STRENGTH OF MA TERIALS-I

LESSON 21: BEAM DISPLACEMENTS

Introduction
We want to be able to predict the deflection of beams in bending, because many applications have limitations on the amount of deflection that can be tolerated. Another common need for deflection analysis arises from materials testing, in which the transverse deflection induced by a bending load is measured. If we know the relation expected between the load and the deflection, we can \back out the material properties (specifically the modulus) from the measurement. We will show, for instance, that the deflection at the midpoint of a beam subjected to \three-point ending (beam loaded at its center and simply supported at its edges) is where the length L and the moment of inertia I are geometrical parameters. If the ratio of P to P is measured experimentally, the modulus E can be determined. A stiffness measured this way is called the flexural modulus. There are a number of approaches to the beam deflection problem, and many texts spend a good deal of print on this subject. The following treatment outlines only a few of the more straightforward methods, more with a goal of understanding the general concepts than with developing a lot of facility for doing them manually. In practice, design engineers will usually consult handbook tabulations of deflection formulas as needed, so even before the computer age many of these methods were a bit academic. Multiple integration In Module 12, we saw how two integrations of the loading function q (x) produces first the shear function V (x) and then the moment function M (x): Example 21.1

As an illustration of this process, consider the case of \threepoint bending shown in Fig. 1. This geometry is often used in materials testing, as it avoids the need to clamp the specimen to the testing apparatus. If the load P is applied at the midpoint, the reaction forces at A and B are equal to half the applied load. The loading function is then

Integrating According to the above Scheme

5.

where the constants of integration c1 and c2 are evaluated from suitable boundary conditions on V and M. (If singularity functions are used, the boundary conditions are included explicitly and the integration constants c1 and c2 are identically zero.) From Eqn. 6 in Module 13, the curvature v;xx(x) is just the moment divided by the section modulus EI. Another two integrations then give

From symmetry, the beam has zero slope at the midpoint. Hence v;x = 0 @ x = L/2, so c3 can be found to be PL2=16. Integrating again:

The deflection is zero at the left end, so c4 = 0. Rearranging, the beam deflection is given by 6. The maximum deflection occurs at x = L/2, which we can evaluate just before the singularity term activates. Then

where c3 and c4 are determined from boundary conditions on slope or deflection.

7. This expression is much used in flexural testing, and is the example used to begin this module. Before the loading function q (x) can be written, the reaction forces at the beam supports must be determined. If the beam

7.153

Copy Right: Rai University

75

is statically determinate, as in the above example, invoking the equations of static equilibrium can do this. Static determinacy means only two reaction forces or moments can be present, since we have only a force balance in the direction transverse to the beam axis and one moment equation available. A simply supported beam (one resting on only two supports) or a simply cantilevered beam are examples of such determinate beams; in the former case there is one reaction force at each support, and in the latter case there is one transverse force and one moment at the clamped end. Of course, there is no stringent engineering reason to limit the number of beam supports to those sufficient for static equilibrium. Adding \extra supports will limit deformations and stresses, and this will often be worthwhile in spite of the extra construction expense. But the analysis is now a bit more complicated, since not all of the unknown reactions can be found from the equations of static equilibrium. In these statically indeterminate cases it will be necessary to invoke geometrical constraints to develop enough equations to solve the problem. This is done by writing the slope and deflection equations, carrying the unknown reaction forces and moments as undetermined parameters. The slopes and deflections are then set to their known values at the supports, and the resulting equations solved for the unknowns. If for instance a beam is resting on three supports, there will be three unknown reaction forces, and we will need a total of five equations: three for the unknown forces and two more for the constants of integration that arise when the slope and deflection equations are written. Two of these equations are given by static equilibrium, and three more are obtained by setting the deflections at the supports to zero. The following example illustrates the procedure, which is straightforward although tedious if done manually. Example 21.2 Consider a triply supported beam of length L = 15 as shown in Fig. 2, carrying a constant uniform load of w = -10. There are not sufficient equilibrium equations to determine the reaction forces Ra, Rb, and Rc, so these are left as unknowns while multiple integration is used to develop a deflection equation:

and the three known zero displacements at the supports Although the process is straightforward, there is a lot of algebra to wade through. Statically indeterminate beams tend to generate tedious mathematics, but fortunately this can be reduced greatly by modern software. Energy Method The strain energy in bending can be used to find deflections, and this may be more convenient than successive integration if the deflection at only a single point is desired. Castiglianos Theorem gives the deflection congruent to a load P as

STRENGTH OF MA TERIALS-I

It is usually more convenient to do the differentiation before the integration, since this lowers the order of the expression in the integrand:

where here E and I are assumed not to vary with x. The shear contribution to bending can be obtained similarly. Knowing the shear stress = VQ/Ib (omitting the xy subscript on for now), the strain energy due to shear Us can be written

The integral over the cross-sectional area A is a purely geometrical factor, and we can write

where the fs is a dimensionless form factor for shear defined as

Evaluating fs for rectangular sections for illustration (see Fig. 4), we have in that case

76

Copy Right: Rai University

7.153

Hence fs is the same for all rectangular sections, regardless of their particular dimensions. Similarly, it can be shown that for solid circular sections fs = 10=9 and for hollow circular sections fs = 2. Example 21.3 If for instance we are seeking the deflection under the load P in the three-point bending example done earlier, we can differentiate the moment given in Eqn. 5 to obtain

cases can be solved from scratch using the methods described above, it is often easier to solve the problem by superposing solutions of simpler problems whose solutions are tabulated. Fig. 6 gives an abbreviated collection of deflection formulas1 that will suffice for many problems. The superposition approach is valid since the governing equations are linear; hence the response to a combination of loads is the sum of the responses that would be generated by each separate load acting alone.

STRENGTH OF MA TERIALS-I

as before. The contribution of shear to the deflection can be found by using V = P/2 in the equation for strain energy. For the case of a rectangular beam with fs = 6/5 we have:

The shear contribution can be compared with the bending contribution by replacing A with 12I=h2 (since A = bh and I = bh3=12). Then the ratio of the shear to bending contributions is

Example 21.4 We wish to find the equation of the deflection curve for a simply supported beam loaded in symmetric four-point bending as shown in Fig. 7. From Fig. 6, the deflection of a beam with a single load at a

Hence the importance of the shear term scales as (h/L) 2, i.e. quadratically as the span-to-depth ratio. The energy method is often convenient for systems having complicated geometries and combined loading. For slender shafts transmitting axial, torsional, bending and shearing loads the strain energy is Figure 7: Four-point bending.

Superposition In practice, many beams will be loaded in a complicated manner consisting of several concentrated or distributed loads acting at various locations along the beam. Although these multiple load

Example 21.5 A loaded, simply supported W 10 x 45 beam is shown below. For this beam:

7.153

Copy Right: Rai University

77

i. ii.

Determine the maximum bending stress 6 feet from the left end of the beam. Determine the horizontal shear stress at a point 4 inches above the bottom of the beam cross section and 6 feet from the left end of the beam

Sum Fx = 0 none Sum Fy = -5,000 lbs + 9,500 lbs - V6 = 0 Sum TA = 9,500 lbs (4 ft) - 4,500 lbs (6 ft) + M6 = 0 Solving: V6 = 4,500 lbs; M6 = -11,000 ft-lbs
Step 3

STRENGTH OF MA TERIALS-I

Unless otherwise indicated, all joints and support points are assumed to be pinned or hinged joints.

Apply the Flexure Formula to determine the Maximum Bending Stress (MBS) at 6'. MBS = M6'/S (Where M6' is the bending moment at 6 ft, and S is the section modulus for the beam. The section modulus is available from the Beam Tables. The W 10 x 45 beam has a section modulus for the beam from the beam tables is 49.1 in3.) MBS = -11,000 ft-lbs (12 in/ft)/49.1 in3 = -2,688 lbs/in2
Part B
Step 4

To determine the Horizontal Shear Stress (HSS) at 6 ft from the end of the beam and 4 inches above the bottom of the beam, apply the horizontal shear stress formula The form we will use is: HSS = Vay/Ib

Solution
Part A
Step 1

Determine the external support reactions: i. FBD of structure (See Diagram) ii. Resolve all forces into x/y components
Where

iii. Apply equilibrium conditions: Sum Fx = 0none Sum Fy = By + Dy - 2,000 lbs/ft (4 ft) - 5,000 lbs= 0 Sum TB = 5,000 lbs (4 ft) - 2,000 lbs/ft (4 ft) (6 ft) + Dy(8 ft) =0 Solving: By = 9,500 lbs; Dy = 3,500 lbs

v = Shear force 6 ft from the end of the beam a = cross sectional area from 4 in above the bottom of the beam to bottom of beam y = distance from neutral axis to the centroid of area a I = moment of inertia of the beam (249 in4 for W 10 x 45 beam) b = width of beam a 4 in above the bottom of the beam HSS = [(4,500 lbs)(6.153 in2)(4.37 in)]/[(249 in4)(.35 in)] = 1,388 psi Example 21.6 A simply supported rectangular 2 x 12 beam is loaded as shown below. For this beam:

Step 2

i. ii.

Determine the shear force and bending moment at x=6 ft. i. ii. Cut beam at 6 ft. Draw the FBD of left end of beam, showing and labeling all external forces. Resolve all forces into x/y directions.

Determine the maximum bending stress 8 feet from the left end of the beam.

iii. Apply equilibrium conditions:

Determine the horizontal shear stress at a point 3 inches above the bottom of the beam cross section and 8 feet from the left end of the beam. Unless otherwise indicated, all joints and support points are assumed to be pinned or hinged joints.

78

Copy Right: Rai University

7.153

Where V = Shear force 8 ft from the end of the beam a = cross sectional area from 3 in above the bottom of the beam to bottom of beam y = distance from neutral axis to the centroid of area a I = moment of inertia of the beam (288 in4 for 2 x 12 beam) b = width of beam a 3 in above the bottom of the beam Solution
Part A Step 1

STRENGTH OF MA TERIALS-I

HSS = [(667 lbs)(6 in2)(4.5 in)]/[(288 in4)(2 in)] = 31.3 psi Example 21.7 A loaded, cantilever 2 x 10 rectangular beam is shown below. For this beam: i. Determine the maximum bending stress 4 feet from the left end of the beam. ii. Determine the horizontal shear stress at a point 6 inches above the bottom of the beam cross section and 4 feet from the left end of the beam. Unless otherwise indicated, all joints and support points are assumed to be pinned or hinged joints.

Determine the external support reactions: i. ii. FBD of structure (See Diagram) Resolve all forces into x/y components

iii. Apply equilibrium conditions: Sum Fx = 0 none Sum Fy = By + Cy - 1,000 lbs/ft (4 ft) - 1,500 lbs/ft (4 ft) = 0 Sum TB = 1,000 lbs/ft (4 ft) (2 ft) - 1,500 lbs/ft (4 ft) (8 ft) + Cy(6 ft)= 0 Solving: By = 3,330 lbs; Cy = 6,670 lbs

Step 2

Solution
Part A
Step 1

Determine the shear force and bending moment at x=8 ft. i. ii. Cut beam at 8 ft. Draw the FBD of left end of beam, showing and labeling all external forces. Resolve all forces into x/y directions.

Determine the external support reactions: i. ii. FBD of structure (See Diagram) Resolve all forces into x/y components

iii. Apply equilibrium conditions: Sum Fx = 0 none Sum Fy = -1,000 lbs/ft (4 ft) + 3,330 lbs - V8 = 0 Sum TA = -1,000 lbs/ft (4 ft) (2 ft) + 3,330 lbs (4 ft) + M8 = 0 Solving: V8 = 667 lbs; M8 = 10,670 ft-lbs
Step 3

Apply the Flexure Formula to determine the Maximum Bending Stress (MBS) at 8'. MBS = My/I (Where M8' is the bending moment at 8 ft, and S is the section modulus for the beam. The section modulus is available from the Beam Tables. This is a 2 x 12 beam.) MBS = -10,670 ft-lbs (12 in/ft)(6 in) /[(1/12)(2 in)(12 in)3] = 2,667 lbs/in2
Part B
Step 4

iii. Apply equilibrium conditions: Sum Fx = Ax = 0 Sum Fy = Ay - 1,000 lbs/ft (8 ft) - 5,000 lbs = 0 Sum TA = -5,000 lbs (12 ft) - 1,000 lbs/ft (8 ft) (12 ft) + Mext = 0 Solving: Ay = 13,000 lbs; Mext = 156,000 ft-lbs

To determine the Horizontal Shear Stress (HSS) at 8 ft from the end of the beam and 3 inches above the bottom of the beam, apply the horizontal shear stress formula. The form we will use is: HSS = Vay/Ib

Step 2

Determine the shear force and bending moment at x=4 ft. i. ii. Cut beam at 4 ft. Draw the FBD of left end of beam, showing and labeling all external forces. Resolve all forces into x/y directions.

7.153

Copy Right: Rai University

79

iii. Apply equilibrium conditions: Sum Fx = 0 none Sum Fy = 13,000 lbs - V4 = 0 Sum TA = -V4(4 ft) +156,000 ft-lbs + M4 = 0 Solving: V4 = 13,000 lbs; M4 = 104,000 ft-lbs
Step 3

STRENGTH OF MA TERIALS-I

Apply the Flexure Formula to determine the Maximum Bending Stress (MBS) at 4'. MBS = My/I (Where M4' is the bending moment at 4 ft, and S is the section modulus for the beam. The section modulus is available from the Beam Tables. This is a 2 x 10 beam.) MBS = 104,000 ft-lbs(12 in/ft)(5 in) /[(1/12)(2 in)(10 in)3] = 37,400 lbs/in2

Solution
Part A
Step 1

Determine the external support reactions: i. ii.

Part B
Step 4

FBD of structure (See Diagram) Resolve all forces into x/y components

iii. Apply equilibrium conditions: Sum Fx = 0 none Sum Fy = By + Dy - 1,000 lbs/ft (8 ft) - 4,000 lbs - 6,000 lbs= 0 Sum TB = 1,000 lbs/ft (8 ft) (4 ft) + 4,000 lbs (8 ft) - 6,000 lbs (4 ft) + Dy (8 ft)= 0

To determine the Horizontal Shear Stress (HSS) at 4 ft from the end of the beam and 6 inches above the bottom of the beam, apply the horizontal shear stress formula. The form we will use is: HSS = Vay/Ib Where v = Shear force 4 ft from the end of the beam a = cross sectional area from 6 in above the bottom of the beam to bottom of beam y = distance from neutral axis to the centroid of area a I = moment of inertia of the beam (167 in4 for 2 x 10 beam) b = width of beam a 6 in above the bottom of the beam HSS = [(13,000 lbs)(12 in2)(2 in)]/[(167 in4)(2 in)] = 934 psi Example21.8 A loaded, simply supported W 8 x 28 beam is shown below. For this beam: i. Determine the maximum bending stress 10 feet from the left end of the beam. ii. Determine the horizontal shear stress at a point 6 inches above the bottom of the beam cross section and 10 feet from the left end of the beam. Unless otherwise indicated, all joints and support points are assumed to be pinned or hinged joints.

Solving: By = 23,000 lbs; Dy = -5,000 lbs

Step 2

Determine the shear force and bending moment at x=10 ft. i. ii. Cut beam at 10 ft. Draw the FBD of left end of beam, showing and labeling all external forces. Resolve all forces into x/y directions.

iii. Apply equilibrium conditions: Sum Fx = 0 none Sum Fy = -4,000 lbs - 8,000 lbs + 23,000 lbs - V10 = 0 Sum T A = -8,000 lbs (4 ft) + 23,000 lbs (8 ft) -V 10(10 ft) + M 10 = 0 Solving: V10 = 11,000 lbs; M10 = -42,000 ft-lbs
Step 3

Apply the Flexure Formula to determine the Maximum Bending Stress (MBS) at 10'. MBS = M10'/S (Where M10' is the bending moment at 10 ft, and S is the section modulus for the beam. The section modulus is
Copy Right: Rai University

80

7.153

available from the Beam Tables. The W 8 x 28 beam has a section modulus for the beam from the beam tables is 24.3 in3.) MBS = 42,000 ft-lbs(12 in/ft)/24.3 in3 = 20,740 lbs/in2
Part B
Step 4

Sum TA = 2,000 lbs/ft (6 ft) (3 ft) - 1,000 lbs/ft (2 ft) (11 ft) + Mext = 0

STRENGTH OF MA TERIALS-I

To determine the Horizontal Shear Stress (HSS) at 10 ft from the end of the beam and 6 inches above the bottom of the beam, apply the horizontal shear stress formula. The form we will use is: HSS = Vay/Ib Where V = Shear force 10 ft from the end of the beam a = cross sectional area from 6 in above the bottom of the beam to bottom of beam y = distance from neutral axis to the centroid of area a I = moment of inertia of the beam (97.8 in4 for W 8 x 28 beam) b = width of beam a 6 in above the bottom of the beam HSS = [(11,000 lbs)(4.62 in2)(2.76 in)]/[(97.8 in4)(.29 in)] = 4,950 psi Example 21.9 A loaded, cantilever WT 8 x 29 beam is shown below. For this beam: A. Determine the maximum bending stress 5 feet from the left end of the beam. B. Determine the horizontal shear stress at a point 6 inches above the bottom of the beam cross section and 5 feet from the left end of the beam Unless otherwise indicated, all joints and support points are assumed to be pinned or hinged joints. Solving: Ay = 14,000 lbs; Mext = 58,000 ft-lbs
Step 2

Determine the shear force and bending moment at x=5 ft. i. ii. Cut beam at 5 ft. Draw the FBD of left end of beam, showing and labeling all external forces. Resolve all forces into x/y directions.

iii. Apply equilibrium conditions: Sum Fx = 0 none Sum Fy = 14,000 lbs - 2,000 lbs/ft (5 ft) - V5 = 0 Sum TA = -2,000 lbs/ft (5 ft) (2.5 ft)+ 58,000 ft-lbs -V5(5 ft) + M5= 0

Solving: V5 = 4,000 lbs; M5 = -13,000 ft-lbs

Step 3

Apply the Flexure Formula to determine the Maximum Bending Stress (MBS) at 5'. MBS = M5'/S (Where M5' is the bending moment at 5 ft, and S is the section modulus for the beam. The section modulus is available from the Beam Tables. The WT 8 x 29 beam has a section modulus for the beam from the beam tables is 7.0 in3.) Solution
Part A
Step 1

MBS = 13,000 ft-lbs(12 in/ft)/7.0 in3 = 21,900 lbs/in2

Part B
Step 4

Determine the external support reactions: i. ii. FBD of structure (See Diagram) Resolve all forces into x/y components

To determine the Horizontal Shear Stress (HSS) at 5 ft from the end of the beam and 6 inches above the bottom of the beam, apply the horizontal shear stress formula. The form we will use is: HSS = Vay/Ib Where V = Shear force 5 ft from the end of the beam

iii. Apply equilibrium conditions: Sum Fx = Ax = 0 Sum Fy = Ay - 2,000 lbs/ft (6 ft) - 1,000 lbs/ft (2 ft) = 0

7.153

Copy Right: Rai University

81

a = cross sectional area from 6 in above the bottom of the beam to bottom of beam y = distance from neutral axis to the centroid of area a I = moment of inertia of the beam (44 in4 for WT 8 x 29 beam) b = width of beam a 6 in above the bottom of the beam HSS = [(4,000 lbs)(2.46 in2)(3.19 in)]/[(44 in4)(.41 in)] = 7,740 psi Combined Stress Up to this point we have considered only or mainly one type of applied stress acting on a structure, member of a structure, beam, shaft, rivet, or weld. Many situations involve more than one type of stress occurring simultaneously in a structure. These problems can become relatively complicated. We will look at several examples of relatively simple combined stress problems. One of the principles we will apply in these examples is the principle of superposition, that is, the resultant stress will be the algebraic sum of the individual stresses - at least in the case of similar stresses acting along the same line, such as the axial stress due to an axial load and a bending stress. We look at this type of problem in the example below. Example 21.10 A four foot long cantilever beam (shown in Diagram 1) is attached to the wall at point A, and has a load of 10, 000 lb. acting (at the centroid of the beam) at angle of 20o below the horizontal. We would like to determine the maximum axial stress acting in the beam cross section.

We note that this stress will be tensile and constant through out the length of the beam. So the maximum normal Axial Stress is 1175 lb/in2, and is the same everywhere in the beam. The maximum bending stress occurs at the outer edge of the beam, and at the point in the beam where the bending moment is a maximum. In the cantilever beam, the maximum bending moment occurs at the wall and is equal to the (negative of) external bending moment. (M = -13,700 ft-lb. = -164,400 in-lb.) We can then calculate the maximum bending moment by: Maximum Bending Stress = M y/I = (164,400 in-lb.)(2")/(10.67 in4) = 30,820 lb/in2. Since the bending moment was negative, this means that the top of the beam (above the centroid) is in tension, and the bottom on the beam is in compression. We can now combine (sum) the axial stress at the very top and bottom of the beam to determine the maximum axial stress. We see in the beam section in Diagram 2, that the stresses at the top of the beam are both tensile, and so add to a Total tensile stress of 30,820 lb./in2 + 1,175 lb./in2 = 31,995 lb./in2. At the bottom of the beam, the bending stress is compressive and the normal axial stress in tensile so the resultant bottom stress is - 30,820 lb./in2 + 1,175 lb./in2 = -29,645 lb./in2 (compression).

STRENGTH OF MA TERIALS-I

We will now look at several additional examples of combined stresses. Combined Stress - Example Solution We first apply static equilibrium conditions to the beam and determine the external support reactions, and the external moment acting on the beam at point A. Notice we have resolved the 10,000 lb. load into its perpendicular x and y components. The horizontal component of the load (9,400 lb.) produces a normal horizontal axial stress in the beam. The vertical component of the load (-3,420 lb.) causes a torque about point A (13,700 ft-lb) to act on the beam (balanced by the external moment). The resulting internal bending moment(s) in the beam produces an axial bending stress. The total axial stress at a point in the beam will be the sum of the normal axial stress and the axial bending stress. The Normal Axial Stress = Force/Area = 9,400 lb. / (2" x 4") = 1175 lb/in2.
82 Copy Right: Rai University 7.153

Example 21.11 A loaded beam (shown in Diagram 1) is pinned to the wall at point A, and is supported by a rod DB, attached to the wall at point D and to the beam at point B. The beam has a load of 6,000 lb. acting downward at point C. The supporting rod makes an angle of 25o with respect to the beam. The beam cross section is a W8 x 24 I-Beam, with the characteristics shown in Diagram 1. We would like to determine the maximum axial stress acting in the beam cross section.

bending moment, which is in turn due to the vertical loads being applied. This will be considered in a moment.) The compressive horizontal axial stress in section AB is given simply by: F/A = 21,430 lb. / 7.08 in2 = 3,030 lb/in2. (We have considered the force to act along the centroid of the beam.) There is a bending stress also acting in the beam. The maximum bending stress occurs at the outer edge of the beam, and at the point in the beam where the bending moment is a maximum. From our bending moment diagram, we see that the maximum bending moment occurs at 6 feet from the left end, and has a value of -24,000 ft-lb. = -288,000 in-lb. ( The negative sign indicating that the top of the beam is in tension and the bottom of the beam is in compression.) We can then calculate the maximum bending moment by: Maximum Bending Stress = M / S Where S is the section modulus for the beam. In this example S = 20.9 in3. Then: Solution We first apply static equilibrium to the beam and determine the external support reactions acting on the beam at point A. Sum of Force x = Ax - T cos 25o = 0 Sum of Force y = Ay + T sin 25o - 6,000 lb. = 0 Sum of TorqueA = -6,000 lb (10ft) + T cos 25o (2.8 ft.) = 0 (where 2.8 ft. = distance from A to D) Solving T = 23,640 lb.; Ax = 21,430 lb., and Ay = -3990 lb. (Ay acts downward) We next draw the Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams, and use the Bending Moment Diagram to determine the Maximum Bending Stress in the beam. (See Diagram 2.) Maximum Bending Stress = (288,000 in-lb.)/20.9 in3 = 13,780 lb/in2. Since the bending moment was negative, the top of the I-Beam will be in tension, and the bottom of the beam will be in compression The total axial stress at a point in the beam will be the sum of the normal axial stress and the axial bending stress. (See Diagram 3) We can now combine (sum) the axial stresses at the very top and bottom of the beam to determine the maximum axial stress. We see in the beam section (at 6 ft from left end) in Diagram 3, that the stresses at the bottom of the beam are both compressive, and so add to a total compressive stress of 13,780 lb./in2 + 3,030 lb./in2 = 16, 810 lb./in2. At the top of the beam, the bending stress is tensile and the normal axial stress in compressive so the resultant bottom stress is: +13,780 lb./in2 - 3,030 lb./in2 = 10,750 lb./in2 (tension). Example 21.12 A second example of a structure where stress may be added using the principle of superposition is shown in Diagram 1.

STRENGTH OF MA TERIALS-I

We next will consider the axial stress due to the horizontal force acting on the beam. In section AB the beam is in compression with horizontal axial force of 21,430 lb. (Due to the force Ax and the horizontal component of the force in rod DB.) For beam section BC, there is no horizontal axial force due to an external horizontal force. That is, section AB is in compression, but section BC is not experiencing normal horizontal stress, since it is to the right of where the support rod is attached. (However, there is a horizontal bending stress due to the

In this example, a solid 1-foot long shaft is attached to a wall at point A, and has a disk attached at end B. A force of 1000 lb. is applied to the outer edge of the disk, as shown. We would like to determine the maximum shear stress in the shaft. We first consider the static equilibrium conditions. The 1000 lb. force acting on the outside edge of the disk produces a torque of 2000 in-lb. with respect to the center (centroid) of the shaft. Additionally it also effectively exerts a 1000 lb. force perpendicu-

7.153

Copy Right: Rai University

83

lar to the shaft. It can be considered to produce a torque and force acting at the centroid, as shown in the box in Diagram 1. In response to this, a torque and perpendicular force develops in the supporting wall, such that the shaft is in translational and rotational equilibrium. (Notice also that an external moment develops at the wall, since the shaft is also acting as a cantilevered beam. An axial bending stress will also develop in the beam, but we will not consider this at this point, since we are concerned with the total shear stress in the beam.) The internal torque in the shaft produces transverse shearing stress. The perpendicular forces produce an internal shearing force in the shaft, which also produces a shear stress. The two stresses may be summed to find the maximum shear stress in the shaft. Maximum Transverse Shear Stress = Tr/J = (2000 in-lb.) * (1") / (pi * d 4/32) = (2000 in-lb.)*(1") / (3.1416 * 2"4/32) = 1,270 lb/in2. Maximum Horizontal Shear Stress = Vay/Ib = (4/3) V/A This last is the expression for the maximum horizontal (and vertical) shear stress in a circular cross section beam. The derivation for this is a bit messy, so the result will simply be stated here. (The student is referred to a complete Strength of Materials Text for the derivation.) Maximum Horizontal Shear Stress = (4/3) V/A = (4/3) (1000 lb.)/3.1416 * 2"2/4) = 424 lb/in2. We can now sum the two shear stresses to determine the maximum shear stress in the shaft. In Diagram 2 and Diagram 3, we have shown a section of the shaft, and cross sectional views showing the directions of the two shear stresses.

STRENGTH OF MA TERIALS-I

This is the maximum shear stress in the shaft. Notes

As we can see from the diagram, at the top the cross sections the two stresses add giving the result of 1,270 lb/in2 + 424 lb/ in2 = 1,694 lb/in2.
Copy Right: Rai University

84

7.153