Chemistry

Chemistry is the science of matter, especially its chemical reactions, but also its composition, structure and properties.Chemistry is concerned with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds. Chemistry is sometimes called "the central science" because it connects physics with othernatural sciences such as geology and biology. Chemistry is a branch of physical sciencebut distinct from physics. The etymology of the word chemistry has been much disputed. The genesis of chemistry can be traced to certain practices, known as alchemy, which had been practiced for severalmillennia in various parts of the world, particularly the Middle East.

Branches of Chemistry
Chemistry can be divided into branches according to either the substances studied or the types of study conducted. The primary division of the first type is between inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry. Divisions of the second type are physical chemistry and analytical chemistry. The original distinction between organic and inorganic chemistry arose as chemists gradually realized that compounds of biological origin were quite different in their general properties from those of mineral origin; organic chemistry was defined as the study of substances produced by living organisms. However, when it was discovered in the 19th cent. that organic molecules can be produced artificially in the laboratory, this definition had to be abandoned. Organic chemistry. is most simply defined as the study of the compounds of carbon. Inorganic chemistry. is the study of chemical elements and their compounds (with the exception of carbon compounds). Physical chemistry. is concerned with the physical properties of materials, such as their electrical and magnetic behavior and their interaction with electromagnetic fields. Subcategories within physical chemistry are thermochemistry, electrochemistry, and chemical kinetics. Thermochemistry is the investigation of the changes in energy andentropy that occur during chemical reactions and phase transformations (see states of matter). Electrochemistry concerns the effects of electricity on chemical changes and interconversions of electric and chemical energy such as that in a voltaic cell. Chemical kinetics is concerned with the details of chemical reactions and of how equilibrium is reached between the products and reactants. Analytical chemistry. is a collection of techniques that allows exact laboratory determination of the composition of a given sample of material. In qualitative analysis all the atoms and molecules present are identified, with particular attention to trace elements. In quantitative analysis the exact weight of each constituent is obtained as well. Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the weights of the chemicals participating in chemical reactions. See also chemical analysis.
Our entire universe is made up of matter which is constantly changing forms and evolving into other forms of energy. Chemistry is defined as the study or science of this ever changing matter. The other sciences which we study commonly like biology, physics and mathematics are all dependent on chemistry and are known as specific studies under the elaborate subject of chemistry. Since there is chemistry seen in biological forms as well as physical states of nature, there are subjects called biochemistry and physical chemistry which help study these changes. There are many chemical changes which occur around us everyday but we are never aware of them. But this is a great way of teaching children how magical the world of chemistry is! With these real examples you can teach them by taking a chemistry in everyday life quiz, as practical studies are always fun to learn. To make this job easier for you, mentioned below are a few such examples of chemistry in everyday life, take a look! Examples There are chemical reactions in daily life like, in the way you breathe, the food you eat, the water you drink and in every motion which is taking place around you at every second of the day. It is a very important and interesting concept which could be taught to your children as they have to know, how their world works. The best way to explain this to them is to show them practically how and why are a few things in nature the way they are! You can do this by demonstrating a few

kids chemistry experiments for them. An essay on this topic can be a great start to teach these kids, what a wonderful thing, chemistry is. Find out what these intelligent mechanisms of nature are, that define presence of chemistry in daily life, read on.

Water, which occupies 70% of the earth's surface is made by two chemical elements, hydrogen and oxygen. Soap is an emulsifier which allows oil and water to mix and so the oily mixtures on body and clothes can be removed after application of soap and water. Chemistry in kids' life can also include why vegetables are colored. Colored vegetables consist of chemical compounds called carotenoids which have an area known as the chromophore. It absorbs certain wavelengths of light and thus there are colored vegetables. Food is cooked because of the steam that's present either in the water added or that which is present inside the food items. Onions make you cry due to the presence of sulfur in the cells which break after the onions are cut. This sulfur gets mixed with moisture and thus irritates your eyes. You feel hungry because of the satiety center in your brain falls short of particular hormones to function and then sends the signal of hunger. You fall in love, get attracted and have a feeling of belonging because of certain monoamines present in your brain which get stimulated through nerve sensors. If you have wondered, why is the sky blue, it is due to a phenomenon called the "Rayleigh scattering", which depends on scattering of light through particles which are much smaller than the wavelength. Hence when light passes through gases, there is scattering and the sky appears blue. Coffee keeps you awake because of the presence of a chemical called adenosine, in your brain. It binds to certain receptors and slows the nerve cell activity when sleep is signaled. Anaerobic fermentation is also a great concept which is present in the chemistry of everyday life. It is present in yogurt, breads, cakes and many other baking products. It is the multiplication of certain useful bacteria which increase the size of the food and make it more filling and soft. The food chain present in every ecosystem is also a major part of everyday life chemistry. Even though it has more biological background, it eventually works because of its chemistry.

History of chemistry
By 1000 BC, ancient civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Examples include extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, making pigments for cosmetics and painting, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, making cheese, dying cloth, tanning leather, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze. Early attempts to explain the nature of matter and its transformations failed. The protoscience of chemistry, Alchemy, was also unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter. However, by performing experiments and recording the results the alchemist set the stage for modern chemistry. This distinction begins to emerge when a clear differentiation was made between chemistry and alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist (1661). Chemistry then becomes a full-fledged science when Antoine Lavoisier develops his law of conservation of mass, which demands careful measurements and quantitative observations of chemical phenomena. So, while both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with the nature of matter and its transformations, it is only the chemists who apply the scientific method. The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics, especially through the work of Willard Gibbs.

Francisco Quisumbing Francisco Quisumbing - Filipino Inventor: F i l i p i n o c h e m i s t , F r a n c i s c o Quisumbing invented Quink ink, which is used in Parker Pens. Quink ink is named after the inventor. It is a quick drying ink with a cleaning property that prevents the ink fromclogging the pen.He earned

his BSA atUniversity of the PhilippinesLos Baos in 1918, his MS att h e U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e s L o s B a o s i n 1 9 2 1 , a n d P h . D . i n Plant Taxonomy,SystematicsandMorphologyat theUniversity of Chicagoin 1923. Career From 1920-26 he was attached to the College of Agriculture in U.P., and from1926-28 to theUniversity of California; in 1928 appointed Systematic Botanist and sinceFebruary 1934 Acting Chief of the Natural Museum Division of the Bureau of Science,M a n i l a , n o w D i r e c t o r o f t h e N a t i o n a l M u s e u m . W h e n a s s i g n e d t o t h e U . S . N a v y i n Guiuau, a t t h e s o u t h e r n t i p o f Samar , m a d e c o l l e c t i o n s i n t h a t r e g i o n . H e r e t i r e d a s Director in November 1961, and was for some following years attached to theAraneta University. D r . Q u i s u m b i n g u n d e r t o o k r e s t o r a t i o n o f t h e H e r b a r i u m w h i c h w a s completely destroyed during the war.Dr. Quisumbing was author of taxonomic and morphological papers, many of which deal with orchids, including Medicinal plants in the Philippines (Manila 1951). Saccolabium quisumbingii h a s b e e n n a m e d i n h i s h o n o u r . H e w a s r e c i p i e n t o f t h e Distinguished Service Star (1954) for outstanding contribution to the field of systematic botany; Diploma of Merit on Orchidology and Fellow Gold Medal, Malaysian OrchidS o c i e t y ( 1 9 6 6 ) ; G o l d M e d a l , A m e r i c a n O r c h i d S o c i e t y a n d 1 9 7 5 P h i l A A S M o s t Outstanding Award. Anacleto Del Rosario H e w a s a l e a d i n g F i l i p i n o c h e m i s t d u r i n g t h e S p a n i s h P e r i o d a n d w a s considered the Father of Philippine Science and Laboratory.His formula for the production of a pure kind of alcohol from tuba of a nipa palmwon for him the first prize at the World Fair in Paris in 1881. He extracted castor oil from a native plant called palma christi. Date of Birth: July 13, 1860 Place of Birth: Santa Cruz, Manila Date of Death: May 2, 1895Del Rosario is considered the Father of Philippine Science and Laboratory. Pio Andrade A n d r a d e w a s b o r n o n N o v e m b e r 3 ,1941f r o m t h e g o l d t o w n o f Paracale,Camarines Norte, Philippines. H e e a r n e d h i s Bachelor of Science degreeinChemistry from theMapa Institute of Technologyin1962.In1974, he took up advanced studies infood technology, earning aMaste r of Science degree from theUniversity of Florida. Int h e s a m e y e a r , h e w a s i n d u c t e d a s a n a s s o c i a t e m e m b e r o f S i g m a X I , T h e S c i e n t i f i c Research Society of America for his work on pesticide biodegration.H e m a d e s e v e r a l r e s e a r c h e s o n radiat ion chemistry , t e x t i l e c h e m i s t r y , f o o d product development, pesticide chemistry,ethnobotany, andbiomass energy.A n d r a d e i s a l s o a f r e e l a n c e t e c h n i c a l c o n s u l t a n t . H e h a s a s s i s t e d nongovernm ental organizations ( N G O s ) , l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t u n i t s , s m a l l a n d m e d i u m enterprise(SMEs), and various religious groups in their projects related to livelihoodg e n e r a t i o n , r u r a l i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g y , a n d alter native energy tech nologies.According to the author information in his book, he enjoysgardening,and is a botanistbyavocation. He also considers himself as a "historybuff." Historian Andrade confessed that he has been longing to become a freelance journalist for along time. His dream finally came true when, in 1993, he substituted for popular historianAmbeth Ocampo as thePhilippine Daily Inquirer's history columnist with his short-livedcolumn Past Present when the latter entered thecloister as aBenedictine monk for a brief period during the mid1990s.He still contributes agricultural articles for the Philippine Daily Inquirer fromtime to time. Julian Banzon Julian Banzon - Filipino Chemist:

Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon researched methodsof producing alternative fuels. Julian Banzon experimented with the production of ethylesters fuels from sugarcane and coconut, and invented a means of extracting residualcoconut oil by a chemical process rather than a physical process. Julian Banzon - Degrees: BS in Chemistry from the University of the Philippines - 1930 Ph.D. in Biophysical Chemistry from Iowa State University - 1940 Julian Banzon - Awards: 1980: Distinguished Service Award - Integrated Chemist of the Philippines, Inc. 1978: Chemist of the Year Award - Professional Regulation Commission 1976: Philsugin Award - Crop Society of the PhilippinesDr. Banzon has done a great deal of work on local materials especially coconut asthe renewable source of chemicals and fuels. His work on the production of ethylesters from sugarcane and coconut is the first study on fuels from these crops. He alsodevised some novel processes noteworthy among these is the extraction of residualcoconut oil by chemical, rather than by physical processesF o r t h e s e a n d m a n y more significant scientific works, Dr. Banzon has beenaccorded honors and citations notabl y : D i s t i n g u i s h e d S e r v i c e A w a r d , I n t e g r a t e d Chemist of the Philippines, Inc. (1980), Chemist of the Year Award, ProfessionalR e g u l a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n ( 1 9 7 8 ) a n d t h e P H I L S U G I N A w a r d f o r r e s e a r c h , C r o p Soci ety of the Philippines, 1976 Francisco Santos Filipino Chemist - Francisco Santos: Filipino agricultural chemist, Doctor FranciscoSantos studied the nutritive values and chemical composition of local foods from thePhilippines. His data was used to help detect and solve problems with Filipino diets. Francisco Santos - Degrees: A.B., University of the Philippines, 1914 M.S., University of the Philippines, 1919 Ph. D. Agricultural Chemistry, Yale University, 1922 Francisco Santos - Awards: Doctor Francisco Santos was recipient of a number of awards including: Distinguished Service Medal for outstanding contribution in the field of nutrition among Filipinos, 1955 Andres Soriano award in chemistry, 1956 University of the Philippines Alumni award, 1979

Michael Faraday - English chemist made great contributions to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. He is directly responsible for having discovered electromagnetic induction and the laws of electrolysis. Dmitri Mendeleev - Russian chemist who created the very first version of the periodic table of elements. Using this as a

tool, he correctly predicted the properties of many elements that had yet to be discovered when he lived. Antione Lavoisier - French chemist who is known as the father of modern chemistry. He was the first to coin the term oxygen and hydrogen, and also had a hand in developing the metric system that is still in use to this day. He was also the first to pioneer many of the tools that modern chemists still use to this day. Louis Pasteur - French chemist who is best known for making remarkable progress in the field of disease prevention and causes. He is known for creating the first effective vaccine for rabies and anthrax and his research led the germ theory of disease. If that is not enough, he was even married to a Nobel award-winning scientist in Marie Curie.
Scientific attitude is really a composite of a number of mental habits, or of tendencies to react consistently in certain ways to a novel or problematic situation. These habits or tendencies include accuracy, intellectual honesty, openmindedness, suspended judgment, criticalness, and a habit of looking for true cause and effect relationships. It is a cognitive concept; scientific attitudes are normally associated with the mental processes of scientists. These habits are important in the everyday life and thinking, not only of the scientist, but of everyone. Scientific attitudes possess attributes thought to be either true or false and do not express an evaluative quality. To lessen the semantic confusion, scientific attitudes may be better labeled as "scientific attributes". The attributes of scientific attitude are

rationality curiosity open mindedness aversion to superstitions objectivity and intellectual honesty suspended judgment.

Scientific Method
Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring newknowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses." The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory's predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions provefalse. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimentalstudies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter.Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. Theories, in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context. Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established (when data is sampled or compared to chance).
SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES Scientific attitude is really a composite of a number of mental habits, or of tendencies to react consistently in certain ways to a novel or problematic situation. These habits or tendencies include accuracy, intellectual honesty, openmindedness, suspended judgment, criticalness, and a habit of looking for true cause and effect relationships. It is a cognitive concept; scientific attitudes are normally associated with the mental processes of scientists. These habits are important in the everyday life and thinking, not only of the scientist, but of everyone. Scientific attitudes possess attributes thought to be either true or false and do not express an evaluative quality. To

lessen the semantic confusion, scientific attitudes may be better labeled as "scientific attributes". The attributes of scientific attitude are rationality curiosity open mindedness aversion to superstitions objectivity and intellectual honesty suspended judgment.

Julie Anne San Jose - I'll Be There Lyrics

First time I laid my eyes on someone like you I cant forget the hour, that moment with you Then I have realized, love is growing deep inside I feel the beating of my heart Chorus: Coz every day, every night, I keep looking at the skies And Ill pray that someday you will wake up in my arms And love will never end We belong together, always and forever Call my name and Ill be there. . . . . Spending my days and nights just thinking of you How you make me wanna smile with the things that you do When will I hear you say, love is coming on your way And that you start to feel the same Coz every day, every night, I keep looking at the skies And Ill pray that someday you will wake up in my arms And love will never end We belong together, always and forever Call my name and Ill be there Chorus 2: Coz every day, every night, I keep looking at the skies And Ill pray that someday you will wake up in my arms Coz every day, every night, I keep looking at the skies And Ill pray that someday you will wake up in my arms And love will never end We belong together, always and forever Call my name and Ill be there