could start to lower energy consumption. A more detailed electricity cost calculation table can be found in the appendices. 24

Sigma Kappa Residential Energy Audit

Lighting Audit
The lighting loads for this building are currently at a reasonable level for a residence of this size. They cost per day for lighting on average is about $25. A majority of the lighting is energy efficient fluorescent lighting. However there are still several accent lights such as the chandelier which use incandescent bulbs. If these were switched to CFL bulbs the lighting load would see a large improvement. A useful measurement for understanding lighting efficiency is calculating the Lighting Power Density (LPD) of useable spaces. In appendix four is a lighting description by floor. It is desirable to have the lowest LPD possible while still allowing the occupants to comfortably use the space for its purpose. During the audit, all participants found the lighting levels within the rooms to be very effective for their intended uses. The TV Room and Chapter Room are designed for recreational use and therefore lighting levels are not critical to occupational health. The LPD for these rooms is 1.3 and 0.5 respectively. The Study Room and Date Room feature a much lower LPD. This is due to a greater concentration of light over the workspace of the room (Both have a single table in the center with chairs). These rooms also feature two windows each on adjacent walls. During the daytime, the natural light adds to the brightness of the room. However they still do not feature enough light to really be used effectively for studying purposes. The areas of the house with the greatest LPD are the hallways and foyers. These areas are not intended as a workspace and therefore could stand to have a lower wattage while still maintaining their usability. The same can be said for the basement as it too has a heavy lighting load and is intended mainly for dining. The recommended level is 0.6 while the current level is 3.1. These lights are also on 24 hours a day and could stand to be turned off when the room is not occupied. Further analysis can be seen in Appendix one.

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HVAC Energy Audit

Throughout the house, the HVAC system heats/cools the house by a convection system. The pipes that go through the heater/cooler use steam when in heat mode and then use cold air from the AC unit in cool mode. Unfortunately the heater/cooler units were locked so the group was not able to really examine the inside of each unit to get its condition. This goes for the mechanical room as well. The boiler is located in that room and is off limits to students. The AC system was able to be seen from a distance outside. It is guarded by a fence to keep people from getting close to it.

The Steam Heating System

Age: Most likely old State of Repair: Not Needed Efficiency: Unknown Maintenance Issues: None from teams observations, but excess steam is apparent coming from outlet pipe Power Usage: Unknown Advantages o o o Can be used in large housing structures Typically have long lives Cost effective in older houses Disadvantages o High Maintenance o Best to have servicemen come in to inspect system to make sure everything is working correctly High Risk These units can be dangerous when they get hot, not good when people accidentally touch them or when flammable materials get into contact with the heater Costs less than installing a whole new HVAC system in a house

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There are 25 steam heating units throughout the house. This is an important energy consumption area to look into. For the following calculations the heating percentage of steam was taken from the typical residential energy usage from class.

Table 12: Steam Heater Energy Cost

Total Steam per Year (lbs) Steam Price per lb Water Heater Percentage Room Heating Percentage Other Percentage (Excess) Steam Total Price Steam Total Price for Heaters Steam Heater Units In house Yearly Cost per Unit 333244.9 $ 0.03 0.12 0.8 0.08 $ 10,943.76 $ 8,755.01 25 $ 350.20

From these calculations shown in the above figure, each unit costs $350.20. There are alternatives to steam heating however due to the age of the house; this is the best way to keep the heating system. Heating could be converted to electrical units but that would then increase the electricity costs. It is important to keep the electrical loads down during peak hours and steam heating provides.

Cooling System
Age: New State of Repair: Not Needed Efficiency: Energy Star Rated Maintenance Issues: None Power Usage: Unknown but found COP from temperature gauges on inlet and outlet pipes

The Cooling System appears to run through the same pipes as the heating system. This concludes that the cooling system is some type of forced convection cooling system.

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Figure 17: Cooling System

Figure 18: Cooling System Side

Figure 19: Cooling System 3 28

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When looking in more detail at the air conditioning system it shows that it has an energy star rated sticker. This shows that the air conditioning unit is good as it is and needs no improvement. The system also says that it uses Puron R410A. Puron is the one of the best efficient refrigerants. It also does not damage the ozone layer thereby further helping the environment (Carrier). When looking at the last figure above, there are temperature gauges showing the inlet and outlet of the air conditioning system. Using that data, the COP cooling can be found.

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Internal Loads
Internal loads are an important consideration when analyzing the building envelope and the needs of the HVAC equipment. A residence of this size features several major internal loads which significantly affect the living environment within the building. The biggest contributor to heat and air quality within the building is the industrial kitchen found in the basement. When in operation, this room was found to be significantly warmer than the rest of the building (around +15oF). This is due to the food preparation equipment used to cook meals for the occupants. (See Electrical Equipment Loads for specific equipment information). This equipment is in operation from around 11AM to 7PM Monday through Friday and 11AM to 2PM on Saturdays. To mitigate the kitchens contribution to the building temperature and air pollution (smoke from cooking, etc), a large stove hood is installed above the stove burners and runs constantly while the kitchen is in use. The exhaust for this fan is directed directly outside of the building.

Figure 20: Exhaust Fan Also found in the basement is a substantial server system which provides network access for the residents of the building. This system is housed in its own closet which helps direct some of the waste heat into the utility room. Within the utility room there are two washing machines and two clothes driers which produce a reasonable amount of waste heat while in use.

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Figure 21: Closet Server

Another large contributor to internal loads is the amount of occupants in the residence. There are 33 women living in the house. Most, if not all of the occupants have personal computers, TVs, printers, desk lamps, hair driers, speakers, and refrigerators which all produce waste heat. In addition to their personal appliances, each body produces about 130W of heat while slightly active around the building. On the positive side, a majority of the lighting in the building is fluorescent which does not produce as much waste heat while on. This is beneficial to keeping the building cool during the warmer months.

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Envelope Audit
Components

The Sigma Kappa Sorority House consists of a vaulted roof, four walls plus an added space on the fourth (top) floor, 59 windows, four doors, and trees around the north, east and west walls, which are the two side walls, that provide moderate shade. There are no reflective walls or roofs on this building.

Figure 22: Sigma Kappa Exterior

The total square footage of all the walls minus the area of the windows is approximately 7524.71 ft2. The roof was considered to be two walls when calculating the total wall area. The walls consist of the following:

Table 13: Square Footage Calculations

Material Brick Air Gap Wood Wall Batt insulation Drywall Thickness [in] 4 1/2 7/16 6 1/2 R-Value 0.43 0.52 0.52 20 0.1

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The Sigma Kappa House uses 6 inch fiberglass batt insulation throughout its walls. These insulations were installed approximately 16 years ago. The original R-value of these batt insulations was given by the owners to be around 19-21, and so for calculation purposes, the Rvalue was estimated to be 20 after considering possible degradation due to time. There are a total of 59 windows which covers 460.05 ft2 of the house. The windows are all single pane glass windows with wooden frames. The R-Value of these windows is approximately 0.91 F-ft2-hr/Btu [1].

Environment Temperature The College Park region experiences both high temperatures during the summer and low temperatures during the winter, and requires heavy cooling and heating loads throughout the year. This can be seen in the following chart which displays the monthly climatological summary for the year of 2008, which displays the monthly heating and cooling degree days for the College Park area. Table 14: Monthly Climatological Info

It can be seen that the College Park area requires large heating and cooling degree days throughout the year. This large range of temperature makes retrofitting this building difficult and expensive as there are many aspects to consider because of the wire range of climate. 33

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Thermal Loads The Sigma Kappa House has multiple trees around the north, west, and east walls that provide moderate shading during the more dominate cooling load days. There are also no reflective or light colored roofing products on the building. The south wall also has no shading or reflective wall products. Energy Loss through Walls and Windows Using the heat transfer equation, the energy loss through the walls and windows were able to be calculated for the months of 2011. The following charts show the steps taken to calculate the conduction through the walls and envelopes using the following equation.

The conductance was found by using the reciprocals of the R values for the walls and windows. The area used for the wall was 7524.71 ft2 and the area of the windows was 460.05 ft2, as explained in the previous section. The internal temperature was set to be 68 F, and the outside temperatures used were the averages of the monthly high and low temperatures in 2011 as shown below [4]. Table 15: 2011 Average Temperatures in Washington, D.C.

Using these values and the above equation, the energy loss through the walls and windows were then able to be calculated. 34

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Table 16: Calculations

Based on the above calculations, the Sigma Kappa House lost a total of 36,266.32 kWh due to heat escaping during the winter, and unwanted heat entering the house during the summer. The conductive heat flow was found by multiplying the Btu/hour by the total hours in the respective month, and then following the conversion factor of 1kW equals 3412.142 Btu/hour [3]. The cost of this lost however was unable to be found, as the direct relation between the heating and cooling loads and energy consumed was unable to be found. Information such as efficiency of heating and cooling products would have needed to be known. This information however, was not readily available. 35

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Discussion on Capital Improvements and Energy Conservation

Electrical
In the basement there were four areas of improvement. The first to be considered is the Traulsen refrigerators. Looking online, Traulsen has a new energy star refrigerator that can replace the older ones. The new refrigerators are the G series two door.1

Figure 23: New G Series Traulsen Refrig Old Refrigerator:

New Refrigerator:

Savings Per Year:

Source: https://my.hobartcorp.com/resourcecenter/ProductDocumentation/TR35788%20g%20solid%20reach-in%20frz.pdf

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Payback Period

Dishwasher will be the next appliance to be looked into. One way to consume less energy is by replacing the dishwasher with a more efficient one. One dishwasher that was found was the Hobart LXi dishwasher.2 This dishwasher is also energy star rated so should definitely help consume less energy.

Figure 24: Hobart LXi Dishwasher

Old Dishwasher:

New Dishwasher:

Source: http://images.centralrestaurant.com/images/assets/specsheets/492-006.pdf

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Savings Per Year:

Payback Period

Another small area to look into is the microwave. The microwave does not get used that frequently but it would be a good idea to update all of them to more efficient microwaves. One more efficient microwave that was found was by Magic Chef.3

Figure 25: Magic Chef Countertop Microwave Old Microwave:

New Microwave:

Source: http://www.homedepot.com/h_d1/N5yc1v/R202183619/h_d2/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10053&langId=1&keyword=microwav e&storeId=10051

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Savings Per Year:

Payback Period

When moving out of the basements the next area to look in is the bedrooms. There is definitely a no-cost way to reduce energy consumption and that is by eliminating a lot of the refrigerators in the bedrooms. Currently the electricity cost for all of the refrigerators is:

By reducing the refrigerators to 2 every floor the electricity cost would go to:

This would come out to a savings of:

Some might think that it is unreasonable to reduce to 2 refrigerators to each floor, but it should be noted that the basement has large size refrigerators that can store their other bulky groceries. The refrigerators on each floor should only contain drinks and small snacks.

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Another appliance that uses a lot of power is the hair dryer. This is a appliance that is known to use a lot of electricity but it is worth the effort to find one that is more energy efficient. One hair dryer that was found was by Conair.4

Figure 26: Conair 1600 Watt Wall Mount Hair Dryer

Old Hair Dryer:

New Hair Dryer:

Savings Per Year:

Payback Period

Source: http://www.homedepot.com/h_d1/N-5yc1v/R-203119897/h_d2/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10053&langId=1&keyword=hair%20dryer&storeId=10051

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Internal Loads
The best way to reduce internal loads for the building is to ensure all residents unplug any non-vital equipment when it is not in use. This will help reduce the unnecessary waste heat produced when things like laptops, speakers, and electronics chargers.

Lighting Loads
1. Replace light switches in common areas with occupancy detection switches. This allows the lights to turn off automatically when the area is not in use. Example of Savings: (Replace Chapter Room Light Switch) Current Operating Cost Per Day: $0.64 [See Appendix 2] Initial Cost of Occupancy Switch: $15.00 Energy Cost Savings Per Day (Assuming 8 hours of non-use): $0.32 Payback Period: 47 Days Savings Per Year: $76.00

2. Replace all lights (especially chandelier bulbs) with CFLs. Most of the building is lit by energy efficient lighting but there are several lights which are not.

Figure 27: Foyer Chandelier Example of Savings: (Replacing Chandelier Bulbs) Current Operating Cost Per Day: $2.74 [See Appendix 2] Initial Cost of CFL bulbs ($3/bulb): $48.00 Energy Cost Savings Per Day: $2.10 Payback Period: 23 Days Savings Per Year: $500.00 41

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Envelope
Storm Windows After calculating the amount of energy lost through the walls and windows, one recommendation would be to improve the thermal resistance of the 59 windows. One option that can improve the resistance of the windows would be to install storm windows, which cost approximately around $75.00 per window [2] plus another $50.00-$70.00 for installation per window. This would then cost $7,375 for all 59 windows.

Figure 28: New Window Improvements Storm windows have a thermal resistance of approximately 2 F-ft2-hr/Btu [1]. Using similar methods as before, it was found that using storm windows will decrease the amount of energy escaping through the windows and walls by approximately 30%, with a total energy loss of 25,488.37 kWh. Table 17: Energy Loss

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Argon-Filled Double Layer Windows Another option would be to retrofit gas-filled energy efficient windows, such as argonfilled double layer windows. The cost of these windows varies, as site surveys are required before any quotes on prices can be given. The most inexpensive argon-filled window that can be found online was on Lowes website, and was priced at $141.00 [6]. However based on recent first-hand experience on retrofitting an entire house with energy efficient windows, the cost was estimated to be approximately up to $1500 per window and installation. For all 59 windows, it would cost $88,500.

Figure 29: Window Suggestion- Argon Gas

Argon-filled windows have a U-value of approximately 0.31 Btu/F-ft2-hr [5]. The energy loss using argon-filled windows show to have a 40% decrease. The total projected energy loss was found to be 22,069.09 kWh. Table 18: Energy Loss

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The following shows a side by side comparison of the different windows and their resulting energy loss compared with the current set up. Table 19: Energy Loss for Various Windows

Blown-In Insulation Another way to decrease the amount of energy loss through the houses envelope would be to improve the insulation of the walls. The walls were measured to have a thermal resistance of 17.83 F-ft2-hr/Btu. Using a blown-in insulation made of either fiber glass or cellulose in the inner wall cavities can help to increase the walls thermal resistance, and the overall efficiency of the walls. The effectiveness of the blown-in insulation would vary with the material and the density of the insulation when blown in, and would cost around $0.99 per square feet filled in based on online contractor forums [7]. In addition, individual foam sealants can also be purchased and be used to seal small leaks in the windows, doors, and walls, if the above options are too expensive. Foam sealants are relatively cheap and available at any home improvement store like Home Depot or Lowes [2].

Figure 30: Suggested Insulation

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Work Cited
1. "R-ValueTable." ColoradoENERGY.org. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. <http://www.coloradoenergy.org/procorner/stuff/r-values.htm>. 2. "Home Improvement Made Easy with New Lower Prices | Improve & Repair." Home Depot. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. <http://www.homedepot.com/>. 3. "Unit Converter with the Most Common Units." Engineering ToolBox. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. <http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/unit-converter-d_185.html>. 4. "Average Weather for Washington, DC - Temperature and Precipitation." Weather.com. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. <http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USDC0001>. 5. "KSU Engineering Extension." KSU Engineering Extension. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. <http://www.engext.ksu.edu/henergy/envelope/windoors.asp>. 6. "Lowe's Home Improvement: Appliances, Tools, Hardware, Paint, Flooring." Lowe's. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. <http://www.lowes.com>. 7. "Pricing Of Blown In Insulation." Insulation. ContractorTalk. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. <http://www.contractortalk.com/f80/pricing-blown-insulation-49839/>. 8. Carrier. "Puron Refrigerant." Puron Refrigerant. 2011. Web. 11 Mar. 2012.

<http://www.residential.carrier.com/knowledge/innovation/puron.shtml>. 9. National Climate Data Center, NOAA. www.ncdc.noaa.gov

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Appendices
Appendix One: Appliance Calculations
TVR Electricity Appliance Calculations
Appliance Samsung 32 TV VCR/DVD Player Quantity 1 1 Watts 170 25 Hours per Day 4 2 Days per Year 238 238 kWh kWh Rate 161.84 0.119 $ 11.9 0.119 $ Cost per Year Quantity Cost per Year 19.26 $ 19.26 1.42 $ 1.42 $ 20.68

Total Electricity Cost

Basement Electricity Appliance Calculations

Appliance Quantity Samsung TV 32 1 Washer 2 Dryer 2 Space Heater 2 Refrigerator whirlpool 1 Crathco Drink Machine 1 Cisco Server 1 Microwave 1 True Refrigeration mini 1 Scotmans Ice Machine 1 Soda Machine 1 Toaster 1 Coffee Maker 1 Refrigerator Traulsen 2 Dishwasher 1 Garbage Disposal 1 Microwave 1 Watts 170 2040 2040 149.5 145 632.5 1400 1600 252.45 18.3 984 1800 900 1788 5160 588 1000 Hours per Day 8 2 2 1 6 2 24 1 2 24 10 1 1 24 2 1 1 Days per Year kWh kWh Rate 238 323.68 0.119 238 971.04 0.119 238 971.04 0.119 238 35.581 0.119 238 207.06 0.119 238 301.07 0.119 365 12264 0.119 238 380.8 0.119 238 120.1662 0.119 238 104.5296 0.119 238 2341.92 0.119 238 428.4 0.119 238 214.2 0.119 365 15662.88 0.119 238 2456.16 0.119 238 139.944 0.119 238 238 0.119 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Cost per Year 38.52 115.55 115.55 4.23 24.64 35.83 1,459.42 45.32 14.30 12.44 278.69 50.98 25.49 1,863.88 292.28 16.65 28.32 Quantity Cost per Year $ 38.52 $ 231.11 $ 231.11 $ 8.47 $ 24.64 $ 35.83 $ 1,459.42 $ 45.32 $ 14.30 $ 12.44 $ 278.69 $ 50.98 $ 25.49 $ 3,727.77 $ 292.28 $ 16.65 $ 28.32 $ 6,521.32

Total Electricity Cost

Bedroom Electricity Appliance Calculations

Appliance Quantity Watts Minifridge 1 TV 1 hair straigher 2 hair dryer 1 Laptops 2 desklamp 1 printer 1 radio 1 Hours per Day 144 170 35 10875 53 25 20 20 2 6 0.166666667 0.166666667 10 2 0.033333333 0.5 Days per Year kWh kWh Rate 238 68.544 0.119 238 242.76 0.119 238 1.388333 0.119 238 431.375 0.119 238 126.14 0.119 238 11.9 0.119 238 0.158667 0.119 238 2.38 0.119 Cost per Year $ 8.16 $ 28.89 $ 0.17 $ 51.33 $ 15.01 $ 1.42 $ 0.02 $ 0.28 Quantity Cost per Year $ 8.16 $ 28.89 $ 0.33 $ 51.33 $ 30.02 $ 1.42 $ 0.02 $ 0.28 120.45 1,806.73

Total ElectricalCost $ Total x15 Rooms $

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Appendix Two: Lighting Loads

Lighting Loads
Total kW Total Cost per Day 9.581 $24.97

Basement Space: Bulb Type 40W Eq. CFL T12 48" Main Room Wattage 912 Total Wattage 27 2822 0 0 Room Total (kW) 2.849 3.1 Use Per Day (hr) 24 0.6 Cost Per Day $8.14 Quantity 9 34 3 83 32 Total Wattage 28 34 0 0 Room Total (kW) 0.062 1.9 Use Per Day (hr) 2 0.7 Cost Per Day $0.01 Quantity 14 34 2 1 SQFT SQFT

First Floor Space: Bulb Type 75W Eq. CFL 100W TV Room Wattage 240 Total Wattage 216 100 0 0 Room Total (kW) 0.316 1.3 Use Per Day (hr) 16 0.8 Cost Per Day $0.60 Quantity 12 1 624 Total Wattage 180 54 100 0 Room Total (kW) 0.334 0.5 Use Per Day (hr) 16 0.8 Cost Per Day $0.64 10 6 1 240 Total Wattage 32 2 64 0 0 0 Room Total (kW) 0.064 0.3 Use Per Day (hr) 16 0.7 Cost Per Day $0.12 Quantity 156 Total Wattage 32 1 32 0 0 0 Room Total (kW) 0.032 0.2 Use Per Day (hr) 16 0.7 Cost Per Day $0.06 Quantity 240 Total Wattage 60 16 960 9 9 81 0 0 Room Total (kW) 1.041 4.3 Use Per Day (hr) 24 0.7 Cost Per Day $2.97 Quantity 288 Total Wattage 1360 0 0 0 Room Total (kW) 1.36 4.7 Use Per Day (hr) 24 0.7 Cost Per Day $3.88 Quantity 34 40 36 Total Wattage 14 2 28 34 1 34 0 0 Room Total (kW) 0.062 1.7 Use Per Day (hr) 2 0.7 Cost Per Day $0.01 Quantity SQFT SQFT SQFT SQFT SQFT SQFT SQFT

Second and Third Floor Space: Bulb Type 75W Eq. CFL 25W Bedroom Wattage 18 25

Quantity

18 100

LPD (W/SQFT) Recommended Space: Bulb Type 60W Eq. CFL T12 48" Bathroom Wattage

LPD (W/SQFT) Recommended Space: Bulb Type 75W Eq. CFL 40W Eq. CFL 100W

Total Wattage 18 25 0 0 Room Total (kW) 0.043 Use Per Day (hr) 10 Cost Per Day $0.05 1 1 SQFT

Chapter Room Wattage Quantity 18 9 100

Space: Bulb Type T5 22"

Bathroom Wattage Quantity 14

LPD (W/SQFT) Recommended

LPD (W/SQFT) Recommended Space: Bulb Type CFL

LPD (W/SQFT) Recommended Space: Bulb Type T12 48" Hallway Wattage

130 Total Wattage 98 0 0 0 Room Total (kW) 0.098 0.8 Use Per Day (hr) 24 0.7 Cost Per Day $0.28 7 288 Total Wattage 34 36 1224 0 0 0 Room Total (kW) 1.224 4.3 Use Per Day (hr) 24 0.7 Cost Per Day $3.50 Quantity SQFT

Study Room Wattage

LPD (W/SQFT) Recommended Space: Bulb Type CFL Date Room Wattage

LPD (W/SQFT) Recommended

LPD (W/SQFT) Recommended Space: Bulb Type 60W 40W Eq. CFL Foyer Wattage

LPD (W/SQFT) Recommended Space: Bulb Type T12 48" Hallway Wattage

LPD (W/SQFT) Recommended Space: Bulb Type 60W Eq. CFL T12 48" Bathroom Wattage

LPD (W/SQFT) Recommended

Note: 3 Pictures to follow this> Basement, 1st floor, and typical bedroom lighting layouts. 47

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Appendix Three: Floor Plans

Figure 31: First Floor Lighting Layout

Figure 32 Basement Lighting Layout

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Lighting Layout Key O

Figure 33 Typical Bedroom Lighting Layout

(25W Incandescent) (100W Incandescent) (40W CFL) (32W CFL)

(75W CFL) (4x T12 48)

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Appendix Four: Appliance Pictures

LED Flood Light

radio

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Appendix Five:

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