Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 500 (2003) 8495

CHICSia compact ultra-high vacuum compatible detector system for nuclear reaction experiments at storage rings. I. General structure, mechanics and UHV compatibility
! L. Westerberga, V. Avdeichikovb, L. Carlenb, P. Golubevb, B. Jakobssonb,*, c a,d C. Rouki , A. Siwek , E.J. van Veldhuizenc, H.J. Whitlowb
The Svedberg Laboratory, Box 533, Uppsala SE-751 21, Sweden Deptartment of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden c Deptartment of Radiation Sciences, Box 535, Uppsala SE-751 21, Sweden d ! Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Cracow PL-31-342, Poland
b a

CHIC Collaboration Received 12 August 2002; received in revised form 19 November 2002; accepted 2 January 2003

Abstract CELSIUS Heavy-Ion Collision Silicon detector system (CHICSi) is a large solid angle, barrel-shaped detector system, housing up to 600 detector telescopes arranged in rotational symmetry around the beam axis. CHICSi measures charged particles and fragments from nuclear reactions. It operates at internal targets of storage rings. In order to optimize space and momentum-space coverage and minimize the low-energy detection limits, CHICSi is designed for use in ultra-high vacuum (UHV, B108 Pa) inside a cluster-jet target chamber. This calls for materials in mechanical support, detectors, Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) electronics, connectors, cables and other signal transport devices with very low outgassing. Two auxiliary detector systems, which will operate in coincidence with CHICSi, a heavy-recoil, time-of-ight system (HR-TOF) also placed inside the target chamber and a projectile fragmentation wall (PF-WALL) located outside the chamber, have also been constructed. In total, this combined system registers more than 80% of all charged particles and fragments from typical heavy-ion reactions at energies of a few hundreds of MeV per nucleon. r 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PACS: 29.40.Wk; 25.70.Pq Keywords: Multi-detector system; Thin silicon detectors; GSO scintillators; Large solid angle; Ultra-high vacuum compatibility

1. Introduction Data on the disintegration in nucleusnucleus collisions, collected in event-by-event mode, give unique information about formation and decay of

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +46-46-222-7708. E-mail address: bo.jakobsson@kosufy.lu.se (B. Jakobsson).

0168-9002/03/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(03)00301-2

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highly excited nuclear matter. If time-dependent statistical parameters, like density, temperature, pressure, entropy, etc. can be determined, important information about the nuclear equation of state may be obtained. Thereby it is important that as many as possible of the fragments and particles from each reaction are identied by charge (Z) and mass (A) number and that their momentum vectors (p) are measured. It may also be important to compare the disintegration in heavy-ion collisions and protonnucleus collisions, since no compression is expected in the latter case. This comparison is particularly valuable if the initial system can be created with the same nucleon number and excitation energy. The Celsius Heavy-Ion Collision Silicon detector system (CHICSi) [13] is constructed with these viewpoints in mind. Presently, CHICSi is installed at the CELSIUS storage ring at The Svedberg Laboratory (TSL) in Uppsala, Sweden. Therefore, the telescopes are designed for proton and heavy-ion-induced reactions up to the maximum CELSIUS energies. At present, protons are accelerated up to 1.36 GeV and heavy ions, with charge/mass ratio 1; up to 470A MeV [4]. Even 2 higher energies, 1.95 GeV and 720A MeV, respectively, can be reached after a proposed upgrade of the maximum eld strength of the bending magnets to 1.3 T. In order to full its mission, the CHICSi detector must have as large coverage in space as the internal target system allows and in momentum-space as the detector techniques allow. The granularity must be high enough to register all products in collisions with up to 100 charged particles with a multi-hit probability on the level of a few percent. Since these requirements are very difcult to meet by detector systems placed outside the target chamber, we chose to construct the CHICSi detector essentially as an internal system, thereby introducing the requirement that all details must be UHV compatible. Among the few sensors that could full our requirements we chose a combination of ion implanted Si detectors and Gd2SiO5 (GSO) scintillating crystals [5] read out by photodiodes (PD). Electronics for detector readout had to be designed in very large scale integration (VLSI) mode in order to reduce both

size and cost [6]. Only the last part of the electronics in the readout chain, starting with the digitalization of analogue spectroscopic signals, could be developed for external mounting. A dedicated data acquisition system, based on VME/Lynx technique, has also been developed [6]. This internal detector system, comprised of some 2000 detector elements, allows for congurations up to 600 telescopes. The present set-up contains 18 azimuthal rings with a total of 504 telescopes. Table 1 presents the emission angle (Y), the distance to the collision point (r) and the solid angle (O) for each ring with 28 telescopes. At least three more rings can be added in the backward direction if it is found to be valuable later on. The telescopes register all charged particles, light and intermediate mass fragments with high efciency. However, they cannot register the slowest, recoiling fragments and the projectile-like fragments, emitted in a narrow forward cone in heavy-ion reactions. Therefore, two auxiliary detector systems are under construction, the internal heavyrecoil, time-of-ight system (HR-TOF) system based on time-of-ight measurements by micro-

Table 1 Emission angle position (Y), distance to collision point (r) and solid angle (O) coverage of the detector rings Ring 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Total Y (deg) 13.1 15.5 18.4 22.0 26.2 31.2 37.1 44.0 51.8 60.4 69.8 80.3 99.7 110.2 119.6 128.2 136.0 142.9 r (mm) 301.0 253.9 214.7 180.8 152.9 129.6 110.1 95.3 84.6 77.5 70.4 63.3 63.3 70.4 77.5 84.6 95.3 110.1 O (msr) 30.9 43.4 60.7 85.7 119.8 166.7 231.0 308.3 391.1 466.2 565.0 698.8 698.8 565.0 466.2 391.1 308.3 231.0 5828.0

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channel plate (MCP) technique [7] and the external projectile fragmentation wall (PF-WALL) system, based on phoswich detectors [8]. Brief descriptions of these auxiliary detector systems are given in Section 4.2. Another example of a useful complementary system is the range telescope array for charged pions, which has been used earlier in experiments at CELSIUS [911]. Neutral particles are not registered by CHICSi, but both neutron detectors and p detectors could also well be introduced as external complements to CHICSi. In such experiments CHICSi will serve as a general event-characterizing device. We discuss in Part I of this article the general structure of CHICSi and its auxiliary systems (Section 4.2) and in particular the precautions taken to allow operation in UHV.

Most experiments use xed energy beams but it is also possible to accelerate the beam up to predened start energy and then ramp the magnets slowly up to maximum beam energy. It is possible to read out the time in the beam cycle simultaneously with the event trigger in the detector system. Thus, the beam energy can be dened for each event with a resolution better than 1A MeV. Such excitation function experiments have been performed with fairly simple detector systems earlier [911].

3. The scattering chamber A UHV compatible scattering chamber for CHICSi experiments at CELSIUS has been produced. A photo of this chamber as well as a detailed photo of the CHICSi installation ange is shown in Fig. 1. The internal diameter of the scattering chamber is 660 mm. There are four side ports in the form of rectangular Conat-like anges of a new construction, which uses 2 mm thick copper gaskets. These rectangular ports of size 377 mm 246 mm, 349.5 mm 349.5 mm and twice 380 mm 500 mm provide easy access for installing the detector systems. The CHICSi and HR-TOF detector systems are installed through the two largest ports using a rail system. A 0.8 mm thick semi-spherical Al window on a 550 mm internal diameter ange is installed in the forward direction. This minimizes the energy loss for projectile-like fragments, which are detected in the PF-WALL, placed outside the window. The chamber has been electro-polished and afterwards baked in situ to 300 C. This can be compared to the bake-out temperature of the detector systems, which is limited to 150 C.

2. The storage ring environment Storage rings offer a quite different environment for nuclear reaction experiments, as compared to normal, xed target facilities. The CELSIUS storage ring, with a circumference of 82 m, provides two experimental stations where one is equipped with a cluster-jet target for proton nucleus and heavy-ion experiments. Electron cooling, which provides very high beam energy precision (DE=EB104 ), can be achieved for beam velocities up to 0.78c and thus ion energies up to 550A MeV. The duration of the beam cycle in these experiments is 115 min, depending on the lifetime of the beam and therefore on the beamtarget combination. In the cluster-jet target, a gas ow of H, D, He, CH4, N, O, Ne, Ar, Kr or Xe is injected at supersonic speed through a system of differentially pumped chambers. The achieved target thickness is e.g. B1 1013 atoms/cm2 for argon. In the scattering chamber the target gas collides with the circulating ion beam of the storage ring. The target beam is dumped into a cryopump, which has a small aperture to the scattering chamber. Large cryopumps are used to reduce the escape of target gas into other parts of the storage ring vacuum system [4] where a normal level of the vacuum is B108 Pa.

4. General structure of the complete detector system The complete detector system, containing CHICSi, HR-TOF and PF-WALL detectors, has been developed to provide a comprehensive characterization of nuclear reaction events in a wide dynamic range. These collisions have charged

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Fig. 1. A photo of the UHV scattering chamber for CHICSi experiments seen from the HR-TOF installation side (upper). A detailed photo of the CHICSi installation ange (lower). The dimension of the ange in the lower photo and the right ange in the upper photo is 380 mm 500 mm.

particle multiplicities between two and one hundred. The layout contains by necessity compromises. In particular a compromise between the

wish to cover the largest possible solid angle, to avoid double-hits and still to limit the number of telescopes, had to be made.

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Fig. 2. Layout of CHICSi and its subsystems in the median plane of the cluster-jet scattering chamber. All CHICSi detectors in the median plane are shown here, although in reality CHICSi detectors shading recoil detectors are removed. The beam is entering from the left and the cluster-jet target beam from above at the elliptic crossing point.

All detectors must be shielded against electromagnetic pickup and delta electrons and therefore a metal box is introduced [12], which increases the non-active volume of the CHICSi telescopes somewhat. The telescopes have to be mounted on a support structure in such a way that the damage from turbo- and cryopump vibrations is minimized. The total layout of the CHICSi+HR-TOF system inside the cluster-jet scattering chamber, and the PF-WALL detector in front of it, is shown in Fig. 2. It should be stressed that whenever a HR-TOF module is shadowed by CHICSi telescopes in the median plane, these latter telescopes can be removed individually. Also the passage of the cluster-jet requires the dismount of four telescopes. 4.1. The CHICSi detector CHICSi consists, in its present conguration, of 28 boards for serial readout [6]. Each such board, called GrandMother Board (GMB) houses 18

detector telescope modules. Fig. 3 shows a photo of the cogwheel-like support on which the GMBs are mounted. This support is a xed part of the installation ange and thus CHICSi is installed into the target chamber as one single unit. The CHICSi support structure also serves as a passive cooler and temperature stabilizer to minimize detector signal variations and electronics drift in general. The GMBs are mounted in a barrelshaped conguration around the cluster-jet target. Fig. 4 shows this conguration in a computer image. All individual detectors are facing the point where the target jet beam is crossing the storage ring beam. This point falls on the axis of the cylindrical telescope set-up. The effective target volume is typically DxDyDz 3311 mm3 for a cooled CELSIUS beam (z denotes the direction of the CELSIUS beam). The telescope system contains 18 concentric rings in which each telescope represents the same (laboratory) emission angle for the nuclear reaction. A 71 precision in the direction of the telescopes has been

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Fig. 3. A photograph of the support structure, including GMB holders. The full length of the cog-wheel support is 460 mm.

achieved in the mechanical construction. In fact the smearing in the angle due to nite target volume is slightly larger than 71 , e.g. for positions around Y 90 . Position, distance to target and solid angle per telescope are presented in Table 1. The total geometrical coverage of CHICSi is 1:9p sr but the efciency for covering the total charged particle yield is substantially higher due to the forward oriented kinematics of the particle emission. In a simulation of a typical reaction that CHICSi is supposed to register, 300A MeV Ar+Kr, performed in the framework of quantum molecular dynamics (QMD), we found that the efciency of CHICSi is B70%. If also the PF-WALL and the HR-TOF systems are included, the total efciency is 80% for registering charged particles and fragments. Since there were strong arguments for keeping an identical front area of all telescopes it is not possible to avoid a decrease in the counting rate at backward angles. In fact all spectra of the various particles and fragments are more or less forward peaked in the laboratory system. The

increasing solid angle with increasing angle of telescopes, up to Y 90 (Table 1), therefore helps in keeping the counting rate in each telescope at a reasonably constant level up to 90 . Beyond 90 the counting rate decreases both because of decreasing solid angle and decreasing differential cross sections. Each telescope module contains the following detector elements: a 1014 mm thick (DE) and a 300 mm thick (E or DE) silicon detector followed by either a 300 mm (veto or active) silicon detector in the large angle telescopes (LAT) or by a 6 mm GSO (Ce doped Gd2SiO5 crystal) scintillator read out by a PD in the forward angle telescopes (FAT). A complete description of detectors and their properties are found in Part II [12] of the series of CHICSi articles. The telescopes are mounted by chip-on-board technique on to motherboards (MB) machined in ceramics (alumina). The MB is connected to the GMB, which also contains printed and surface mounted electronics elements for chip protection circuits, etc. [12]. These circuits are processed on a

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Fig. 4. A computer image of half the CHICSi detector. Two detector modules are removed on top and bottom for passage of the target beam. The length of the GMB is 450 mm. Photos and principle drawings of telescopes can be found in Ref. [12].

glass-bre laminate (FR-4, FR stands for Flame Retardant) of 1.0 mm thickness. The GMBs are mounted on 0.5 mm thick stainless steel bands on the support skeleton (see Fig. 3). The combination of stainless steel and laminate is quite stable and allows that the support of the detector elements is made through holes in the alumina MB. This simplies the design of the contact between the MB and the GMB, which is made as a clip that slides into a milled structure in the GMB and which is nally secured by a screw. The GMBs are electrically connected to the ange through a mixture of coaxial and single conductor cables. These cables are of (commercially available) Kapton insulated type. The cables connect two adjacent GMBs and are strung over or under CHICSi to the feedthrough ange. The cables end with 50-pin DSUB type connectors. Five UHV

feedthroughs are placed on three of the four 150 mm inside diameter, Conat anges, which are mounted on the main CHICSi installation ange. Since standard PEEK (PolyEther EthetKetone) vacuum-side contacts could not be used due to excessive outgassing we prepared special contacts in Macort, for which gold plated contact pins were available commercially. The complete CHICSi system is thus mounted on the large, rectangular installation ange under clean-room conditions. First, this system is installed in a test chamber for bake-out and pretesting of signals with the use of pulse generators and radioactive sources. A rail system, at the cluster-jet scattering chamber (Fig. 5) helps to perform the nal installation on a transport table, which can safely slide with high precision into the chamber. Fig. 5 shows how the limitation, verti-

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Fig. 5. A vertical plane cut of CHICSi and the scattering chamber. Upper: CHICSi located outside the chamber. Lower: CHICSi located in the chamber The total (internal) height of the chamber is 456 mm.

cally, is set by the distance between the last collimator before injection of the cluster-jet beam and the cryogenic beam dump (255 mm).

4.2. Auxiliary detector systems Experiments with CHICSi will normally include coincidence measurements with the HR-TOF and PF-WALL auxiliary detector systems for heavy recoils and projectile-like fragments. The HR-TOF modules are installed inside the scattering chamber through the main port opposite to the CHICSi port (Fig. 1) while the PF-WALL is mounted in front of the chamber, outside the thin-walled halfsphere window (Fig. 2).

Each of the eleven HR-TOF detectors consists of a start and a stop, MCP, time detector followed by one 300 mm pin-diode, with area 10 mm 20 mm, to measure energy and a second one of the same kind which operates in veto mode. The time signal is derived from the electrons and produced when a charged particle passes through a thin, 20 mg/cm2 carbon foil. These electrons are then accelerated up to 1 keV energy by a harp at 5 mm distance from the foil before they enter into an electrostatic mirror that bends them 90 towards the MCP. A UHV compatible high-voltage divider, produced with printed circuit technique on a ceramic substrate, reduces the number of HV feedthroughs. A detailed description of the HR-TOF system is given in Ref. [7].

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The detection threshold of this system is as low as 35 keV/nucleon for a mass 100 ion [7], which is very important for the efciency in registering the recoiling nuclei in all peripheral heavy-ion collisions. The FWHM of the time peak of alpha particles from 252Cf that can be achieved is B400 ps. The mass resolution of fragments in the A 50 region is B3% and the energy resolution is of the order of 2% at 100 A keV [7]. The PF-WALL consists of 96 telescopes, arranged in four concentric rings that cover an angular range from 3.9 to 11.7 . The telescope modules are of two alternative kinds, a phoswich detector, comprised of a 10 mm fast plastic scintillator glued on to an 80 mm CsI(Tl) scintillating crystal and a DE E telescope with a 750 mm Si and a 80 mm CsI(Tl) detector. The PF-WALL system is described in detail in Ref. [8]. The mission of the PF-WALL detector is to identify projectile-like fragments from heavy-ion reactions in very wide dynamical range, since it must be able to operate in excitation function experiments (i.e. in the interval 100 A500A MeV). By using a combination of normal (integrated) and differentiated photomultiplier output, full charge identication up to Z 18 and also mass identication of H and He isotopes and an energy resolution of p8% have been achieved [8]. Finally, it should be mentioned that also other external detector systems can easily be combined with CHICSi. In fact, an experimental program at the CELSIUS storage ring for studying pion production and d/p ratios in proton and heavyion-induced reactions by means of external, plastic range telescopes has already been performed [911].

5. UHV requirements Storage ring operation requires particularly good overall vacuum in the ring during the injection phase, i.e. at the lowest beam energy. Here the lifetime of the beam is the shortest since the cross section for collisions, e.g. with remaining target gas, is the largest. The cluster-jet target beam is therefore switched off during injection and only switched on again when the data taking part of the beam cycle starts. The cryopumps in the

straight sections of the ring, before and after the target, provide fast pump-down after the target is switched off. The pressure that can be reached between two injections, in the target area is 107108 Pa. In order to reach this low pressure during an experiment, it is necessary to minimize the outgassing from the vacuum chamber walls and the materials installed in the vacuum chamber. Adding more pumps is expensive and does usually not help since the conductance is limited. It is therefore necessary to select materials with low enough outgassing, which can be lowered further by preheating in air and in situ baking. Since both silicon and GSO detectors have very low outgassing, the main problem is to nd insulating materials for detector frames and readout boards (MB and GMB). The requirement is that all materials in the scattering chamber must not give rise to a total outgassing of more than a few times 107 W, implying that a pumping speed of 2500 l/s will give a pressure in the low 107 Pa range. High temperature ceramics, like alumina, has very low outgassing but is difcult to machine. In CHICSi we therefore use alumina only for detector frames and detector readout boards, socalled MB [6]. The in-vacuum electronics exposes a very small area and cause very little outgassing just as the shielding boxes for the telescopes, which are made of stainless steel. The main outgassing problem is coming from the large-size GMBs and their connections (cables and contacts) to the outside part of the readout system. For the HR-TOF system there is also a problem with insulators. The results of outgassing tests and the residual gas composition of this material as well as of some others are presented in Tables 2 and 3. These tests are all performed in a general-purpose chamber of the UHV test facility at TSL. This uses a turbo pump initially and a 50 l/s ion pump nally and it has several types of pressure gauges and a residual-gas analyser. The materials that were tested for CHICSi are rst cleaned in an ultrasonic bath and then dried on a clean-bench, using an IR-lamp as a heat source. The measurements were performed typically 1 day after the bake-out cycle (150 C for 24 h) was completed.

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Table 2 Results of the outgassing measurements and residual gas analysis of printed circuit board materials and insulators. The materials that are used in CHICSi are presented in more details in the text Material Area Bake-out in air (cm2) Bake-out in vacuum H2 (W/m2) H2O (W/m2) CO (W/m2) Total outgassing rate (W/m2)

Temp. ( C) Printed circuit board materials Pyralux (2 layers) AP (2 layers) Epoxy-acrylic (2 layers) Epoxy-glass bre (1 layer) Alumina (14 layer electrical print) Glass reinforced Kaptont FR-4 FR-4 FR-4 FR-4 FR-4 6 layers Insulators PEEK Photoveel M-soft shapal Macort Macort (30 min air exposure)

Time (h)

Temp. ( C)

Time (h)

19 98 30 36 32 74 475 331 331 331 120

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 24 24 24 150 150 150

20 20 20 20 20 24 30 23 77 30

2 105 2 107 1 107 4 107

4 107 4 108 3 107 4 108

3 106 3 107 3 107 4 108

3 105 1 106 3 106 2 106 3 107 2 108 1.5 108 6 107 6 108 4 109 5 107

o2 1010 o1 107 1.4 106 1.6 107 1.4 108

44 44 75 75

150 150 150 200

20 20 20 26

8 107 5 107 3 106 1.0 108 3 108 2 107 1.0 109 4 109 1 107 4 108 2 106

A rst attempt to use Kapton for the GMB did not full the outgassing requirement and furthermore most Kapton structures showed pockets of hidden liquid remnants or air pockets. The second choice, was a multi-layer circuit board structure made from alumina. This fulls well the outgassing requirement but it turned out that the necessary 450 46 mm2 size was too large to be manufactured in one piece. It would therefore have been necessary to produce the GMB in four pieces and interconnect them with multi-pin connectors. This would have occupied too much space. The choice of GMB material is therefore instead a standard material for printed circuit boards, a bisphenol epoxy resin with woven reinforcement by glass bres, FR-4. The outgassing is acceptable (Table 2) and for the total surface from all 6-layer FR-4 GMBs, 1.2 m2, the gas load will be 6 107 W. For a pumping speed

of 2500 l/s in the target chamber, one could then reach a pressure of 2.4 107 Pa if no other source contributes. Cables and connectors, including a 50-pin DSUB contact on the vacuum side of the feedthrough, are also critical with respect to material choice. Connectors are commercially available in PEEK thermoplastics but this is a hygroscopic material and we found the outgassing rate too high (Table 2). Kapton insulated cables, single conductor and coaxial cables as well as 15 and 25-conductor band cables are all available commercially and these are acceptable from outgassing point of view. A second solution would be to use band cables in the form of printed circuits on Kapton or exible glass-bre reinforced material. In CHICSi we use so far 25 single and 8 coaxial conductors per GMB, wired to one 50-pin DSUB feedthrough per two GMBs.

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L. Westerberg et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 500 (2003) 8495 Total outgassing (W/g)

CO2 (W/g)

CO (W/g)

2.0 10 6 109 3 1011

11

4 10 8 1010 2 1011

The amount of glue on the GMB has been minimized but it cannot be totally avoided. Thus it was found necessary to glue VLSI chips and surface mounted components to the GMB by conducting silver-epoxy (EPO-TEK H20E) and to secure the bonds from the chips by very small drops of non-conducting epoxy (EPO-TEK 377). The total amount of glue is small enough to give negligible gas load compared to the load from the board and insulator materials. Non-conducting as well as conducting glues were tested and results from residual-gas analysis are displayed in Table 3.

CH4 (W/g)

12

1.4 1011

6 10

12

1.4 107 4 1010 6 108 7 1010 1.1 107 3 108

6. Conclusions By selecting extremely low outgassing materials and introducing a novel very compact detector telescope design, it has been possible to construct a exible, 600 telescope module, detector system for (multi)hadron-nucleus collision experiments that can be mounted inside a cluster-jet target chamber of a storage ring facility. When combined with two auxiliary detector systems, the HR-TOF detector and the PF-WALL detector, it registers X80% of all fragments and charged particles from intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions. This is a very powerful instrument to tackle questions around the spacetime evolution and break-up properties of the reactions since the combination with ultrathin targets, slow ramping operation, etc. at storage rings, offers a unique opportunity to perform excitation function experiments in an event-by-event mode.

H2O (W/g)

H2 (W/g)

Bake-out in vacuum

Time (h)

24

24 150

1.3 10 4 108 4 1011 150 150 24

Table 3 Results of outgassing measurements and residual gas analysis of epoxies

Time (h)

Temp. ( C)

Bake-out in air

Temp. ( C)

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

10

1.8 0 1.6 108 1.2 1010

11

Acknowledgements The CHICSi project has been funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, for which we are deeply grateful. In addition, funding for travels between Lund and Uppsala has been provided by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council. We wish particularly to thank M. Guttormsen, Yu. Murin and A. Oskarsson for valuable contributions in the early phase of the CHICSi project. The support from the V.G. Khlopin
90 90 90 90 90 90 Epoxy (EPO-TEK) 377 (non-cond.) 377 H20E (conductive) H20E H27D (conductive) H27D 1.15 1.15 2.16 2.16 3.90 3.90

Material

Weight (g)

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Radium Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, coordinated by Prof. Oleg Lozhkin, has been outstanding. The technical assistance in the design and testing of the mechanical systems by L.O. Andersson, O. Bystr. om, T. Johansen, T. Johnson and E. Lindholm is gratefully acknowledged. The cooperation with P. Jahnke and A. Wegner in the UHV compatibility tests and all help with installation of the cluster-jet scattering ! chamber by C.-J. Friden is deeply appreciated.

References
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