TRGONOMETRY CHAPTER 5:TRIGONOMETRY 5.

0 Early Trigonometry Greek Trigonometry

BA101/CHAPTER 5

Trigonometry was originally created by the Greeks to aid in the study of astronomy. Hipparchus of Bithynia (190-120 B.C.) tabulated trigonometric ratios, to enable the calculation of a planet's position as formulated by Apollonius. Angles were also defined, taking the Babylonian measure of 360 degrees. The chord was defined, and the cosine and sine loosely defined. The results sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 and the half-angle formulae were also derived, geometrically. Claudius Ptolemy worked further on Hipparchus' chord table and came up with a more complete one. He used Euclid's propositions to aid in his work and developed a method of calculating square roots, though he never explained how. Using his theorem (for a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle, the product of the diagonals equals the sum of the products of the opposite sides) and the half-angle formula, he derived the sum and difference (addition) formulae. Ptolemy then proceeded to work on plane triangles. In this process, he developed the idea of inverse trigonometric functions. He also derived, in modern terms, the Sine and Cosine Rules.

Medieval Trigonometry The Chinese, in the medieval times, studied astronomy, and hence, trigonometry. They introduced the tangent function. However, most of their work are in the field of astronomy, and many of their trigonometric advancements were not continued. The Indians were the next to advance the study of trigonometry. They developed their own sine tables, using the Greek half-angle formula. Later, the cosine table was also constructed. Techniques of approximation to a relatively high accuracy were also introduced. The Indian works were translated and read by the Islamic mathematicians, who also worked on trigonometry. Similar to the Greeks and Indians, they related trigonometry and astronomy. The Indian sine was used, as well as the chord. The cosine was also formally introduced, by Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Battani. The tangent function resurfaced; and the cotangent, cosecant and secant functions were introduced. Although their definitions were initially geometric, it was soon realised that they were the reciprocal functions of tangent, sine and cosine respectively. Highly accurate tables were developed for the trigonometric functions. The triple-angle formulae, already derived, was used for this.

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

5.1 Reviewing Trigonometic Ratios For any right angle triangle, we can use the simple trigonometric ratios. Sin = opposite hypotenuse SOH Cos = adjacent hypotenuse COH Tan = Sin Cos Tan = opposite adjacent TOA
cosecant = cosec = 1 secant

b hypotenuse c opposite

a adjacent

= sec

cotangent = cot

sin = 1 cos = 1 tan

-theta variable for angle

Capital letter is always used to label the angle. The name for the side that is opposite to the angle has the corresponding letter in small case.

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

EXAMPLE 5.11

Referring to Figure 2.11, find the values of: sin 30o, cos 30o and tan 30o.

4 cm

2 cm

30 3.464 cm

SOLUTION: sin 30o =

2 4

= 0.5 cos 30o =

3.464 4

= 0.866 tan 30o =

2 3.464

= 0.577 Note: You can find tan 30o using the formula tan

sin cos

i.e. tan 30o

4 3.464

2 4 4 3.464 2 = 3.464
= 0.577

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

EXAMPLE 5.12 Afiq is standing 54 m from a building. The angle of elevation of the top of the building from Afiq is 80o. Determine the height of the building. SOLUTION: In order to solve this problem, you should draw a triangle to help you. Based on the information given in the question, you should be able to draw a triangle like

Therefore, tan 80o =

h 54

h 80o

= 54 x tan 80o = 306.25 m

54m Figure 5.12 Afiq

Therefore, the height of the building is 306.25 m. EXAMPLE 5.13 Fill in Table 2.1 based on the information given in Figure 2.14.
A P 45O 2 60O 1 D 1 2 1 45O R 1 Q

Figure 2.14: Basic angles

cosec sec cot

30o

45o

60o

Table 2.1
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TRGONOMETRY SOLUTION:

BA101/CHAPTER 5

cosec sec cot

30o 2 1.155 1.732

45o 1.414 1.414 1

60o 1.155 2 0.577

EXAMPLE 5.14 Determine the values of cosec A, sec A, and cot A from the triangles shown in Figure 2.15.

a) 10

b)

13 6 8 A A 12 5

Figure 2.15

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TRGONOMETRY SOLUTION:

BA101/CHAPTER 5

a)

cos ecA

1 sin A
1 6 10

sec A

1 cos A
1 8 10

10 5 6 3

10 8

5 4

cot A

1 tan A
1 6 8

8 4 6 3

b)

cos ecA

1 sin A
1 5 13

sec A

1 cos A
1 12 13

13 5

13 12

cot A

1 tan A
1 5 12

12 5

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TRGONOMETRY EXAMPLE 5.15 Use your scientific calculator to find the values of a) sec 150o b) cosec 225o c)

BA101/CHAPTER 5

cot 300o

SOLUTION :a) sec 150o

1 Kos 150o

= -1.1547

b)

cosec 225o

1 Sin 225o

= -1.4142

c)

cot 300o

1 Tan 300o

= -0.5774

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

5.2 INVERSE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

There are cases when the three sides of a triangle are given, but the angles are not known. In order to solve this problem, we have to learn about inverse of trigonometric functions. If a is the opposite side, b is the adjacent side, and h is the hypotenus, then we declare the inverse of trigonometric functions as :Symbol Di sebut sebagai

= sin-1

a h b h a b

Inverse of sine

= cos-1

Inverse of cosine

= tan-1

Inverse of tangent

You can use your scientific calculator to help you to find the inverse of trigonometric functions. Let us look at the example below :So easy .

= sin-1 (0.5) = 30o

Just press the button on the calculator

= cos-1 (0.62) = 51.684o

= tan-1 (1.5) = 56.31o

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TRGONOMETRY EXAMPLE 5.16 Determine the values of :a) b) sin = 0.7071 cos = 0.7986 c) d)

BA101/CHAPTER 5

tan = 0.4663 cot = 0.4663

SOLUTION :-

a)

sin = 0.7071

= sin-1 0.7071 = 45o

Just press the button on the calculator

b)

cos = 0.7986 = cos-1 0.7986

= 37o
c) tan = 0.4663 = tan-1 0.4663

= 25o

d)

cot = 0.4663 1 = 0.4663 tan 0.4663 tan = 1 tan =

1 0.4663
= tan-1

1 0.4663

= 65o

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

ACTIVITY 5A
TEST YOURSELF BEFORE YOU MOVE ON TO THE NEXT SECTION..! 1. Based on Figure 2.16, find :4

a) c) e)

sin o tan o cos o

b) d) f)

cos o
3

sin o tan o

Figure 2.16

2. A painter places a ladder of 4m length leaning against a wall at a height of 3.4m. The angle of elevation of the ladder against the wall is 50o. How far is the ladder from the base of the wall?

3. Use your scientific calculator to find the value of :a) sin = 0.4226 b) c) cos = 0.8660 4. Based on Figure 2.17, find the value of :a) b) c) d) cos

cot = 1.0000

10

sec cot cosec

6
Figure 2.17

5. Use your scientific calculator to find the values of sine, cosine, secant, and cotangent of each of the following angles :a) 3.1o b) 47.4o c) 65.7o

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

FEEDBACK FOR ACTIVITY 5A

1.

a)

4 @ 0.8 5

b)

3 @ 0.6 5

c)

4 @ 1.33 3

d)

3 @ 0.6 5

e)

4 @ 0.8 5

f)

3 @ 0.75 4

2. 2.571m

3.

a) 25o

b) 45o

c) 30o

4. a)

3 5

b)

5 3

c)

3 4

d)

5 4

5.

a)

sin 3.1o

= 0.0541 cos 3.1o = 0.9985 o = 1.0015 sec 3.1 cot 3.1o= 18.464

b)

sin 47.4o = 0.7361 cos 47.4o = 0.6769 o sec 47.4 = 1.4774 cot 47.4o = 0.9195 sin 65.7o = 0.9114 cos 65.7o = 0.4115 Sec 65.7o = 2.43 o cot 65.7 = 0.4515

c)

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

5.3 TRIGONOMETRIC QUADRANTS Up to this point, we have learnt about the six trigonometric functions and how to calculate their values. However, we have only discussed about this using acute angles, i.e., angle between 0o and 90o. What about angles that are larger than 90o? Angles between 90o and 180oare called obtuse angles, and angles between 180o and 360o are called reflex angles. In order to understand how to find the values of trigonometric functions involving larger angles better, we will have to look at the following example. Starting from the positive end of the x-axis, we can draw a full circle if we rotate a straight line around the Origin in anti-clockwise direction. A full circle is 360o and if we split a circle into 4 equal parts (called quardrants), each quadrant will take 90o.
90 o Quadrant 2 180 o Quadrant 3 270 o Quadrant 4 Quadrant 1 0 o, 360 o

Angles are considered as positive if we rotate in the anti-clockwise direction, and negative if we rotate in the clockwise direction. If you want to find the trigonometric functions of angles that are larger than 90 o, we can convert these angles to acute angles using the formula given in Figure 2.18. The converted angles are called base angles. Once you have done that, you can now look for the answers using the methods discussed in the earlier parts. Lets look at the following examples to try to understand how to convert angles to base angles.

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

Quadrant 1 y

Quadrant 2 y

x
Base angle for is

Base angle for is = 180 -

o

EXAMPLE 5.17 Find the base angle for a) = 135o b) = -130o c) = 240o d) = 650o SOLUTION :a) 135o is in Quadrant 2:Base angle for is
= 180o -

y 135
o

= 180o - 135o = 45o

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TRGONOMETRY b) 130o is in Quadrant 3 : = 180o -

BA101/CHAPTER 5
Y

-130

= 180o 130o = 50o Therefore, the base angle is 50o. c) 240o is in Quadrant 3 : = - 180o = 240o 180o = 60o Therefore, the base angle is 60o.

y
240
o

If we rotate more than one full circle, we may get angles that are larger than 360o. For these angles, we will have to convert them back to angles between 0o dan 360o first (called similar angles) before we convert them to base angles. For example, if we rotate 400o, it is similar to rotating only (400o- 360o ) 40o and if we rotate 700o, it is similar to rotating only (700o- 360o ) 340o. Lets look at the following examples:

EXAMPLE 5.18 Find the similar angles and base angles for :a) 685o SOLUTION :a) The position of is as shown in Figure:The similar angle is = 685o 360o = 325o The base angle is = 360o 325o = 35o

y 685
o

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TRGONOMETRY b) The similar angle = -(380o 360o) = -20o The base angle is = 20o

BA101/CHAPTER 5

y -380 x
o

We have now learnt how to convert angles larger than 90o back to acute angles. Why is this important? This is because it will be very useful when we want to find the trigonometric functions of these angles. Trigonometric functions of acute angles are always positive, but they are not so for obtuse angles and reflex angles. For these angles we will have to determine whether their trigonometric functions are positive or negative by using the following methods. 1. In Quadrant 1, where 0o< <90o, both x and y are positive.
y r P(x,y)

Therefore:-

Note: All are positive when is in Quadrant 1. 2. In Quadrant 2, where 90o< <180o, x is negative and y is positive.
P(x,y) y

Therefore, y sin = = sin r x cos = = -cos r y tan = = -tan x Note: Only sine is positive. 3.

In Quadrant 2, where 180o< <270o, x and y are negative.

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TRGONOMETRY sin

BA101/CHAPTER 5

y r = -sin
=

cos

x = r = -cos y = x
= tan

tan

Note: Only tangent is positive.

4. In Quadrant 2, where 270o< <360o, x is positive and y is negative. sin

y r = -sin

kos

x r = kos
= =

tan

y x = -tan

Note: Only cosine is positive. In summary, lets look at Figure 2.20.

Quadrant 2 SINE (+) 180
o

Quadrant 1

TANGENT (+) Quadrant 3 270

o

Quadrant 4

Figure 2.20

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

EXAMPLE 5.19 Determine the values of :a) sin 108o b) cos 253o c) tan 203o 46 d) cos (-255o) SOLUTION :a) 108o is in Quadrant 2. The base angle is: = 180o - 108o

= 72o Therefore, sin 108o = + sin 72o because sine is positive in Quadrant 2. sin 108o = sin 72o = 0.9511 o is in Quadrant 3. The base angle is:b) 253 = 253o - 180o = 73o Therefore, cos 253o = - cos 73o because cosine is negative in Quadrant 3. cos 253o = - cos 73o = -0.2924

c)

203o 46 is in Quadrant 3. The base angle is:-. = 203o 46 - 180o

= 23o 46 Therefore, tan 203o 46 = + tan 23o 46 because tangent is negative in Quadrant 3. tan 203o 46 = 0.4404 d) (-225o) is in Quadrant 3. The base angle is: = 255o - 180o = 75o Therefore, cos (-225o) = - kos 75o because cosine is negative in Quadrant 3. cos (-225o) = - kos 75o = -0.2588

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

EXAMPLE 5.20 Given that sin = - sin 48o. This means that is in Quadrant 3 or Quadrant 4. Find the values of . SOLUTION :Because sin = - sin 48o, the base angle is 48o. The answer is:
In Quadrant 3 Y
(S) 48
O

In Quadrant 4 Y
(A) 48
o

(T)

(C)

= 180o + 48o
= 228o

= 360o + 48o
= 312o

= 228o dan 312o

EXAMPLE 5.21 Given that cos y = 0.8660 dan 0o y 360o . Find the possible values of y.

SOLUTION :Given that cos y = 0.8660, using the calculator :

Y 30 y x

or

y = cos-1 0.8660 = 30o ( maka cos y = cos 30o)

y

Y X

Therefore, the base angle is 30o. y is in Quadrant 1 and Quadrant 4.

30

y = 30o dan 330o

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

ACTIVITY 5B
Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently TEST YOURSELF BEFORE YOU MOVE ON TO THE NEXT SECTION..! a. Find the similar angles for the following angles :a) 470o b) -520o b. Find the values of :a) sin 258o b) d) sin 213o 20

c)

780o

cos 217o e)

c)

tan 238o f) cos 305.3o

tan 256.7o

c. Given that cos = 0.3082 and 0 o 360 o , find the values of . d. e. Given that tan = -1.048 and 0 o 360 o ., find the values of .

FEEDBACK

2.28

a)

110o

b)

-160o

c)

60o

2.29

a) d)

-0.9781 b) -0.5495 e)

-0.7986 c) 4.230

1.600 f) 0.5779

2.30

= 72o 3 dan 287o 57 = 133o 39 dan 313o 39

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2.31

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

SELF ASSESSMENT 1

Congratulations to you for making it so far. You are very close to mastering this unit. Attempt all questions in this section and check your solutions with the answers provided in SOLUTIONS TO SELF ASSESSMENT given after this. 1. Find the values of sin , cos dan tan given that : 12 a) sin , and is in Quadrant 1. 13 2 , and is in Quadrant 2. b) tan 3 Using your scientific calculator, find the sine, cosine dan tangent values of the following:a) 5.2 o b) 21.4 o c) 3. 76.5 o d) 93.7 o

2.

A ladder 9m length is leaning against a vertical wall. The angle of elevation of the ladder is 60 o . How far is the foot of the ladder from the wall?

9m

60

4.

On a particularly very hot day, the shadow of a tower is 67.2m long. The angle of elevation of the sun viewed from the ground is . If the height of the tower is 80m, what is the value of ?
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TRGONOMETRY 5. Find the value of where 0 360o a) sin

BA101/CHAPTER 5

0.2 2

b) cos 2 0 .5592

c) 4 tan 2 1

6.

a) Given that the angle A is obtuse and cos A = sec A, cosec A dan cot A.

2 , find the values of 3

b) If sin 45 o = 0.707 and cos 45 o = 0.707, find the values of tan 45 o , cot 45 o , sec 45 o and cosec 45 o . If sin

2 = 0.866 and cos 3 2 2 tan , cot 3 3

2 = -0.5, find the values of 3 2 2 , sec dan cosec . 3 3

7. Find the similar angles for :a) 425 o b) -390 o c) -1090 o

8.

Find the base angles for :a) -290 o b) -900 o c) 165 o

9.

Determine the following values :a) sin 150 o b) d) cosec 350 o e)

tan 110 o cot 300 o

c)

cos 210 o

10.

Find the solutions for where 0 o < < 360 o :a) sin = 0.6428 b) cos = -0.6428 c) tan = 0.5 d) sn = -0.9421

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

SOLUTIONS TO SELF ASSESSMENT 1

5 12 , tan 13 5
3 13
, sin

1.

a)

cos

b) 2. a) b) c) d) 3. 4. 5. 4.5m 50 o a) b) c) 6. a)

cos

2 13

0.0906, 0.9959, 0.0910 0.3649, 0.9311, 0.3919 0.9724, 0.2334, 4.1653 0.9979, -0.0645, -15.464

214.59 o , 325.41 o 30 o , 60 o 166 o , 346 o

3 5 2 5 , , 2 3 5
b) 1, 1, 1.41, 1.41

7. 8. 9.

-1.73, -0.578, -2, 1.15 a) 65 o a) 0.5 d)-5.760 b) b) e) 40 o , 140 o -30 o -2.747 -0.5773 b) 130 o , 230 o d) 250 o 24, 289 o 36 c) c) -10 o -0.866

10.

a) c)

26 o 34 , 206 o 34

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

HAND- OUT (For class-room activity)

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

5.4 THE SINE RULE

For any ABC, the sine rule is given by a Sin A = b Sin B = c sin C

The sine rule can also be expressed in the inverted form, i.e. Sin A a = Sin B = b Sin C c

EXAMPLE 1 C 4cm A B

The above diagram shows a triangle ABC. Given that sin A=1/4, sin B=1/3 and AC= 4cm, find the length of CB. Solution Using the sine rule, CB = AC sinA sinB CB = 4 (1/4) (1/3) CB = 4/(1/3)x(1/4) = 12x(1/4) = 3 cm

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TRGONOMETRY Hence, the length of CB is 3 cm. EXAMPLE 2 In the triangle ABC, given that a = 5cm, b = 3 cm and Solution Using the inverted form of sine rule, Sin A = Sin B a b Sin A = Sin 30 5 3 Sin A = Sin 30 x 5 3 = 0.8333 A = sin-1 0.8333 = 56.44 Hence, the acute angle A is 75.52. EXAMPLE 3 R
30 110

BA101/CHAPTER 5

B=30, find the acute

A.

Q P The above diagram shows the triangle PQR. Solve the triangle. Solution (a) Using the sine rule, RQ = PQ = Sin P Sin R RQ = 6 = Sin 110 Sin 30 RQ = PQ x Sin 110 = Sin 30 = 11.28 cm Hence, the length of RQ is 11.28 cm. (b) Q =180 - <P - <R =180 - 110 - 30 = 40 Hence, the angle RQP is 40

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

(c) Using the sine rule RP = PQ Sin Q Sin R RP = Sin 40 RP =

6 = Sin 30 6 x Sin 40 = Sin 30 = 7.71 cm

Hence, the length of RQ is 7.71 cm.

5.5 THE COSINE RULE

For any ABC, the cosine rule is given by: a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cosA b2 = a2 + c2- 2ac cosB c2 = a 2+ b2 - 2ab cosC

EXAMPLE 1 C 4cm A B 6cm The above diagram shows ABC . Given that cos A = , AC = 4cm and AB=6cm, find : i.) the length of BC. ii.) CAB Solution i) BC2=AC2+AB2 2(AC)(AB)cos A a2 = 42+62-2(4)(6)(1/4)
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TRGONOMETRY = 40 a =40 = 6.32 cm Hence, the length of BC is 6.32cm. ii) CAB = acute angle A Cos A = A = cos-1 (1/4) = 75.52 or 7531

BA101/CHAPTER 5

Hence, the angle CAB is 75.52. EXAMPLE 2 A 8 cm

8249

10 cm

C ABC = 8249. Find :

In the ABC, AB = 8 cm, BC = 10 cm, and i) the length of AC ii) the acute angle ACB Solution i) Using the cosine rule b2 = a2 + c2- 2ac cosB AC2 = AB2 + BC2 -2(AB)(BC)cos B AC2 = 82 + 102 -2(8)(10)cos 8249 = 144 AC =144 = 12 cm Hence, the length of AC is 12 cm. ii) c2 = a 2+ b2 2ab cosC 82 = 10 2+ 122 2(10)(12) cosC 64 = 100 + 144 240 cos C 240 cos C = 100 + 144 64 cos C = 180/240 C = cos-1 (180/240) C = 41.41 or 4125 Hence, the angle CAB is 41.41.

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TRGONOMETRY PRACTICE 1. In the triangle ABC, BC = 6 cm, AC=8 cm and AB=9cm. Find angle ABC.
A 9cm ? B 6cm C 8cm

BA101/CHAPTER 5

2. In ABC, given that <ABC = 130, AB=6 cm and BC= 8 cm, find the length of B.
A 6cm 130 B 8cm C ?

3.

B 5cm
5
120

8cm

In the above diagram show the triangle ABC.Solve the Triangle.

Q

4.
r

58

p = 132.8mm

72 21 P

The above diagram shows the triangle PQR. Solve the triangle.

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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 5

ANSWER 1. B=59.03 2. b=12.72 cm 3. b=12.72cm , c=11.36cm , B= 37.58

Success is not the key to happiness. Happiness is the key to success. If you love what you are doing, you will be successful.

4. P= 49.65 , r=166.05cm , q=147.78cm

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