THE REAL

CELTIC LANGUAGE
AND

The Cromleck of Rennes-les-Bains

BY

the Abb h. BOUDET

PARISH PRIEST OF RENNES-LES-BAINS (AUDE)

CARCASSONNE I RKFAnnPOMIES,RUE DE LAMAIRIE, 50

Translation and reproduction rights reserved.

FOREWORD

The title given to this book seems, at first glance, too pretentious to be strictly correct. It is easy, however, to show the truth, since the Celtic language is not a dead, extinct language, but a living language, spoken by millions of men in the universe. Could the language of a nation as powerful as was the Gallic nation, get so lost without trace? Is it surprising that a people's Europe, used to express his thoughts, terms out of the mouth of men to the earliest times of the world? Without

doubt, this people today trying hard to resume the thread of interrupted traditions, ignores the various migrations of his valorous ancestors, but with the aid of its national language, it can engage in research, which, certainly, will be crowned with the happiest success The living language, to which we refer, powerfully helped us to discover the magnificent Celtic monument in Rennes-les-Bains, and, for its part, the study of this monument led us safely to etymological deductions which seem to us difficult to refute. It is as well that the Cromleck de Rennes-les-Bains is intimately linked to the resurrection, or, if desired, to the unexpected awakening of the Celtic language.

PRELIMINARY MATTERS

Concerned about to write down a few notes on the spa town of Rennes-lesBains, where God had called us to exercise the Ministry parish, eager to revive ancient memories, we thought, rightly or wrongly, that the name of Rennes, containing in itself the history of the country in the Celtic times, we would discover, by interpretation accurate, although interesting about acute rocks things that Crown our mountains. Two loose stones, placed on a hill ridge, we invited also to query with perseverance a past, moreover, very dark. But how
2

II

penetrate the secret of a local history by the interpretation of a name in an unknown language, when the history of the ancient Gaul is still plongee in a distressing dark? Most of the peoples of antiquity have left writings: they had historians, poets, and their stories, or fabulous or strongly marked this proud patriotism that am exaggerating, defect common to all nations, can free certainties of their origin and the various phases of their development. Among the Celts, nothing like this: all share a deep night. Intrepid researchers, illustrious historians pushed as far as possible their passionate investigations. All writers of antiquity were interviewed. The sum of knowledge is still very incomplete. Where to find the torch that dissipate the darkness? Is it not in the old language our fathers left to us? ' Dialects, said j. de Maistre, proper names of men and places seem to.

III

mines almost intact and it is possible to shoot great historical wealth and philosophiques. (I). Languedocien dialect spoken in our countries, does not seem a good safe way to allow, in the next, keep the hope to arrive at an important result. Nevertheless, this way, we covered it with patience, persuasion farm that Divine Providence would direct our steps and we would achieve the goal of our efforts. When the torch we were looking with anxiety, is shown in our eyes, its first ray fell on the name of the Tectosages, and this RADIUS us dazzled. It was however necessary not to engage fully to the imagination, and with the intention of convince us ourselves of the reality of this light, clean to illuminate the Gallic times, we have attempted to reflect by the mirrors of Hebrew, Punic, basque and Celtic languages. The result seemed to be serious, and before you use the Tectosages language to explain the meaning of the (1) Evenings of Saint - Petersburg 2e maintenance.

megalithic elements of Rennes-les-Bains, first object of our research, we have applied to the interpretation of the proper names in these languages. This is why found, first of all, in this work these tests of interpretation; because they are intended to be used as decisive evidence.

CHAPTER ONE.

CELTIC LANGUAGE
I
THE FIRST OCCUPATION SPECIFIC SAPLINGS.

It is not meaningless, we believe, precede the study, a brief summary of the current knowledge on the famous Gallic nation. Gaul was the focal point of the final establishment of the Celtic family in the western regions of Europe, and even the name of Gaul that it has retained, reflects persistent domination, in this country, his valiant people. It was understood between the Ocean, the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean, the Alps and the Rhine. The southern part, from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, was occupied first by the
2A

2 Iberians and Ligurians from the Spanish Peninsula. The Gals, descendants of Gomer, son of Japheth, left Asia minor at a time which cannot specify, spread in Gaul in forcing the Iberians to the South, the Ligurian eastward, and invading the Spain, mingled with the Iberians. The Aquitani, Iberian tribe, resisted the invasions of lags and retained their position between the Ocean, the Pyrenees and the Garonne. Around the sixteenth century before Christ, the Gals were the undisputed masters of the Gaul. The conquest of the Spain by the lags forced the Ligurians to move, and around the year 1400 BC, after crossing the Alps, they founded in Italy the domination of Ambras or shadows, 647 years before the founding of Rome. It's this first branch of the Gallic family, that, according to Am. Thierry, ancient historians in particular apply the name of Celts. The Kimris formed the second branch of the family Gallic Greeks called them Kimmerioi and the Romans called them Cimbri. In the year 631 BC, peoples

3 Scythian, report of Herodotus, melted at the edges of the Palus Maeotis and pushed ahead the Kimris who headed the sunset under the leadership of Hu-ararm, remontrent the course of the Danube and invaded Gaul by the Rhine. Following traditions kimriques, Hu-ar-arm settled in Gaul, but he crossed the misty Ocean and conquered the island of Albion on lags. During these emigrations and these conquests of Kimris, Ancus King of Rome, victorious of his neighbours, built the city of Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber. However new tribes of Kimris successively flooded saplings, and 'after a huge melee, Gaul appears shared between the Kimris and the Gaels.' (1) The Kimris, to the West, occupy the shores as well as the plains of North and Northeast, and the Gaels hold the East and the centre of Gaul. It is because of these movements of populations that historians place two emigrations of Sigovese and Bellovese Ambigat nephews, King or Chief of the Bituriges, in the year 587 BC. Bellovese went to the Italy; Sigovese headed to the Northeast,

(1) History of France. H. Martin.

4 crossed the Rhine, and through the Hercynian forest, came to settle on the banks of the Danube. Approximately 300 years before Christ, a powerful confederation of Kimris Jsus, one of the Belgians, invades the North of Gaul and took it. Two Belgian tribes, the Tectosages Volkes and, Arecomiques Volkes crossed Gaul, arms in hand, and stopped in the South, the Tectosages Volkes on the banks of the Garonne, in Toulouse, which they made their capital, and the Arecomiques Volkes, East of the Cevennes, with their Center in Nmes. The Tectosages Volkes remained not long rest in the country that they came to conquer. About the year 281 BC, a strong emigration alla joining, on the banks of the Danube, the Gallic tribes which descended Sigoveses companions. Carried away by their warlike mood, all these Gauls broke into three bodies and be shot down like a hurricane in Macedonia, Epirus and Thrace. Some of these Tectosages, insatiable of adventure, crossed the Bosphorus, is shared Asia minor, and close to their original homeland, founded a new Gaul, Galatia. Gauls filled thus of the clatter of weapons the entire ancient world. The e-

5 "extent of their direct holdings, territory occupied"nation by the Gallo-Kimris body, was immense. " If "one takes a look at the map of the ancient world to the" first half of the third century BCE, is ' sees the Gallic race deployed from Erin, (Ireland) "until the Estonia (to a few markets of Saint - 'Petersburg'), from the northern tip of the" Cimbrian peninsula (Denmark) to the Apennines, ' since the three Finisterre in Brittany, of Gaul and ' of Spain to the borders of the bridge and Cappadociavia the Danube they hold until beyond its confluence with the Sava, by the "Carpathians, the Alps Illyrian, the Hemus and Thrace. The "Gauls soar over Europe, ends of the Spain to the Pontus Euxinus.(1) II
CELTIC LANGUAGE.

This brief presentation, we see that historians are in possession of the Gauls, first lags, and then the Kimris and

(1) History of France. H. Martin.

6 Finally the Belgians, they get off, without any certainty, des Volkes Tectosages and Arecomiques. One might wonder why modern historians call Gals or Gaels the first inhabitants of Gaul, when Jules Csar (1) warns us that the Gauls in their own language were called Celtae and the Latin language Galli. These two names would appear to be synonymous and have a unique meaning, and it is there that proves more compelling Mr. Abbot Bouisset, in its submission on the three Druid colleges of Lacaune. The term Celtae - Kell - had a very positive sense designating man made, and the expression Galli, according to bright explanation of Mr Abb booth for these peoples, would contain the same idea. In Greek mythology, the Gauls were the subjects of Galatians, son of Hercules. The Warrior reputation of Galatians was immense, as well as its strength and its virtues. We do not abhor to collect, in the middle of the allegories of Mythology, these details in strong secondary appearance, but in reality a considerable utility.

(1) De bello gallico. lib. 1.

7 At the time where Caesar brought the war in Gaul, he the shows occupied by three peoples: the Belgians, the Aquitani and the Celts. "They differ, he said, by the language." However this difference should not be well deep. ' ' ' In a dissertation on the origin of the Celtic and French languages, Duclos, born in Dinan in 1704, the perpetual Secretary of the Acadmie franaise, following: 'A' failure of monuments, i.e. of written works, we ' have other lights on the Celtic language that the "testimony of some historians, from which it appears that the Celtic language was common to all the Gauls. ' ' ' ' Saplings were divided into several States (civitates), the ' States in the country (pagi) that all governed by laws "special, and these States were all a body of ' Republic, which had a common interest in the Affairs General. "They were civil assemblies or" military. "they called comitia armata," resembled the arrire-ban. "" So need for a language"common so that members could confer, deliberate" and train on the field of the resolutions which were to be "known assistants; "and we see in any" author they might have need of interpreters. ""We see,"Besides, as Druids, making both function of" priests and judges, were neck-

8 ' ' tume to assemble once a year, with Chartres, "to make justice for individuals, who came of" all sides consult. ' ' So needed that there was a "General language and that of the Druids was familiar to ' all the Gauls... "" There were also several nations, language was "have a lot of dealings with the Gallic. 'There is' appearance that the Gauls and the Teutons should ' point much defer these peoples with the same origin ' Celtic; of Germanic tribes came to settle in the "saplings and the Gauls were reciprocally passed in ' Germania, where they had held extensive lands... These insightful thoughts lead the author of the memorandum to state that language differences by Caesar were only dialectical differences. We not will follow in these very fair considerations in considerable alteration in the Celtic language by the institution in Gaul of the Latin family. We note, however, that if he had drawn from its beginnings a rigorous result, it would have been led to conclude, that the Celtic language had to keep integrity in a land, which the Romans will have never trodden ground. It proved that the Gauls have no

9 left written monuments, because they may have more confidence in the traditions, and there is not instead of being surprised in this way to act if there is attention to the tenacity of the traditions among a certain people of Europe, that we will further refer with clarity. However, it does not qualify, the Celtic nation has point left to future centuries remembrance its morals, its religion and its industry. This history of the Gauls is point written in books; It is engraved on the very soil they occupied. They gave to the tribes, to land, to the mountains, the rivers of Gaul of the names that time itself was not clear. There is enclosed their true story. These names certainly have a precise meaning, full of revelations interesting, although all languages seem to be powerless to explain these riddles. The breakdown of these proper names of places, men, tribes, concerned seriously many spirits: it tried to search this language that filled our soil of indelible names, unknown meaning throws to our legitimate curiosity a neverending challenge. Sir William Jones, founder of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, had first noticed a certain affinity between Sanskrit, Greek and

-10the latin. They should therefore have a common origin and, without daring to affirm it, he suspected that the Celtic and Gothic came from the same source as the Sanskrit. The comparative language grammar Franois Bopp European then explained how grammatical laws allow to discover in Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, latin and Gothic, nor a single affinity, but a real community of origin. "Recently," M.Tregear read to the ' Wellington philosophical society, a study on the "Maori in Asia. "" He cited the modern Safoora language and the "Persian next to the Maori language, showing number" of outstanding agreements between themselves. "" "Quoted words were" in themselves full of history and have provided evidence of "large space of time elapsed since the Maori have" inhabited the India. ' ' ' ' Speaking languages of Europe, the speaker has made see that ' hundreds of words similar to those of the language ' Maori found in languages Greek, Latin, "Lithuanian, Celtic, etc etc. "" "But the part most ' interesting of his study was that noted the identity" Maori and English, taking no account of ' words Anglo-Maori, manufactured

-11"" two languages, since the conquest of the country by ' England. (1). All these successive observations led to think that the Sanskrit language will give the key to Celtic language, and it was believed it with all the more reason that the Celts came from Asia, cradle of the human race. We can observe that the dialects spoken in the France, the Ireland and Scotland should give us this key more easily than Sanskrit. because the alteration of language does not, even today the same Celtic terms in the dialects of Irish, Scottish, Welsh, breton and Languedoc. It could be many citations; but we will restrict ourselves to some. Wheat ground and passed to the producer film is named, in Languedoc dialect, bren. in breton bren; Welsh bran; in Irish and Scottish bran. Heather, so common in the Landes region of Gaul, is called in Languedoc brugo; in breton bruk and brug. Welsh grug and brwg. The French verb clean translates scurain Languedoc; in Scots by sguradh; in Irish by sguradh. The French name of the yardstick,

(1) The advocate, Sept.5. 1885, journal of Melbourne, Aus -

Australia.

megalithic elements of Rennes-les-Bains, first object of our research, we have applied to the interpretation of the proper names in these languages. This is why found, first of all, in this work these tests of interpretation; because they are intended to be used as decisive evidence.

CHAPTER ONE.

CELTIC LANGUAGE
I
THE FIRST OCCUPATION SPECIFIC SAPLINGS.

It is not meaningless, we believe, precede the study, a brief summary of the current knowledge on the famous Gallic nation. Gaul was the focal point of the final establishment of the Celtic family in the western regions of Europe, and even the name of Gaul that it has retained, reflects persistent domination, in this country, his valiant people. It was understood between the Ocean, the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean, the Alps and the Rhine. The southern part, from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, was occupied first by the
2A

2 Iberians and Ligurians from the Spanish Peninsula. The Gals, descendants of Gomer, son of Japheth, left Asia minor at a time which cannot specify, spread in Gaul in forcing the Iberians to the South, the Ligurian eastward, and invading the Spain, mingled with the Iberians. The Aquitani, Iberian tribe, resisted the invasions of lags and retained their position between the Ocean, the Pyrenees and the Garonne. Around the sixteenth century before Christ, the Gals were the undisputed masters of the Gaul. The conquest of the Spain by the lags forced the Ligurians to move, and around the year 1400 BC, after crossing the Alps, they founded in Italy the domination of Ambras or shadows, 647 years before the founding of Rome. It's this first branch of the Gallic family, that, according to Am. Thierry, ancient historians in particular apply the name of Celts. The Kimris formed the second branch of the family Gallic Greeks called them Kimmerioi and the Romans called them Cimbri. In the year 631 BC, peoples

3 Scythian, report of Herodotus, melted at the edges of the Palus Maeotis and pushed ahead the Kimris who headed the sunset under the leadership of Hu-ararm, remontrent the course of the Danube and invaded Gaul by the Rhine. Following traditions kimriques, Hu-ar-arm settled in Gaul, but he crossed the misty Ocean and conquered the island of Albion on lags. During these emigrations and these conquests of Kimris, Ancus King of Rome, victorious of his neighbours, built the city of Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber. However new tribes of Kimris successively flooded saplings, and 'after a huge melee, Gaul appears shared between the Kimris and the Gaels.' (1) The Kimris, to the West, occupy the shores as well as the plains of North and Northeast, and the Gaels hold the East and the centre of Gaul. It is because of these movements of populations that historians place two emigrations of Sigovese and Bellovese Ambigat nephews, King or Chief of the Bituriges, in the year 587 BC. Bellovese went to the Italy; Sigovese headed to the Northeast,

(1) History of France. H. Martin.

4 crossed the Rhine, and through the Hercynian forest, came to settle on the banks of the Danube. Approximately 300 years before Christ, a powerful confederation of Kimris Jsus, one of the Belgians, invades the North of Gaul and took it. Two Belgian tribes, the Tectosages Volkes and, Arecomiques Volkes crossed Gaul, arms in hand, and stopped in the South, the Tectosages Volkes on the banks of the Garonne, in Toulouse, which they made their capital, and the Arecomiques Volkes, East of the Cevennes, with their Center in Nmes. The Tectosages Volkes remained not long rest in the country that they came to conquer. About the year 281 BC, a strong emigration alla joining, on the banks of the Danube, the Gallic tribes which descended Sigoveses companions. Carried away by their warlike mood, all these Gauls broke into three bodies and be shot down like a hurricane in Macedonia, Epirus and Thrace. Some of these Tectosages, insatiable of adventure, crossed the Bosphorus, is shared Asia minor, and close to their original homeland, founded a new Gaul, Galatia. Gauls filled thus of the clatter of weapons the entire ancient world. The e-

5 "extent of their direct holdings, territory occupied"nation by the Gallo-Kimris body, was immense. " If "one takes a look at the map of the ancient world to the" first half of the third century BCE, is ' sees the Gallic race deployed from Erin, (Ireland) "until the Estonia (to a few markets of Saint - 'Petersburg'), from the northern tip of the" Cimbrian peninsula (Denmark) to the Apennines, ' since the three Finisterre in Brittany, of Gaul and ' of Spain to the borders of the bridge and Cappadociavia the Danube they hold until beyond its confluence with the Sava, by the "Carpathians, the Alps Illyrian, the Hemus and Thrace. The "Gauls soar over Europe, ends of the Spain to the Pontus Euxinus.(1) II
CELTIC LANGUAGE.

This brief presentation, we see that historians are in possession of the Gauls, first lags, and then the Kimris and

(1) History of France. H. Martin.

6 Finally the Belgians, they get off, without any certainty, des Volkes Tectosages and Arecomiques. One might wonder why modern historians call Gals or Gaels the first inhabitants of Gaul, when Jules Csar (1) warns us that the Gauls in their own language were called Celtae and the Latin language Galli. These two names would appear to be synonymous and have a unique meaning, and it is there that proves more compelling Mr. Abbot Bouisset, in its submission on the three Druid colleges of Lacaune. The term Celtae - Kell - had a very positive sense designating man made, and the expression Galli, according to bright explanation of Mr Abb booth for these peoples, would contain the same idea. In Greek mythology, the Gauls were the subjects of Galatians, son of Hercules. The Warrior reputation of Galatians was immense, as well as its strength and its virtues. We do not abhor to collect, in the middle of the allegories of Mythology, these details in strong secondary appearance, but in reality a considerable utility.

(2) De bello gallico. lib. 1.

7 At the time where Caesar brought the war in Gaul, he the shows occupied by three peoples: the Belgians, the Aquitani and the Celts. "They differ, he said, by the language." However this difference should not be well deep. ' ' ' In a dissertation on the origin of the Celtic and French languages, Duclos, born in Dinan in 1704, the perpetual Secretary of the Acadmie franaise, following: 'A' failure of monuments, i.e. of written works, we ' have other lights on the Celtic language that the "testimony of some historians, from which it appears that the Celtic language was common to all the Gauls. ' ' ' ' Saplings were divided into several States (civitates), the ' States in the country (pagi) that all governed by laws "special, and these States were all a body of ' Republic, which had a common interest in the Affairs General. "They were civil assemblies or" military. "they called comitia armata," resembled the arrire-ban. "" So need for a language"common so that members could confer, deliberate" and train on the field of the resolutions which were to be "known assistants; "and we see in any" author they might have need of interpreters. ""We see,"Besides, as Druids, making both function of" priests and judges, were neck-

8 ' ' tume to assemble once a year, with Chartres, "to make justice for individuals, who came of" all sides consult. ' ' So needed that there was a "General language and that of the Druids was familiar to ' all the Gauls... "" There were also several nations, language was "have a lot of dealings with the Gallic. 'There is' appearance that the Gauls and the Teutons should ' point much defer these peoples with the same origin ' Celtic; of Germanic tribes came to settle in the "saplings and the Gauls were reciprocally passed in ' Germania, where they had held extensive lands... These insightful thoughts lead the author of the memorandum to state that language differences by Caesar were only dialectical differences. We not will follow in these very fair considerations in considerable alteration in the Celtic language by the institution in Gaul of the Latin family. We note, however, that if he had drawn from its beginnings a rigorous result, it would have been led to conclude, that the Celtic language had to keep integrity in a land, which the Romans will have never trodden ground. It proved that the Gauls have no

9 left written monuments, because they may have more confidence in the traditions, and there is not instead of being surprised in this way to act if there is attention to the tenacity of the traditions among a certain people of Europe, that we will further refer with clarity. However, it does not qualify, the Celtic nation has point left to future centuries remembrance its morals, its religion and its industry. This history of the Gauls is point written in books; It is engraved on the very soil they occupied. They gave to the tribes, to land, to the mountains, the rivers of Gaul of the names that time itself was not clear. There is enclosed their true story. These names certainly have a precise meaning, full of revelations interesting, although all languages seem to be powerless to explain these riddles. The breakdown of these proper names of places, men, tribes, concerned seriously many spirits: it tried to search this language that filled our soil of indelible names, unknown meaning throws to our legitimate curiosity a neverending challenge. Sir William Jones, founder of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, had first noticed a certain affinity between Sanskrit, Greek and

-10the latin. They should therefore have a common origin and, without daring to affirm it, he suspected that the Celtic and Gothic came from the same source as the Sanskrit. The comparative language grammar Franois Bopp European then explained how grammatical laws allow to discover in Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, latin and Gothic, nor a single affinity, but a real community of origin. "Recently," M.Tregear read to the ' Wellington philosophical society, a study on the "Maori in Asia. "" He cited the modern Safoora language and the "Persian next to the Maori language, showing number" of outstanding agreements between themselves. "" "Quoted words were" in themselves full of history and have provided evidence of "large space of time elapsed since the Maori have" inhabited the India. ' ' ' ' Speaking languages of Europe, the speaker has made see that ' hundreds of words similar to those of the language ' Maori found in languages Greek, Latin, "Lithuanian, Celtic, etc etc. "" "But the part most ' interesting of his study was that noted the identity" Maori and English, taking no account of ' words Anglo-Maori, manufactured

-11"" two languages, since the conquest of the country by ' England. (1). All these successive observations led to think that the Sanskrit language will give the key to Celtic language, and it was believed it with all the more reason that the Celts came from Asia, cradle of the human race. We can observe that the dialects spoken in the France, the Ireland and Scotland should give us this key more easily than Sanskrit. because the alteration of language does not, even today the same Celtic terms in the dialects of Irish, Scottish, Welsh, breton and Languedoc. It could be many citations; but we will restrict ourselves to some. Wheat ground and passed to the producer film is named, in Languedoc dialect, bren. in breton bren; Welsh bran; in Irish and Scottish bran. Heather, so common in the Landes region of Gaul, is called in Languedoc brugo; in breton bruk and brug. Welsh grug and brwg. The French verb clean translates scurain Languedoc; in Scots by sguradh; in Irish by sguradh. The French name of the yardstick,

(2) The advocate, Sept.5. 1885, journal of Melbourne, Aus -

Australia.

-12essence of trees, said to Languedoc bergne; breton and Welsh gwern. Scottish and Irish fearn. (1) III
DIALECT LANGUEDOCIEN AND THE TECTOSAGES

It is therefore certain, by examples, that Celtic words found in the language of the descendants of the Celts in Britain and in Languedoc; also we will not hesitate to make the test of the Languedoc dialect, to try to discover the real Celtic language spoken by our ancestors. Nevertheless, it must seem bizarre that we choose the languedocien dialect rather than the breton for we put on the way; We're a serious historical reason for this, and by closely examining the Tectosages Volkes emigrations, one convince is fully of the correctness of that choice. In an era of very indecisive and that historians believe to be able to determine, however, as the fourth century before Jsus Christ, two tribes believed to belong to the Belgians, the Tectosages Volkes and the Volkes Are -

(1) The Breton, Irish, Scottish and Welsh names are taken of the work of Mr. a. Ian: origin and formation of the French language.1St flight

-13Comedy crossed Gaul and came to settle in the Midi Gaul between the Garonne, the Pyrenees and the Rhone. The Tectosages Toulouse made their capital and the Arecomiques stood in the Cvennes is with Nimes as central point of their domination. About the year 281 BC, an emigration of Tectosages walked to the Rhine and then came down to the Danube to join their brothers also Tectosages, who owned the banks of the River. Are now next to these facts the indications provided by Jules Csar. Well before, there was a time where the Gauls were the Germans in Warrior value and they have made the war so far at home: fields were more sufficient to feed a population too large, sent colonies over the Rhine. Therefore in the land of the most fertile Germania around the forest Hercynie, the Tectosages Volkes settled after have conquered them. This people so far occupied this same territory. (1) At the time where Caesar was writing these lines, the Tectosages Volkes were therefore established in masters

(1) Lib. VI. 24. de bello gallico. 3

-14uncontested on the right bank of the Rhine and around Hercynie forest, that is, North of this vast forest, from the Rhine up to the Oder and perhaps even to the beyond; and Furthermore, they possessed the left bank of the Danube which flows south of the same forest. Caesar fixed point the time of the conquests of the Tectosages; but the most important thing to observe, it is the countries located on the right bank of the Rhine and conquered from the Germans, have always belonged them. After Jules Csar, the authors make more mention of the Tectosages. They seem to disappear from the world, and the silence was deep around their name. Will meet again them however soon, taking as a guide the etymology of Volkes Tectosages, and we can still follow the long trail of their warlike expeditions. Volkes (Volcae) derives from the verb to vault (vault), flit, jumps and to cow (Bradley), intimidate. Tectosages is produced by two other verbs to take to (teke to), is pleasing to..., and to sack, loot, ransack. By bringing together the four verbs constituting the two appellations, we find in their various meanings, that des Volkes Tectosages frightened the enemies by the speed of their developments in combat and is liked to lay waste and pillage.

-15Let point go unnoticed this allure bouncing, traditional among the voltigeurs of the old French armies, and preserved even in our regiments of zouaves and hunters on foot, because des Volkes are ancestors of the Franks, as we may to ensure when we talk about the Frankes tribes. Des Volkes warriors movements thus distinguished by speed bearing with her dread, usually crowned by the victory and followed by the devastation and looting. Summing up the name of the Tectosages Volkes, we see them as fast and scary looters. This appellation had nothing as glorious to this people; because the looting, it was the war, and it is known that the Cimmerians loved him passionately. Also this Honourable meaning of Pillard persisted intact in the country occupied by them in the South of the France. When a child shows an intellect, a soul full of energy, and when this energetic spirit is served by a body whose members are agile and nervous, parents speak with pride and call it "a plunderer. They go even further in the meaning of this word; If asked about the number of their children, they answer, without hesitation, that they have "one, two or three looters.

-16The story, we said, after Caesar, speaks of the Tectosages Volkes, and the silence is all the more extraordinary that the people who had sent colonies beyond the Rhine, around the forest Hercynie, on the banks of the Danube and into Asia could lose so fast the traditions of his adventurous genius. Always hungry warlike expeditions, they reparaissaient with a bang as the Saxons. They said so openly and in the face of the nations, that they were the son, the direct descendants of the Tectosages, - to sack, loot, - sound, top-down son. It is remarkable that historians still call them looters Saxons. This qualifier was actually their real name, and in an unconscious way, these historians explain, by the end of looters, the exact meaning of Saxons. About the year 446 after christ, the leader of the Britons of the island of Britain, Wor-Tigern, asked the relief to the Saxons to Picts and Scots who sought to oppress him. The Saxons hastened to fly in the island of Britain under the leadership of two brothers Hengis and Horsa, and, after beating the Picts and surrendering by the masters of the island, they exterminated the Britons their allies. Angles, - to angle, angle through, - who lived on the shores of the Baltic Sea, came to take with

-17their Saxon brothers their share of the plunder and, after forcing most of the Britons, escaped from the massacre to take refuge in Armorica, they founded the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of England known. The Tectosages, according to historians, were race Kimrique, and the Cimbri Kimbo, forked, - to harry, devastate - forked devastating, alluding to the urus horns which warriors adorned their head, - the Cimbri we say, belonged to the Celtic family: they had to therefore, Cimbri and Tectosages, speak the language of their family. Possession of the island of Britain by the Tectosages exerted on them a favorable influence to the preservation of their language and their customs. Isolation preserved them deep alterations experienced by the languages of other peoples of Europe, leaving complete freedom for the distant settlements, which are a special feature of their character. IV
LANGUEDOCIEN DIALECT AND THE REAL CELTIC LANGUAGE.

The genealogy of the Anglo-Saxons as we present, could still, despite

3A

-18everything, look at some purely hypothetical, but it is easy to support of convincing evidence, since the language of the Tectosages left deep traces in the Languedoc idiom. A simple comparison between some Languedoc terms and their corresponding Anglo-Saxon will suffice to demonstrate the complete analogy of the two languages. However, wishing to avoid boredom too extended comparisons, we will give only the best known and most used expressions.
Languedocien dialect. Alader, Green-leaved tree persistent. Ander Chao ofArreou, to the file. Baissel , ship, barrel. Barata barter, Exchange Bouich , boxwood. Becka , Sayyad. Bolo , a ball. Bosk , a wood. Anglo-Saxon language (1) Alder, Alder. Andiron (andaieurn) Chao Array (s) order of basize. Vessel , ship, barrel. to Barter , swap, swap GER. Bush (Bob) , Bush. to Beck , make a sign of the head. Ball (baul) , a ball. Bindu , Woody.

(1) The Saxon words are borrowed from English-French dictionary of Percy Sadler. We would like this dictionary from the kindness of Mr. William O'Farrel. Mr. William O'Farrell is author of a grammar of English, admirable order and clarity.

-19Languedocien dialect. Braou young bull Braza , weld with the copper. Bren , sound. Bugado , laundry. Caicho , caisse. Cambo , leg. Catcha , tighten, press. Clapa , hitting. Clouko , hen that chuckles. Carreto , charreite. Cost , price. Costo , side, ramp. COUNTA calculate, count Crinko , Summit. Derouca , pruning, debarking. Despatcha , hasten. Escapa , escape. Estreit ,. FLAC , without force. Flasketo , PEAR powder. Franchiman , a French. Fresco , freshness. Frta , rub. GAT , a cat. Godo , nonchalance. Hai a term used to press not horses. Anglo-Saxon language Braw (braou), front, air. to Braze (Brz), weld with copper. Bran , sound. Buck (beuk), laundry. Cash , caisse. Ham , leg. Catch , capture, crampon. to Clap , hitting. to Cluck , chuckling. Because , cart. Cost , price. Coast (kost), coast, shore. to Count (kaount) calculate. Crinkle , fold, sinuosity. to Roughcast (reuffcast) tailLER coarsely. to Despatch , ship. to Escape (iskepe) escape. Strait (strete) ,. to Flag , falling out of weakness. Flasck , a PEAR powder. Frenchman , a French. Fresco , freshness. to freight , rub. Cat , a cat. Goad (god), prickle. to hie (hated) , hurry, is accelerate.

-20Languedocien dialect. Zhuk , chickens roost. Keck , stutterer. Leit , sleeper, bed. Wilm , more, more. Mayor , lie. Neit , night. Nouze , a node. Panno , frying. Pasta , knead. Pent NET to take the rabbits. Pickasso , axe, bumped. Prefaithie mercenary Rait , adv. to the correct time. Raja , flow. Raouba , fly. Raspa , limer, shredding. Reigned make a sound Rocko , a rock. Rodo , a wheel. Round , round, circle. Rank, that box. Scalfeto , footwarmer. Anglo-Saxon language to Juke (djiouke), roost. to Keck, (little used) to make a efforts to vomit. to Lie (lai), be lying. Might (Wilm), power, force. Focus (Mayor), binds. Night (nait), night. Noose (nouze), node - neck Lant. Pan , frying. to Paste (plague), knead. Pent , locked, tight. Te Pick, drill and Axe, axe. Prizefighter (praizefaiteur), who fights for money. Right (rait), adv. to the good hour. Rash , eruption. to Rob, steal. to Rasp, file, grate. to Ring (Ajit), make a sound. Rock , a rock. Road (lurking), Bay, rade. Round , round, circle. Shrank to shrink, preterite be shortened. to Scald, heat, feet, feet

-21Languedocien dialect. Scaouda , scald. Scoutos, spy. Scruma, skim. Scura, clean. Seit, seated. Seemed, look like. Senshorno, without intelligence. Shakad, tore. Shankad, sirloin with tenderloin. Shepad, ill-fitting. Sigur, sure. Sillo, eyebrows. Skaisha, cacher, RIP. Spatarrad, thrown ground about its long. Spillo, a PIN. to the Anglo-Saxon language to Scald (skauld) , scald. Scout (skaout), spy. to Scum, skim. Silly Court (skaour), clean. to Sit, to sit. to seems, look like. Sense, intelligence and horn, private. to Shake, fall in pieces. Shanked, that legs. to Shape (chepe), adjust. Secure (sikioure) sure. to Seel (sil), turn a blind eye. to Squash (skouoch), ACEexpensive, crush. to Spatter, splash, neck cover of mud. Spill, a small piece of wood. to Taste, taste of a liqueur. to Trap, surprise. Trunk (treugnk) ar - trunk BRE. Trull, lost manners. Up, (eup) , top. (Ye), yea Yes, certainly.

Tasta, taste of a liqueur. Trapa, surprise. Trounko, tree trunk. Trullo, thin. Up, at the top. Ye, really.

======

-22This indisputable relationship between the Languedoc terms and their corresponding Anglo-Saxon demonstrates better that all reasoning than the Gallic Midi Tectosages, emigrated beyond the Rhine, and the Anglo-Saxons are the same people, and it leads to this absolute consequence that the Anglo-Saxon language is the language spoken by the Cimmerienne family. The explanation of a so-called druidic tradition reported by Caesar still highlights this consequence. "Gauls, said he, Glory down all of Pluto and they sure keep this belief of the teaching of the Druids: why they are time, not by day, but by night and they are attentive to indicate the days of birth, the beginnings of months and years, so that the day follows the night..(1) Caesar obviously mistaken in saying that the Gauls boasted down from Pluto, which the Druids cared as little to Proserpine: Cimmerians, children of Gomer, had brought from the East this custom of counting the days by the evening and the morning and the Jews have kept it up to dispersal as a nation:

(1) Lib. VI. 18, de bello gallico.

-23the origin of this custom is revealed to us in these words of Genesis: 'and the evening and the morning was the first day. (1) Caesar however, is not mistaken in arguing that the Gauls were the time, not by days but by nights; the descendants of the Tectosages still say fortnight (fortnait) fourteen nights, to express the time in two weeks, and is ' nnight (sennit) seven nights, to count the days of a single week. V
THE NEIMHEID.

The identity of the Celtic language with that of the Tectosages becomes quite evident by decomposition of the names given to various parts of the Gallic soil and especially by the decomposition of the names of tribes passed by history; These names include, indeed, interpreting by the Anglo-Saxon language, indications fair, accurate and confirmed by history. These denominations, which affect all the Celtic countries, are not certainly the work of the people; you couldn't point deliver, give up, serious and correct composition of these

(1) Genesis. chap. i. v. 5.

-24key names to whims without number and without merit. There was certainly a learned body responsible for this care; and what makes it manifest, similar appellations imposed on countries placed at the two ends of the Gaul. To give some pretty striking examples, why there was formerly in the tribe of the Curiosolites an Aleth, and other Aleth still exists in the Languedoc? These two localities were the same industry, or even they had a well-like soil. Why the city of Rennes in Brittany and the spa town of Rennes-les-Bains from the Aude Department with the same name? This is obviously because of the similarity provided by the two countries by their menirs and their loose stones. Why still the city of Rennes, which, according to Strabo, the name of Condate, was an another Condate in the Allobroges tribe, and a third in the Santones, except that it was to teach in these cities the same science, the same truths and the same traditions? Does this demonstrate that a scholar, strongly constituted body was responsible for each city and all parts of the Celtic land of dominations, justified by the truth and accuracy of the served objects?

-25"According to the Irish traditions, said H.Martin, Gadhel or ' Gael, personification of the race, was son of Neimheidh. ' ' What is this Neimheidh, this mysterious figure who ' plane on our origins? History cannot answer. (1) Neimheidh is not the name of a Gaulish Chief; It means one who is head, command, leads and provides the names, - to name (nth), appoint, - to head (hed), lead, lead - and it was materially impossible for one man to give nationwide Celtic names are cities, tribes, rivers and smaller plots of land: this was the work of a learned body and the end of Neimheidhapplied to this elite corps composed of Druids, this expression of undeniable truth, since the Druid were both priests, judges, undisputed leaders of the Gauls and loads of transmission of all sciences. The Druids of the Neimheidh knew excellently form the proper names of men or places: they employed mostly monosyllabic words of their language and placed them in such arrangement, as the sound of these monosyl-,.

(1) History of France, note 1 on page 1.

-26labes next to each other, could hurt the delicate ear. Celtic decomposition of the words designating the Gallic tribes and cities will be the most complete day on the way to these scholars, as well as we will see later, when we talk about some Armoricains and other peoples of Gaul.

CHAPTER II.

HEBREW LANGUAGE
I
THE DIVINE NAMES.

To indicate the similarity between Celtic and Hebrew languages reports, we are exposed to significant and necessary lengths. There will forgive us; Biblical stories are themselves of interest entering, and nature to capture the rebel attention. The beginnings of humanity are told with admirable accuracy. The sacred historian accomplishes its work with loyalty and sincerity: he exaggerates point generous facts, he throws point of sail on the criminal actions. In his concise and severe language, the divine words appear full of grandeur and Majesty; the human facts take place there with the sharpest, without speech, without digression, presenting features

-28a sublime who are not point studied and sought after. We strongly hoped to be noted; but we had to confine us simply to report in our test of interpretation, Biblical stories with the enclosed meaning perfect matching in the proper names of men they trace the character and life. A thought that comes to mind is this: assuming the language of the Tectosages as being the true Celtic language, it seems essential that the purest expressions of this language are found abundant in the names of the heads of this family whose expansion has almost filled the universe. It was traced back to Gomer, eldest son of Japheth, the paternity of the Celtic nation and Cimbrian; It is therefore in the Anglo-Saxon language, which we will now call the Celtic language, a close resemblance, in monosyllabic words in both languages and Hebrew, some compliance, at least for a large part of the words that make up the names, if not for all of the language. This thought has a too insured basis so we examine not whether the Celtic language will be able to explain the names of the first men cited in the books of

-29Moses, and also in some of the other books of the Hebrews. It is here necessary to observe that the prolonged stay of the Hebrews to Babylon as a result of captivity had exercised a disastrous influence on their language. A considerable number of Chaldean expressions were dragged into the Hebrew language, and it became greatly disfigured. After the captivity Ezra, the clever doctor in the law of Moses, to teach the people in the law of the Lord, changed the old characters of the Hebrew writing and replaced them the Chaldean characters, in order to make the reading of Holy Scripture easier to the Jews already accustomed to these characters. He was therefore obliged not only transcribe Holy Scripture in characters known to the people, but yet to translate the former purely Hebrew language that most Jews included, in the language spoken at the moment and composed of a mixture of Hebrew and Chaldean. What demonstrates the absolute necessity of this translation is made by Ezra, it is the insurmountable difficulty experienced by the historian Josephus, when he sought to interpret the Hebrew proper names by the Hebrew-Chaldee language: also they resisted usually all the efforts of his insight.
4

-30Before testing of the Celtic language on these names of men that must, it seems, contain the short history of the first ages of the world, it is just to stop in the first place on the different names given to God, the creator of the universe. Elohim is the name by which men have first appointed the Lord that to created the Earth, and deigned the bless by dedicating it to his glory. The Hebrew term Elohim, say the rabbis, is made plural by respect for God; because the singular looks like EJ. The Hebrews do derive from el, strong and powerful and ala, oblige, compel, because God undertakes and holds itself as it were to use its power in the conservation of created things. (1) If it is permissible to speak with frankness, we will say that the Celtic language much better explains the meaning of Elohim. When God had created man and woman in his own image and capable, therefore, of bliss, of knowledge and supernatural love, he blessed them, saying to them: "be fruitful and" multiply and replenish the Earth. (2) Therefore, the multiplication of the human race

(1) Cornelius a Lapide. (2) Genesis, chap. i. 28.

-31that God wanted to bless and the term Elohim in the Celtic language does not say another thing, - Hallow - Somnath, - Somnath (him) representing the child who has not yet seen the day, while only the verb to hallow (hallo) means bless, Holy: We know the high affinity of the Arabic language with the Hebrew language. The children of Ishmael refers to God by Allah. This term provides a striking resemblance with the Celtic verb to hallow (hallo) sanctify: he is the quintessential who possessed the right to bless and sanctify all things. This similarity of meaning and expression seems to us not having to be neglected. God was still known as Saddai, which expressed the idea of the creator giving food and the abundance of the things necessary to body life by his liberality, as Saddai means large and liberal. (1) In interpreting Saddai by the Celtic language, we find that men are satiated by a conscious God by his creatures - to sate (Ste), satiate, - to eye (ai) having the eye on... Adonai was yet another name given by men to the Almighty: it is the Lord, the Holy Scripture Dominus. The Hebrews did not, writing out of respect, the name

(1) Cornelius a Lapide.

-32Jehovah, replaced it usually Adonai. "It was not enough to divine goodness ensure by his Providence to the food of his creatures, it their to also given power to possess, according to these words of Genesis:"Grow and multiply and dominate on the fish"from the sea, the birds of the sky, and all the animals" that move on the Earth. ' (1). Power to possess granted by God to men is enclosed in the term Adonai, inexplicable by the Hebrew language, - to add, add, to own (on), have- to eye (ai), having the eye on. Jehovah is the sacred name, the real name of the Lord, revealed by God to Moses. The Hebrews wrote it However, it was engraved on the gold blade which was attached and held by a Ribbon of hyacinthe at the mitre of the high priest. Josephus reports that when Alexander stood before the Grand priest Jaddus in this moment of all his Pontifical ornament, this conqueror of Asia bowed down to worship that dreaded name was engraved on the blade of gold shining above the front of the successor of Aaron. And after the traditions of the Hebrew, Jehovah

(1) Genesis, chap. i. 28.

-33expressed the Trinity of persons in the divine unity. But where was the opportunity to express with the name of Jehovah is the Trinity in unity? Needed to achieve this goal, this divine name renfermt in its composition the personal pronouns of the language spoken by Moses. The me of the first person, in Hebrew, translated by ani and anci and the us by anu, Joyce ; you and the you the second person ate and atm ; the him to the third person by eua. The personal pronouns of the Hebrew language are therefore relevant not to the four letters i, he, u, i, forming the holy name of Jehovah. Howeveri (iod) is found among the affixes of the first person pronouns, which correspond to the reflexive pronouns and possessive adjectives pronouns of the French language. Next place four Hebrew letters i, he, u, i, that make up the divine name revealed to Moses, the personal pronouns of the Celtic language I, he, we, ye, and we can be rightfully astonished at the result. Observe in passing that the Hebrew alphabet does not have any y, while this is duly withdrawn in the Celtic alphabet. So we have in reality in the Celtic pronouns the four letters forming the name of God, i.e. two
4A

-34i , a he and a we that replaces the call of the Hebrew language. The first i is always writing with an uppercase I represents the nominative singular of the first person I or me and pronounced ai. The second i, ye pronounced yi, corresponds to the nominative plural of the second person you ; thou or thee of the singular, expressing only a little respectful familiarity, is point used in Anglo-Saxon, as also, in French, in polite language. He, saying hi, corresponds to the nominative singular of the third person, it. As for the we whose pronunciation is Yes and that replaces the Hebrew WOH , it is the nominative plural of the first person, we. In those four letters is thus the designation of the three divine by me, you and him, while the us together, unites them into a single being with a substance, nature, essence common to the three persons, that is, a God in three distinct persons. This we found several times in the narrative of the history of men made by Moses, the faithful servant, who reported honestly divine instructions addressed to the Hebrew people. The first us appears in the creation-35Human: "do this, saith the Lord, the man in our ' image and our likeness. ' (1). After the disobedience and the fall of Adam and Eve, the us is still tracked in these words of a salutary and vengeful irony that God addresses: "this is ' Adam become as one of us, knowing good and the ' evil.". "(2) A third time the we divine is accentuated in the case brought against the pride of the men and followed the complete dispersion of the human family by the confusion of the primitive language: Come, said the Almighty, go down in this place, and mistake are so their" language, that cannot agree more each other. (3) We wrote the name of Jehovah with the letters i, he, u, i, although the Hebrew text bears i, he, u, he. Cornelius a Lapide tells about it the formula used by the Jews when forced to take an oath; in order to not pronounce the name sacred and divine, they speak thus: 'I swear by he, i, u, i, and these letters adds the same Cornelius, form the real name of Jehovah. The difference charged by the fourth letter appears at first strong

(1) Gen. ch. i. 26. (2) Gen. chap. III. 22. (3) Gen. c. XI. 7.

-36important, but examining it carefully, it offers nothing embarrassing. in the Celtic pronoun ye, you, there are at the same time a y and an eas this is, we believe, the node for a fix as the modern Hebrew language, reduced to its forces alone, cannot solve. Outside of a traditional transmission, long missed, it becomes almost impossible to reconstruct the pronunciation of the name of four letters containing the mystery of the Holy Trinity. Moreover, the Jews themselves are unaware of how Moses and the Jewish priests made it before the people assembled for religious ceremonies. The ease with which personal pronouns of the Anglo-Saxon language explain the divine name Jehovah, leads us to believe that the Celts were far from ignore this name and its true meaning, since relations of Gaul with Asia were relentless by the emigration to the West of new Celtic tribes. The year 1491 BC saw the revelation of the name of Jehovah to Moses. Forty years later, as a result of the conquest of Palestine made by Joshua in the space of six years, from 1451 to 1445 BC, the brilliant made weapons of Hey-.

-37many had carried away their Warrior reputation and struck with amazement the Asian people, who understood the divine protection, whose invincible force broke out in supernatural relief provided to the descendants of Jacob. The various Celtic tribes, in their slow and continuous market to Europe, could find, not only the Hebrews exploits, but still their organization into tribes and the name of their powerful patron, Jehovah. Do not be surprised that, with the meaning of this sacred name, the Celts have professed an extreme veneration for the number three, representing their spirit the Holy Trinity in the divine unity. The name under which the Celts were the Hebrew people affirm their certain knowledge of the name of Jehovah. For children of Gomer, a Hebrew name was jew (djiou) that is, a man before which was pronounced the name of four letters, and which were used the divine name in its adoration and the homage of his prayer. In fact, children of Gomer had applied to the protected people the name of the protector, and it seems very likely that the term jew is the holy name of Jehovah containing the four letters revealed to Moses.

-38II
THE FIRST MEN - ADAM TO NOAH.

After attempting to interpret the divine names in the Celtic language, we will also try this same language in the decomposition of the proper names of men and places. The strain of the human race, the first be with a rational soul United with a bodily substance, known as Adam. Under this name, means the man and the woman, because God created them male and female;' He blessed them, and he gave them the name of Adam on the day they were created. "(1) This name was so common to Adam and Eve, and God himself had imposed it. The hebraists want that Adam derives from adama, land, because God had formed it from the silt of the Earth. Performed by the Celtic language the term Adam, composed of two words, so to speak, a summary of the creation of our first parents. Among the created beings, Adam had point found in that was similar. And

(1) Bible of careers, Gen. c. v. 2. We usually give the translation of Scripture from the bible, because it is very accurate and very appreciated. We here make this point to not have to come back in all of our quotes.

-39"the Lord said: it is not good that the man should be alone;"do him similar to his assistance"(1) God therefore fit the woman and brought her to Adam." According to Scripture, the woman was a creature added to human, similar to him and his help for the propagation of the human race, that is, added the father, mother and this is the idea offered by the decomposition of the name Adam, - to add, add, dam, mother. Scripture gives the first of the children of Adam, the name of Cain. At its birth, Eve, his mother, cried: "I have a man by the grace of God." Cain, in Hebrew, implies the idea of possession, and it comes from the root Kana, possess. Adam and Eve were therefore watching their son as their good and their particular acquisition; Moreover, the power of the father over his child isn't natural right? Eve greatly was right to call his first son, Cain, possession. The Celtic language, not not hold the Kanaverb, have, but the verb Canbe. The meaning of the name of Cain would be the power, the Faculty possess a man by the grace of God, and this difference is not

(1) Gen. C. II. 18.

-40sensitive in the thought that Eve had to attach to the words spoken by her at the birth of his son. In the Hebrew text, Cain says Qin : in Celtic to corner (corner) translated by beat money, invent. Wouldn't this be where the true meaning of Cain, who would have imagined, invented the conventional value of currencies? Too bright gold and silver love surely choke the generous sentiments, and weapon usually railway the murderous hand of assassins. Cain had one hundred sixteen years old when he committed the awful crime that made him curse. We can believe with good reason that the men were already numerous, since responding to the divine threat, Cain said: '' anyone who so find me, kill me. The rapid multiplication of the human race had to be born, in the spirit of Cain, thought to replace the Exchange by a conventional value attached to precious metals, gold and silver. Abel was the second son of Adam and Eve, but his mother has point given it this name. Josephus does derive from the word Hebrew ebel mourning; because, by Abel's death, mourning made his first appearance on the Earth. For good understanding of the word Abel, as indicated by Josephus, should point to lose sight one

-41expression very frequent in holy books which is death and the Tomb; It is the expression of inferi, Underworld, while the place of torment of the Forsaken and cursed is the infernus; and it is in the first sense David, being near death, recommended to Solomon, his son to punish his crimes Joab: "you will do, he said, in his respect, according to" your wisdom; ""and you will not allow that after having"aged in impunity for his crime, he goes down in peace" in the Tomb; and non-deduces canitiem ejus ad inferos. (1) Abel presents the first picture of the death by the awful crime of his brother elder, - to EPA (epe), mimic, present, the image of..., hell, hell. -The term ebel or epel would be thus applied to the second son of Adam only after the fratricide of Cain, and the designation of their son by one such expression had, for many years, reviving the soul of his unhappy parents in the pain of his loss. We are attached in this interpretation to follow the direction given by Josephus: However, as the first men were often known by several names with different meanings, we believe pou-.

(1) Third ship of Kings, c. II. 6.

-42see explain otherwise the name of Abel, keeping rigorously the pronunciation given by Holy Scripture. There is no doubt for any serious mind that Adam had received from God the most valuable communications, not only on the religious truths, but necessary to the welfare State human industries still, and Adam passed on to his children, religious science and at the same time the principles of industrial arts. Worldwide, said "Origen to Celsus, having been created by Providence, must be" necessarily that the human race has been, in the "beginnings, under the tutelage of some minds ' senior, and that then God is manifested to men. Thats also what Holy Scripture attests... and it ' was, indeed, that in the childhood of the world, the species ' human received extraordinary relief, until ' the invention of the arts would have put it in condition to defend it-' even and have more need of divine intervention. (1) Abel was pastor; He offered to God by sacrifices, choosing for this purpose lambs the finest and fat of his flock, and the Lord looked favourably at its present. (2)

(1) Nights of St. Petersburg, 2nd maintains, note VI (2) Gen. c. IV. 2-4.

-43Holy Scripture, by marking with care pastoral occupation of Abel, seems to indicate the origin of its name. Abel collected beautiful fleeces from its magnificent herd; his hand was silky wool, and these wires interwoven, forming and warp and the woof, gave him an excellent fabric which he could clothe, abb, fabric of wool, to ell, measure. A just and severe punishment closely followed the horrible crime of Cain. The Lord had said unto the fratricide: you'll be fugitive and Wanderer on the Earth", and the culprit had replied: ' you hunt me today from the Earth ' I'll hide me from before your face, and I shall be a fugitive and Wanderer on the Earth." "" So anyone who will meet, will ' kill me.' The Lord replied: No, this will be not so; but whoever slayeth Cain will be punished seven times "more." And the Lord "set a mark on Cain so that 'those who would find does it kill point.'" "Cain, withdrew from before the face of the Lord, lived in fugitive on the Earththe eastern region of Eden.'" (1) The Hebrew text, instead of these words: Cain lived in fugitive on the Earth, door: Cain

(1) Gen. c. IV. 14-16.

-44dwelt in the land of Nod. Josephus makes nod an own place name, because he was able to get to discover the exact meaning of this expression of the primitive language. The term nod exists in the anglo-saxon and it gives knowledge of the sign of the divine curse attached to Cain. to nod means, a nod, welcome lowering the head. The note of infamy, marked on the person of fratricide, therefore had to be a nervous and convulsive head, movement forcing Cain to shamefully lower front of everyone whom he would meet. According to tradition, the curse sign worn by Cain was a continuous body, revealing package sound earthquake earthquake. Abel, the pious and pure child was replaced by Seth and Eve said: 'The Lord gave me another son instead of Abel "That Cain killed." ' (1) In Hebrew 23A means and place: in the language of the Tectosages, the verb to set retains the same sense of place and fit. Seth was the replacement of Abel and destined to become the father of the faithful to their creator men. Wool fabrics made by Abel reappear more in the name of first men and give way to the mention of the works of

(1) Gen. c. IV. 25.

-45iron and bronze. Do not get off fort at length in the genealogy of the children of Adam to meet the science of metals, since Malaleel, - to mall hit him with a mallet - to Allais (went) mix metals, - to ell, measure, - was the great-grandson of Seth. Following the regular chronology, when at the age of seventy years Malaleel became the father of Jared, the men lived the world for only three hundred and ninety-five years. Adam was still in the middle of his descendants to help advice and introduce them to the industrial work. Because the science of metals is registered in Malaleel, is this to say that those who preceded him were unaware of the use of iron and alloys of copper and Tin constituting the bronze? We are far from believing it; Adam attended his children's work, and its presence indicates enough where came from knowledge and hence started the impetus given to the various industries. It was not possible to write in the name of one the sum of originally owned science man of the world and it has engraved them gradually in the name of Heads of families. Malaleel denotes us the works of iron and bronze, and so that future generations do not be confused and do not by a single craftsman, he
5

-46calls his son Jared, - to jar (djar), tingle, click, - (hed) head to be head of order, proving that he was at the head of many workers in metals. These own men names, containing the reference to material knowledge of the early days of the created world, indicate as well as walking of human civilization has not been backward and stone age and bronze have not preceded the age of iron to the cradle of humanity. The grandson of Jared, Methuselah whose longevity has surpassed that of other men, introduces us to another branch of industry: soft beds were little then in use, and these products of a too advanced civilization were replaced by mats on which we took a needed rest in his home, - cover to mat, mats, - to use (iouse) use- hall, room, House. The children of Seth are point only to uncover the secrets of the arts among the first men, and by browsing the brief lineage of the descendants of Cain, we notice Tubalcain "who was skilled in all kinds' of brass and iron works. ' (1) Nevertheless this h-.

(1) Gen. c. IV. 22.

-47lete to work iron and bronze is point written in his name; It is replaced by a reference to other knowledge, the nautical art. The men were able to build good vessels and one thus understands how they paid attention to the Ark to Noah, and made poor following the shape and the dimensions given by God himself. Perhaps even they counted on them to try to avoid the effects of divine threats. There was however a much sensitive difference between the construction of their ships and the Ark may have Noah. It was a real ship deck, protected against rain from the sky and large blades of the sea, while ordinary, completely discovered, vessels were point defended large rain or against high blades. The first word which enters the composition of the name of Tubalcain traces the shape of these first buildings, - tub, discovered vessels, tank, tub, hall, House, to corner (corner), invent.

-48-

III
NOAH AND HIS CHILDREN.

Science owned by men led them to the most daring revolt against God. Crimes against nature are accumulated, and, tired of obstinacy in evil, the Lord said unto Noah: "I resolved to destroy" all men: they filled all the Earth of iniquity, 'and I will cut off with everything that lives on the Earth. ' " (1) Noah was just, and having found grace before God, he became as the confidant of his vengeful purposes. He built the Ark on the order given by the Lord, and be enclosing it with his family and the animals which were to be retained on the Earth in this vessel placed under divine protection, he was rescued from the deluge in which perished all criminal men. Noah proclaimed that he had knowledge of the future punishment of men, of the way in which it would be imposed and also the knowledge of its own conservation and his family, - to Know (No.), know, know, how (Hanaoka), how, in what way.

(1) Gen. v. VI. 13.

-49After the violent destruction of the human race by the flood, God blessed Noah and his children and said to them: "be fruitful and multiply and fill the Earth." ' Noah had no 'three sons who came out of the Ark, Shem, ham and Japheth.' Gold Cham is the father of Canaan. '. These are the three sons of 'Noah'; and it is from them that exited the race of men "who are on the Earth." (1) The flood and the miraculous salvation of Noah and his children were too significant events in the history of humanity so that the name of one of the sons of Noah is reproduced in point any related essentials. The Ark that floated on water for seven months before touching the top of the mountains of Armenia, Noah wanted to write this memory interesting in the name of his eldest son, Sem, - to swim (Ashley) floating on the water. The second of her children, rude and impudent, drew on his posterity the paternal curse by a lamentable mistake remained forever his shame and his reproach; also his name Cham - to shame, covered with shame, - reiterated his infamous act and the curse that has followed him. The Holy Scriptures says clearly that of

(1) Gen. c. IX. I. 18. 19. 5A

-50Shem, ham and Japheth exited the race of men who are on the Earth. It was believed to be able to abandon this starting point quite historic to attach to another order of ideas, to distinguish human varieties according to the color of the skin and the facial angle degrees. It would be nice long to enumerate all classifications put forward, and we think it is better to stop at the division of Cuvier distinguishing the following varieties: 1 La Blanche or could. 2 the yellow or Mongol. 3 the Negro or Ethiopic. "The white variety, Caucasian, Arabic European is recognizes mainly to the oval shape of the head, to the color of the more or less white skin, small lips, with regular features. Its main centre is in Europe and Asia minor, Arabia, Persia and the India to the Ganges, and Africa until and including the Sahara. "The variety yellow or Mongol is distinguished by the face square, flattened, more depressed nose, eyes placed obliquely, with olive and dark skin. '. Somehow, she would have her home on the plateau of the great Tartary and Tibet. "Negro or Ethiopic variety has skin black or blackish, depressed skull, nose amazed"

-51and large lips. It covers the greater part of Africa and some islands of Oceania. ' (1). We will not seek the disadvantages of a classification containing the same variety in the Arabs, the Abyssinians, the Egyptians and many Celtic twigs. We just need to find Japheth, son of Noah, in real and indisputable whitest human variety strain. Children of Sem best-preserved type is tracked in the Arabs, are more or less swarthy complexion, but the particular feature of the family shows in the eyes and black hair. It can be however a general character; and, among the Hebrews, direct descendants of Shem, Holy Scripture see an exception in the person of David which the hair was red. In the family of Japheth, white skin, and usually little dark hair join blue or slightly discolored eyes. This lighter eye color was so sensitive in the third son of Noah that it has retained the name of discolored or Japheth, Iphth, in the Hebrew text, eye- eye (ai) eye, fade (Federal) to discolor.

(1) Geography by Maltebrun.

-52Gomer, son of Japheth, was to present this distinctive brand of eye discolored, since it in was proclaimed the true heir, - to come (friends) become, - heir (er) heir. It is point here the essential favors conferred by birthright and allowing ordinary heir, to the eldest son, to offer to God sacrifices, to instruct his brothers and keep property; because these rights belonged to seniors of all families. This term of inheritance applied to tangible qualities in Gomer and transmitted to his posterity forming the huge Celtic family. The men were very multiplied after the flood: "There were then only a language and a similarly to speak for all men." Forced they were to expand as a result of their rapid growth, they said: ' come, are we a city and a tower whose top reaches to the sky: and make our famous name before disperse us on Earth. (1) They held this language proud in the plains of Sennaar, and they began to work, using brick instead of stone and bitumen as a cement.

(1) Gen. c. XI. 4.

-53However, the Lord was Wroth of this senseless work; and he said: ' they are all now that one people and they have the same language: they started this book and will point abandon their design that they have fully completed it. ". Come, go down in this place, and confuse their language, so that cannot agree more each other. "It is in this way that the Lord dispersed them of this place in all countries of the world, and they ceased building the city. "It is also for this reason that this city was called Babel, because there was confused the language of all the Earth: and the Lord dispersed them then in all parts of the world." (1) Babel, according to the terms of Holy Scripture, carries in itself the idea of confusion, and the Hebrews, by looking carefully for Babel in their language, were not just find balal, confusion, to explain this Babel they own more. Balal is far from having the value of the verb to babble, babble, talk Celtic: babble, incoherent, confused, filling of shame men who hear more language they understand very well the day before.

(1) Gen. c. XI. 6-9.

-54The primitive language disappeared in the middle of this confusion? We can say with confidence, that it remained in use in the mouth of some of the children of Shem and a part of the children of Japheth; and this primitive language is as the starting point of other languages spoken in the world, as a source giving rise to streams without number that will describe temperamental meanders away. This language is perpetuated in a perfect condition among the Hebrews until the stay of the people of God into Chaldea did it change in a very sensitive manner. Children of Gomer have passed it intact, at least in its essential parts? We will try to demonstrate that the integrity of the primitive language persisted in the family of Japheth more surely than in Sem family, perhaps because the universal rule promised by God to the seed of Japheteh. This demonstration can be done by the Celtic language interpreting proper names of the most famous men, kept in the history of the Hebrew people. However, do not lose sight that the proper name of a man, after the confusion of languages as in the first ages of the world, usually retains the memory of a remarkable action of his life.

-55either the memory of a quality of a physical defect, and sometimes also represents the State of the mores of the time. We have seen the story of Genesis by men abandoning the construction of the city and the Tower of Babel. In this unfinished city, the fierce Nimrod, grandson of ham, establishes his home and founded the Kingdom of Babylon. This violent Hunter before the Lord attacked point wild beasts; It was Hunter of men, oppressing his fellow, everywhere sowing terror and well deserving of the name under which it was known as Nimrod means a renowned scarecrow - name (nth) reputation - rawhead (rauhed) scarecrow. The dispersion of the men is determined and fixed by Parker with the Hebrew translation division, "because the land was divided his time' between the speaking people of different languages. (1) The language of the Tectosages represents us in Parker, the men pushed to reduce their excessive concentration in a single region of the world - to fall, reduce, - to egg, push, excite. Parker was the eldest son of Eber; the Hebrews are descendants of Eber and it

(1) Gen. c. x. 25.

-56left them her name, to testify that her children had by him the inheritance of the divine blessings promised to Sem and his direct seed-Heber decomposes so: to ebb, down,- heir (er) heir.

IV
ABRAHAM AND THE PATRIARCHS.

The great Abraham belonged to the lineage of Heber and Holy Scripture has care call it Hebrew Abram, accusing by there the importance attached to this title. Abram, first name of this Patriarch, is the precise exact and faithful of the orders of God. The Lord had said unto him: 'Get out of your country, your family and your father's House and come into the land that I will show you.' "I'll leave you a great people, I will bless you, make your famous name and you will be blessed. "I will bless those who bless you, and I curse those who curse you;" and all the peoples of the Earth will be blessed in you. Abram

-57came out so as the Lord had directed, and Loth followed him. (1) The hebraists result Abram father shown ab-ram, and Abraham by the illustrious father of a multitude ab-ram-amon. This explanation seems a bit obscure but determined by a fact in all respects consistent with the truth. Abram, according the divine orders, had to wear its not in a foreign land that would be shown to him by God. Abandoning the native soil, his relatives and his father's House, he actually became a stranger to the inhabitants of the countries he crossed, he imitated the wandering traveler, going here and there, until such time as the place of his stay was fixed with certainty,- to EPA (epe) imitate, to err, to wander, go scattered, ham, leg - aperrham. The term Arabic shwetha, foreign and the word Kabyle aberrani, also foreign, have confirmed this interpretation of the first name of Abram. Obeying the word of the Lord, Abram traveled the land of Canaan; He had to leave it soon because of the famine that was rampant in the land: he retired in Egypt, always protected in a visible manner, and after there

(1) Gen. c. XII. 1-4.

-58some time he came back in the land of Chanaan, with his wife and all that he had. It was very rich; the gold and silver abounded in his tent. Lot was Abram, and also had flocks of sheep and herds of cattle. A quarrel was high between pastor lot and Abram, he said to his nephew: 'that there is no point, I beg you, dispute between you and me, between your pastors and mine, because we are brothers. You have before you the Earth: remove you, I beg you, from me; If you go to the left, I will take the right; and if you choose the right, I will go to the left. (1) This circumstance in the life of Abram earned his nephew to batch- batch name, batch, divide into portions. -Lot chose the country which appeared it the most fertile and came in Sodom. The inhabitants of this city and neighboring cities, delivered to the excesses of the more shameless debauchery, were angry with them divine justice. By a judgment of a fearsome fairness, the Lord had condemned to destruction by fire and the inhabitants of Sodom and the soil itself that they had defiled - sod, soil, to doom (DOM) judge, condemn.

(1) Gen. c. XIII. 1-9.

-59However Lot was just and God did not wrap it in the punishment of the guilty. Two Angels were sent him to train it out of this cursed place. The story of the holy books will give us the reason why the small city where Lot found refuge, subsequently carried the name of Sande. "At the end of the day, the angels urged Lot to leave the city, telling him: stand up, take your wife and your two daughters, lest ye perish yourself in the ruin of the city." "Seeing that he still differed, they took him by the hand and also took his wife and two daughters, because the Lord wanted to save him." They thus took him out of town and said to him: save your life, don't look point behind you and don't stop point in the land round about, but save you on the mountain, lest you be wrapped in the destruction. Lot replied: Lord because your servant has found grace before you, and you have shown him your great mercy in saving my life, see, I pray you, that I do then save me on the mountain, because the danger can catch me before and let me perish.

-60"But there is there, nearby, a city in which I then betake myself; It is small and I me save; you know that it is not great; and it will save me the life. The angel answered him: I even grant this grace to pray you do me not to destroy the city for which you speak to me. Hurry and save yourself because I can't do anything until you're entered. That is why that was given to this city the name of Sande. The Sun stood on the earth when Lot entered Sande. (1) Critical thinking from this narrative can be translated thus: the angels urged Lot leaving Sodom, as approaching the hour set for the punishment, and Lot, for his part, alleging his weakness, sought to delay that hour of supreme Atonement. It took that an Angel took him by the hand, thus forcing him to follow him, and then Lot, desperate to save a part of the inhabitants of the region, asked to take refuge in the small town named Sande: his prayer was heard. but, said the Angel, make haste! This insistence of the Angel to repeat that time was pressing is perfectly reproduced in Sande - to say (se) repeat, - to egg, push, Excite, - hour (Hameed) hour, moment.

(1) Gen. c. XIX

-61Lot was safely in Sande, and. the Lord brought down from heaven a rain of sulfur and fire on Sodom and Gomorrah. '(1)' Gomorrah reveals the transformation of the Valley in a marsh to stagnant water: to come (friends) become,- moor (Mert) a marsh. The waters of this Lake seem poisoned: they have such density that the human body can sink completely. their bitterness is extreme and the salt saturated makes them heavy at this point that the impetuous wind seems powerless to communicate any movement. The banks have a terrible aridity; the look is met point green foliage of the trees for rest. The image of desolation is painted everywhere; the divine curse is passed in the Valley. Several passengers, between other Troilo and Arvieux, ' say noticed debris walls and palaces 'in the waters of the dead sea." This report appears to be 'confirmed by Maundrell and FR. Nau. The elders are "more positive about it;" Josephus, who uses a "poetic expression, says that you can see to the edge of the Lake" shadows of the destroyed cities. "" Strabo gives sixty stages ' turn to the.

(1) Gen. c. XIX. 6

-62"ruins of Sodom." Tacitus speaks of these debris: as the "Lake rises or withdrew according to the seasons, it may hide or" in turn discover the skeletons of "condemned." cities "(1) A few years before these dreadful events, Abram, who was without issue, was asked by Sarai to marry Hagar her maid, in order to accomplish the divine promises. But Agar, little grateful, began to despise his mistress: it outraged his insolence, complained first to Abram and did visit them Agar with such severity, that she forced it to take flight. This accident of life of Sarai has produced this first name - to say (se), tell, - row (raou) noise, quarrel, high (hated), violent. Agar, - to hag, torment, harass - to hare (here), running here and there, went to Egypt through the desert when an angel appeared to him and ordered him to return to his mistress and to humiliate himself under his hand. He added: "I" will multiply your seed so that it will be "countless... You enfanterez a son; and you ' call Ishmael because the Lord has heard your 'affliction.' " (2)

(1) Route from Paris to Jerusalem by the vicomte de Chateau - briand. (2) Gen. c. XVI. 9-11.

-63Ishmael marks the end of products wrinkles enter Sarai and Hagar; the maid was issued of ill-treatment by docility to humble ourselves under the hand of his mistress - to ease (ise) issue, - to maule (maule) offending. In announcing the birth of Ishmael, the Angel of the Lord had said to Hagar: "it will be a proud and wild man: it will lift the hand against all and all will throw the hand against him; and it will develop its tents to all his brothers. ' (1) It is the faithful painting of the character of the Arabs, descendants of Ishmael. Fiery and fierce, nature loving with passion, freedom and independence, they sought always looting and adventures. Their tents of goat skins shelter them just a few moments and soon, to releasing constraints always saddled horses, they devour in a quick race the hot sands of the desert. Their white wool blanket thrown over their head as a veil just designating them away to the worried looks of travelers who venture to cross their arid country and without trees - to hare (here), run here and there abb, wool weft. -Hard to fatigue, easily supporting hunger and thirst, disdaining the

(1) Gen. c. XVI. 12.

-64rest on a soft bed, they deserved the Bedouin name under which they are also known - and bed, bed, - to wean (Ojha), deprive of. Thirteen years had elapsed since the birth of Ishmael; God appeared to Abram and said to him: I am the all powerful God, walk in my presence and be perfect. "I will make a Covenant with you and I will multiply your race to infinity...". "You call you more Abram, but Abraham, because I have made you to be the father of a multitude of nations." (1) The change made by God even in the name of the great Patriarch bears in full on the last syllable of Abram: it is the Celtic name, ham, leg, that is transformed into Somnath (him) the child who has not seen the day and this Somnath contains in itself the multiplication of his family insurance. Thus, Abram, the foreigner is become Abraham - to ape, mimic, - to err, go scattered, - Somnath (him), the child who has not yet seen the day - it means foreign to many offspring. This interpretation by the Celtic language is easy to understand why the Arabs call-.

(1) Gen. c. XVII. 1-5.

-65 =. slow Ibrahim the Patriarch father of Ishmael and of their family. After instructs Abraham circumcision as a sign of his Covenant, God, renewing the promise already made of a beautiful seed, said to him: "You will more call your wife Sarai, but Sara." I will bless the and I will give her a son that I bless you also. He will be the father of many nations, and Kings of peoples will come out of it. ' (1). After this order given by God to Abraham to call his wife, Sarah, Holy Scripture called now Sara, she writes it Sare - to say (se), say, - to ray (re) radiate. This radiation around Sara was to come from the beautiful seed announced by the Lord. Abraham was then aged one hundred and ninety Sara. The Holy Patriarch was very tormented at the thought that his age and that of his wife would probably be a good great obstacle to the fulfillment of the word of God: he believed however to this word in intimate persuasion that God would operate for him a prodigy. While it was delivered to these anxieties, God said unto him again: "Sarah your wife will give you.

(1) Gen. c. XVII. 15, 16. 6a

-66a son named Isaac. I will make a Covenant with him and his descendants so that my Covenant with them is eternal. (1) 'Sara conceived and bore a son in his old age, at the time that God had predicted for him. Abraham called the name of Isaac his son who was born to Sara. And the circumcised the eighth day according to the commandment that he had received from God... And Sara said: God made me smile with joy: anyone who will know it, will take part in my smile of happiness. (2) Hebrew-Chaldean, Isaac derives from the verb tsachak, smile of satisfaction, be commended, and the meaning is in connection with the sacred text. By examining the term Isaac in his Celtic composition, we discover the infallible assurance of the fulfillment of the divine promises, insurance that should deliver Abraham from all the torments of mind caused by the sight of a natural inability - to ease (ise) issue, - to hag, torment. Isaac inherited not only great wealth from his father, but his faith and obedience to the Lord also. Before their birth, his two sons, Esau and Jacob, - to jog,

(1) Gen. c. XVII. 19. (2) Gen. c. XXI. 2-6.

67push, stir, - up (eup) top, top coats, - doute in the bosom of their mother Rebecca, and it frightened, inquired of the Lord who said: ' two nations are in your womb, two peoples divided against each other will emerge from them; one of these peoples will overcome the other people and the eldest will be subject to the youngest. "The elder of the two children was hairy and he was named Esau; his brother was called Jacob. Esau also bore the name of Seir - to say (se) tell - hair (her) hair - confirming the note contained in the holy books on strange hair which covered his body. The name of Esau - to haze (heze) scare, - how (TREV) how, in what way - refers to the fury which he was seized when his brother Jacob after he first purchased his birthright, it delights the paternal blessing. Hatred of Esau became so violent that Jacob, full of dread, was forced to flee his father's House and hide some time at Laban. It is pushed, excited by the insistence and the advice of his mother Rebecca grater (repeat) the action of delight, carry, - to egg, push, excite - that Jacob had consented to use

(1) Gen. c. XXV. 23.

-68cunning mother to remove the blessing to his brother Esa. Jacob spent 14 years with his uncle Laban - to lap, wrap, twist, - to hand, grabbefore marrying Rachel. This time was for him a true time of painful harassment he wanted to mark in the name of Rachel - to rack, harass, torment - garlic (el) to cause pain. Multiplied torment suffered in the House of Laban allowed Jacob to say with truth to Lia and Rachel: "you know that I have served your father with all my strength. He has even used deception towards me, and changed ten "times that I had to have the reward: and however"God does not allowed to harm me."' (1) It is known by how particular sequence of events God led in Egypt the Patriarch Jacob and his numerous children. Joseph, the joy of his mother Rachel and hope to her fertility, (2) to joy (vilmaford) rejoice, welcomed, safe (sefe) except non-risk had to give his brother the eastern part of Egypt, and the

(1) Gen. c. XXXI. 6-7. (2) Gen. c. XXX. 23 24.

-69Hebrews is were multiplied to the point that the Pharaoh who later ruled the country, ignoring the immense services rendered by Joseph to his Kingdom, resolved to stop by all means this propagation, disturbing for its shadowy policy. The most unfair measures were imposed against the male children of the Hebrews who came to the world, and order was given thrown into the waters of the Nile. While young children were thus exterminated, public officers ethnically the Hebrews under the weight of crippling work and made their lives quite bitter.

V
MOSES AND THE HEBREWS IN THE DESERT.

Moses was born in the middle of these deplorable circumstances, and his mother, after have kept it hidden for three months, exhibited it on the edge of the river where God, by a merciful provision of his Providence, attracted the Pharaoh's daughter. Touched by the beauty of the child, she adopted it for his son and named him Moses, because, she said, I removed it from the water." (1)

(1) Exodus, c. II. 10.

-70The name of Moses refuses to rigorous interpretation by the Hebrew-Chaldean; Moreover, this name is an allusion to the particular position of the child raised in Pharaoh's Court and to the action of the daughter of the King withdrawing this child of the river where it was exposed. The adoption of Moses by Pharaoh's daughter had issued him the work fields and appalling oppression under which groaned his brothers. It was, therefore, obliged to harvest, transport fruits collected in the barns arranged for this purpose, and this is the very simple and very clear explanation of the name of Moses to the Celtic language - to mow (MB), harvesting, faucher, - to ease (ise), issue. -Josephus notes that the name of Moses, the issued water, was Egyptian composition, because said, mo indicates water and ise translates issue. It is likely that the name Egyptian given to Moses by Pharaoh's daughter meant that she had saved from the waters of the Nile, while that by which the Hebrews brothers knew him, mainly related to his education at the King's Court. We will not insist on the miraculous event whereby God led the Hebrew people through the desert to put in possession of the land of Chanaan per hour

-71by his Providence; We only add a few terms that are a much sensitive demonstration of the language spoken at the time by the descendants of Jacob. Engaged in the desert, the people after three days of walking in this arid contree, came from a fountain whose waters were unfit to drink because of their bad taste, and he began to murmur. Moses began in prayer and the Lord showed him a shrub which he threw the wood in water, and they became very soft. The water of this fountain named Mara was not only bitter; they were still corrupt, and this repulsive corruption is well indicated by the Celtic verb to mar, spoil. Arriving in little way Sin from the Sinai desert, the Hebrews who consumed made provisions of Egypt, fought to violent murmurs against their leader, and then Moses said to them: "tonight, you will know that it is ' the Lord who has learned you from Egypt, and tomorrow morning you'll see popping the glory of the Lord... Moses ' added: the Lord will give you flesh tonight to 'eat and in the morning he satiate you bread. " (1)

(1) Exod. c. XVI. 6-8.

-72Evening having come, a large number of quail covered the camp, and the morning living appear in the desert something grainy and as pounded mortar, that looked like White jelly which is covers the ground during the winter. Thus the Lord did burst its power to the Hebrews and this Sparkle power looks divine earned the name of Sin - shine (shaine), radiance to this part of the desert. -The people, at the sight of this extraordinary food to replace the bread, the essential food, cried: ' Man hu ? That is, what is this? Because they didn't know what it was." Moses said to them: "this is the bread that God"gives you dining. " (1) The two man hu words are quite worthy to be noticed; man, in Celtic, means critical, important, hand (men), and hu matches the Celtic word how (Hanaoka), how's that it way. The Hebrews had to be expressed as: "is that so the main food, hand how ? And they called man this food God distributed them during the whole time of their stay in the desert. They named it as well because it truly was the essential foundation for their food daily, taking

(1) Exod. c. XVI. 15.

-73instead of the wheat that they couldn't point to raise in their journey. We insist on this expression in a special way, the adjective because Celtic hand (men) main, essential, entered the compound of the words menir, dolmen, designating Celtic monuments, stones thrown, and it becomes a precious help for the explanation of these expressions covered up to this point with an impenetrable veil. Moses was still in the wilderness of Sin when Jethro his father-in-law came him bring back his wife and children. The name of Jethro, prince and priest of Midian, is interesting. It summarizes the advice given to Moses for the establishment of lower judges to make justice to the people in the more affluent business and the most common. Jethro having seen Moses hard to do justice to the people that presented itself to him from the morning until the evening, said to him: ' why are you so against the people? Why are you only sit to judge him, so ' what people expected from the morning until the evening? You're not a good thing. You get tired so recklessly, you and your "people, by unnecessary work: this occupation surpasses" your strengths and you will be able to support it only.

-74But listen to the Council I have to give you, and God will be with you." Be hardworking people for things that look at God... and to learn what to do to please the Lord. Choose from the people closed men and "fearing God, full of truth and enemies of avarice, and ' give driving to thousand men each, other ' one hundred others to fifty, and other ten. They reserve for you the great deals and that they ' felt only the smallest: thus burden of the ' justice being shared with others, will become you more 'light.'(1) Moses followed these opinions whose wisdom was evident and distributing the burden of Justice, he was thus protected against a quite overwhelming occupation, that he had thought to be able to carry out without succumbing. The name of Jethro reproduced with accuracy the bottom of the wise advice given to the inexperience of Moses - to Shade (chansopha), protect, shelter, - raw (rau) again, no experience. We should not be surprised to see brand new Moses in the Hebrew people's Government,

(1) Exod. c. XVIII. 13-22.

-75Since God had imposed this painful burden for six weeks only. Forty-eight days after the release of Egypt, the Hebrews reached the Sinai. In this place, the people received the Lord's religious, political and judicial precepts which should govern. The Act was proclaimed in the middle of the blazing light, noise of shards of incessant Thunder, and in the vast splendour of a mountain on fire. This brilliant device in the proclamation of the Act did give to this mountain the name of Sinai - to shine (shaine) shine, sparkle, burst - to eye (ai) look, have the eye on. -At the top of the Sinai where God had called him, Moses was instructed to build the tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant, and the Lord called unto his servant namely the two men he had met intelligence, wisdom and science to invent what art can do with the gold, silver and bronze. The interpretation of Bezeleel - bezel (bezel), kitten with a ring - to lay (le), put, projecting, - to ell, measure, - and Ooliab, - wool (ououl) wool-, to eye (ai) have the eye on, - abb, fabric of wool, - learn us that Bezeleel had beaten gold the two Cherubim - share (shere) share - up (eup) top - placed on each side of the mercy seat, while

-76that Ooliab was responsible for running the rich embroidery of the curtains of the tabernacle and for the Department of the high priest clothing. (1) After more than one year stay at the foot of the Sinai, the people Hebrew, led by the divine hand, was brought into the great solitude of Pharan - to fare (Fazi) pass, traveling, - to hand, lead by the hand - where their tents remained upright until he received orders to proceed to the promised land to take possession. Moses had sent are explorers, and the Hebrews knew the land of Chanaan ratios Joshua was one of these explorers, and possibly also their leader, because on this occasion Moses changed the name he previously wore in that of Joshua. The conduct of the nation was, later, entrusted to Joshua when Moses, shortly before his death, he addressed these words before all the people assembled: "be firm and brave, because" it is you who will do enter this people into the land that God "has sworn to their fathers to give them, and you also who will share it to the fate. (2)

(1) Exod. c. XXXI. (2) Deut. c. XXXI. 7.

-77-

VI

JOSHUA - JESUS SAVIOUR. -GOLIATH AND DAVID.

The mission of Joshua was well determined by these words. It was established war Chief of the Hebrews, was to conquer the land of Chanaan and share lots between the tribes, but the Authority received became point hereditary in his family: he had simply to serve as lieutenant of the Lord, and God had reserved in an absolute way the command of his people. On the Hebrew God's direct Government lasted from out of Egypt until the day where the people demanded a King with the same rights as the Kings of neighbouring nations. Samuel, to whom the people was addressed for the monarchical Government, received this proposal with displeasure and offered his prayers to God for knowledge of his will, "and the Lord said to him: Listen to the voice of this people in all that they tell you; because it's not you, but it is 'me they release, so I reign point on them... '. But first let them understand and declare-"their law of the King who will command them. Samuel exhibited to the Hebrews this
7

-78that would be for them the Royal authority that they seek with such insistence; but "the people refused to listen to these ' explanations: no, they say unto him, we want a King that governs us. (1) The resistance of Samuel to insult the people speaking to God by its application, the response of the Lord and the obstinacy of the people demonstrate clearly the direct exercise of divine authority on the Hebrews. This theocratic government is engraved in the name of Joshua, or Iehosuah, as the Hebrew text. The first part of this name consists of letters, i, he, u, i, enclosed in Jehovah, and the second part includes the verb to sway (soue), govern, order; These two parties, in their meeting, produce Iosoue, i.e., Government of Jehovah. The Hebrew-Chaldean language is powerless to literally translate Joshua. The expression that she could move forward for its interpretation is iehoscua, Savior, and she is still strong away from the exact composition of Joshua. Also the Hebrew translation of Joshua by iehoscua, Savior, did assume that the name of Jesus, Savior and Redeemer of the genus

(1) First ship Kings. v. VIII.

-79human, should derive from the same root. because the Angel appearing to saint Joseph addressed him these words: ' Joseph son of David, fear not to take with ' you Mary your wife, because what is born in it, is "book of the Holy Ghost: and she bear a son who" you give the name of Jesus: indeed, it will save him-"even its people issuing sins. (1) The meaning of Savior and liberator should be enclosed in the name of the Lord Jsus, according to the explanation of the Angel, and the expression of meaning is perfectly made by two Celtic verbs to ease (ise), issue, to sway (soue) order, govern, that perfectly match the Hebrew characters reproduced in issa, Jesus, and constitute a notable difference between the name of Joshua and Jesus. The Arabic language confirms this difference between the two names; It is known that the Arabs translated, Jesus son of Mary, by Bason Mariam. These easy interpretations of Hebrew names in the language of the Tectosages prove that this last language was the first time. To complete the evidence and the

(1) Saint Math v. i. 21.

-80make, as it were, tangible, we still try to break down the two names of Goliath and David. Nobody ignores the incidents of the single combat between David and Goliath. However, it is necessary to recall some details that perfectly explain the name given by the Hebrews to the philistine giant. The army of the Philistines and Saul soldiers were in the presence when Goliath is placing before the battalions of Israel screaming them: ' why ' you come to battle? I'm not philistine, and "you servants of Saul? Choose a man amongst ' you, and he comes to fight alone. '' "If he can fight me and hit me, we will be your 'slaves';" But if I am winning and that I the 'kills, you will be our slaves and you will use. And the philistine said: "I challenged today all the" battalions of Israel and I told them: give me a man, ' and he comes to fight me. However this philistine arose to combat the morning "and in the evening, and it thus for forty days. (1)

(1) First ship of the Kings. c. XVII. 8-16.

-81The goal, the end of the fight by the philistine was the subjugation of the loser to the winner; looking at the stature of the giant, the Hebrews were seized with fear, and the philistine bold was able to throw forty times its challenge to the bravest soldiers of Saul, without nobody dare raise it, - goal (gol), goal, end, to eye (ai) Watch, watch, - to add, add up. However a handsome young man, unworthy of these outrages, arming themselves only a slingshot and a stick, offered to defeat Goliath on behalf of the Lord of hosts. The giant went forth a scornful air; but "David hastened and 'ran to fight.'" He put the hand in the breadbox, it in ' took a stone, the he started with his Sling - davit (Allan) reel - and slew a philistine at the front. Stone "sank into the front of the philistine, and he fell face ' against earth, (1) - to dive (Dai) - sink, - to hit, 'strike.'" " These examples seem to us have to be sufficient to provide solid support for this assertion that the language Celtic and in reality the primitive language, and we will not further continue this beginning of etymological studies on posterity of Sem.

(1) 1 pounders of the Kings. c. XVII. 48, 49. 7A

CHAPTER III

PUNIC LANGUAGE
I
AFRICA - PHUTH - NUMIDIAN AND MOORS

Among the descendants of Cham will adopt only Phuth, his third son, think the commentators on Holy Scripture be the strain of the original inhabitants of North Africa. The African continent presents the most striking contrast. In the parts traversed by considerable streams, heat with the soil moisture produced in trees and plants vegetation vigor and admirable power, but in areas where rivers have a low water volume, freshness, and fertility dispa-

-83appear under the action of a blazing sun and the desert appears with its scary aridity. In the most extensive of these deserts, the Sahara, huge Plains of burning sand unfold at the looks. The dangers are extreme, as impetuous blast of the simoun, restless sands roll like waves from a raging sea. Woe to travelers encountered by the simoom, in his fast running, engaged in these pernicious vicinity! The raised sand surrounds them, seized them, buried them under the weight of his piled masses - afer (efeur) wind Southwest, rick (rik) a heap. Although it appears indispensable, speaking of Africa, to care for the Egyptians, however we will leave aside and their monuments and the long list of their kings. The Egyptian labyrinth and Mesraim, first King of the country, just stop us a moment. Mesraim, second son of Cham, offers us evidence of safety and the veracity of the statements of Moses in the enumeration of the chiefs of people of the three sons of Noah and institutions he attributes them, assertions which are a strong scientific basis. Mesraim is famous as the first King of Egypt: it deserves nevertheless to be otherwise reported because of an architectural fantasy bequeathed by him to the centuries

-84future and including them in their ingratitude forgot the author. Elders had built some monuments called mazes, in different countries and most renowned were that of Crete assigned to Maze, and that of Egypt, including the scholar architect had remained unknown. Herodotus is the work of twelve Kings Egyptian labyrinth, while Pliny think only Tithoes needs to claim the glory. The description given by Herodotus of this building, twelve Palace were locked up in a single enclosure. Fifteen hundred apartments, mixed with terraces, were arranged around twelve main halls, and communications were provided so that those who engaged in the Palace were powerless to find the exit. Still, there were fifteen hundred underground apartments. This construction was a monument dedicated to the Sun, as Pliny seems to believe it, or well was it intended for the burial of the Kings? Was it not rather a caprice, a fantasy of a skilful architect, whose men had lost the memory? Only Mesraim can we put on the track and show us the end of this labyrinth of assumptions, admitting that he is the author of this strange, formed of long rows of apartments, and due to a fan-imagination building,

-85imagination to a whim of his spirit - maze (meze) labyrinth, or well yet to maze (meze) lost, embarrass, - row (ro) row file - whim (houim), caprice, fancy. Mesraim delivers his secret without difficulty, does not similarly Phuth, third son of Cham. This bizarre name presents itself, in its monosyllabic form, no sense whose spirit can declare itself satisfied. It must be divided into two syllables, and then it offers a reasonable meaning accurately related to the character and Libyes peoples clothing and Gaetules including Cush was the father. Enemies declared Egyptians, which they differed in a very sensitive way, the Libyes and the Gaetules lived the nomadic life, wandering across the prairies - lea (li), prairie - by (bai), through - and were noticed by the particular shape of their coats, - to get (watchtowers) have - hull, outdoor blanket, a coat. -The distinguishing sign of the mantle of the Gaetules was in the CAP, and the Algerian burnous us appears to be a traditional part of the clothing worn by Cush and its descendants. The Gaetules we have only permits, by the sight of their coats hooded, enter the composition of the name of Cush their ancestor - foe (fo) enemy, - to hood (HUD), put a Cap.

-86In its written on the war supported by Jugurtha against the Romans, Sallust gives some interesting details on the original inhabitants of North Africa. According this author, Africa would have been first occupied by the Gaetules and the Libyes. They were, he said, a harsh and uncompromising nature, fed spontaneous fruits of the soil and the flesh of the wild beasts. Laws, the heads, the civilization they were unknown. wandering hither from there, they stopped in the place where the night was coming to surprise them. But continuous Sallust, after the death of Hercules, arrived in Spain following the belief of Africans, an army of various peoples and deprived of its leader, spread on all sides. The Medes, the Persians and Armenians who were part of his army, crossed the sea on vessels and seized our sea. The Persians went mainly on the side of the Ocean: point finding in fields the materials necessary for the construction of their houses, they used overturned hulls of their ships as habitation. They mingled in the Gaetules by alliances, and as they were often changing place according to the fertility of the campaigns they encountered, they gave to themselves the name of Numidia. To the rest,.

-87constructions of Numidia of the campaign, oblong and covered with brick arched (channel tiles) are called by them mapalia. The Libyes allied themselves with the Medes and Armenians: they occupied the land bathed by the African sea, while the Gaetules lived more in the distance inland, in the country burned by a blazing sun. The Libyes possessed towns early, and, separated from the Spain by a simple Strait, they were doing the trade. Little by little the Libyes alter their name and is called, in their barbaric language, moors instead of Medes. Affairs of the Persian soon became prosperous; and soon after, away from their fathers because of their too large number, they occupied, as Numidians, the country around Carthage and that it has appointed Numidia. Subjugating little by little their neighbors, they had a name full of glory; because the Gaetules were more warlike than the Libyes: Finally, the lower part of Africa fell under the domination of the Numidians, and all those they had vanquished, joined them and took their name. All these information provided by Sallust are valuable and spread some light on the origins of these African, but we

-88are surprised that it deprives them free of laws, heads and civilization. They could well do not have laws written; However it is difficult to deny them traditions certainly forming the basis of their legislation. Little, indeed, is what notable difference is introduced into the lives of these people since they live African land. Always covered their coats hooded, constantly looking for new Prairie which can provide their herds an abundant food, retaining their nomadic babitudes, throughout the centuries we find them again, to little, such as Sallust describes. Houses built that refers to the latin author by mapalia - to map, trace, - hall, housing, - were unable to give up most of the population to travel the country in all directions to drive the herds in meadows new and cooler - new (Xiaoyu) new,mead (mid) prairie. The Numidians were owners of beautiful horses, and we know with what care careful Africans raise in order to communicate all the nervous energy and how hard they want to see in them. Nevertheless, despite the strength of these great beasts, the Numidians were powerless to cross the huge

-89deserts of Africa; only camels were pro pre to browse these vast solitudes, due to its extreme simplicity and unique available to his stomach which contains a pocket filled with water, (1) constituting an admirable reserve that allows him to spend several days without drinking. Camels are many in West Africa and the Moors look at them with good reason as the main wealth of a family. The former Libyes and Gaetules well knew the reason for the sobriety of the camel and the ease with which he travelled long days, without stopping at a source in order to appease thirst; also used it rather than the horse for venturing in the middle of the deserts. This regular use of the camel in travel, and some knowledge of the Pocket full of water contained in the stomach of this animal useful are the cause of the Moors, given name to Libyes mixed Armenians and Medes in Western Africa, - maw (mau) paunch, jabot, - to wear (ouer), use, carry for use. - Maw (mau) means of the camel, because in the language of the Tectosages, a cloth made from camel's hair is called mohair. Sallust, adopting the African belief, die Herculeen Spain, and claims that its guer-

(1) Daubenton. Cuvier.

-90Mulberry leaving Iberia passed on the African land. For us, we will try to support us on some facts narrated by mythology, and despite its access of dementia, she will leave to escape some glow on this historic point. Mauritania was the garden of the Hesperides containing trees with Golden Apples for her. A hundred-headed dragon was attendant to their custody, and eyes ever open on the precious fruit, he pushed horrendous hissing. Hercules had promised to Eurystheus, King of Mycenae, to bring him the golden apples of the garden of the Hesperides. He moved in Mauritania, in the middle of the Atlantis, slew the dragon and, seizing Golden Apples, he returned triumphant offer them to Eurystheus. By changing the name of the hero of this story, the story of Sallust appears all lit by the light of the true truth. The Gallic nation is represented by Hercules and mythology itself gives us the thread, saying that Galatians, Warrior famous for his exploits and virtues, and also King of the Gauls, was son of Hercules. She insinuates us so what Hercules, i.e. the heroic family Gallic, similar to a tide rising and invasive, after Europe, has reached the heart of the Spain, and saw his inordinate flow expire

-91by the long and stubborn resistance by the Iberians. Only part of the huge army crossed the sea and has hold of magnificent valleys located at the foot of the Atlas mountains, where abundant grow orange and lemon trees with their splendid apples of gold. The Atlantis, Libyes and Gaetules lived with the conquerors and became powerful Numidian cavalry was so feared by the Romans and the Moors. II
THE GENERALS OF CARTHAGE - THE NUMIDIAN KINGS.

The Numidian saw later a colony of Phoenicians address on their sides and establish institutions. The city of Carthage was built, 888 years before Jesus Christ, by Dido, Princess let. Engaged in commerce, Carthage is enriched, grew rapidly and expanded its possessions on the African coast and on the sides of the Spain, attractive especially by its gold and silver mines. Became warrior by the obligation which is imposed on it to support his business, it raised armies of mercenary soldiers to which she could not

-92hardly rely. Numidia, the Iberians, Gauls are abounded, but these warriors of borrowing remained only to its service, when a skillful general knew lead them to a victory and looting. A losing battle scenarios in fury these foreign soldiers, and they slaughtered the unhappy generals who had been unable to lead their impetuous momentum. This need to defeat contains in itself the secret of the skill of the brilliant and fearless General Carthaginians. The Phoenicians, founders of Carthage, speak the Canaanite language and this language, despite many differences was to accuse a close resemblance to that of Numidia. But is - such property to the language of the Carthaginians that must be Punic name, and this name does belong there not rather than that of Numidia and Moors? We believe that the Numidian language can easily claim, and by examining closely the current language of the Kabyle people, ensure that it is made of games of words and therefore the only Punic - to pun (burp) make puns. This assertion will not appear unfounded, if we compare the names of illustrious generals Carthaginians cited by history with those of the Numidian Kings, and will be felt in the names

-93own Carthaginian some resistance to interpretation, while the names own Numidian will very gladly monosyllabic forming them. Amilcar, father of the famous Hannibal, had given in Sicily against the Romans of indisputable evidence of military skill. Continuing a stubborn hard prosperity and extension of the Carthaginian - to aim (em) empire, lead - weal (where it), prosperity, - to care (Kang), get in trouble for, - he submitted the coast of Africa to the Great Ocean, and passing in Spain, he seized the West coast of this country. He had on his repeated instances, brought with him the young Hannibal, to introduce him to the direction of an army and warrior science. Amilcar was also with him, said Cornelius Nepos, a beautiful young man, Hasdrubal, they reproached him to love many more that should have been. From there it happened, the Inquisitor of morals he defended keep Hasdrubal in his house. Amilcar then took the party to give his daughter in marriage to this young man; He was in their manners, that could not defend a son-in-law to live with his father-in-law. We report this fact adds Cornelius Nepos, because after the death of Amilcar killed in a battle, Hasdrubal became the
8

-94Chief of the army. Hannibal took command after the death of Hasdrubal is murdered by the slave of a Lusitanian leader. The fact narrated by Cornelius Nepos gives the intelligence of the formation of the name of Hasdrubal. Pressed by the Inquisitor of manners, Amilcar wanting to stop annoying noises and wanting to however keep Hasdrubal with him, hastened him to give his daughter in marriage - to haste (heste), hasten, - row (raou) noise-, to pall (paul), kill, weaken. The presence of Hasdrubal in his father's House and his elevation to the head of the army after the death of Amilcar last for Hannibal be a source of trouble; Indeed, subject to command to his brother-in-law, the rise of his military genius was continually compressed. Also the was called with reason Annibal, i.e., annoyed by tasteless survive as a junior officer, - to annoy (quest'annoi), bored, to pall (paul) become insipid. We do not have to report the exploits of this great captain; they are quite known and are also point to our purpose. The difficulty of interpretation presented by these proper names of Carthaginian generals no longer exists in those of the Numidian Kings and Celtic expressions take place with the greatest ease.

-95After the Second Punic War, Carthage had lost everything, his empire, his wealth, his business: he had barely left life, Mandal, head of Numidia and ally of the Romans, sought to remove him. This Numidian, who lived a century, stood still night and day on horseback, at the age of ninety years, harassing the Carthaginian unfortunates without truce or thank you. Indomitable jumper, Mandal didn't know the rest in a house or in hostels which he made profession of mocking, mass, clusters to inn, lodging in a hostel, - to hiss, mocking. After victories on the Carthaginians and the ' taking the Syphax - to see (If), think, - to face (fee) "face, brave, whose empire stretched away in"Africa, the Roman people gave to King Masinissa all 'cities and lands he had taken from his hand."" (1) The old Numidian always remained the faithful ally of the Romans and left his Kingdom to his son Micipsa. two other sons, Mathews and Gulussa, were abducted by the disease. Sallust silent on their lives, simply name them and establishing single-

(1) Sallust, bell. Jug.

-96ment that Mathews was the father of Jugurtha. Mathews did not probably the wild energy of his father Mandal, as its name declares appalled to become the leader of a nation so considerable, - mass, cluster - assembled, thane (theme) Chief, - to appal, frighten. - as for Gulussa, its name clearly showed his habits of deception to gull (gueull) fool, trick, to use (iouse) get used, use-. Macipsa, head of the Numidian became known that by the weakness of his character, letting lose and missing all the opportunities to further enlarge the immense territory bequeathed by his father, - to miss, Miss, lose, - to heap (hip) piling, - to say (se), say, tell-. This prince had adopted his nephew Jugurtha and did enter into the Kingdom with her two sons, Adherbal and Hiempasl sharing. Darling of the Romans because the warlike quality which he had evidence at the siege of Numantia, where Zahir had sent him with hope secret of see him perish, admired as the most ardent Hunter lions and the more bold jumper throughout Africa, Javaid was devoured ambition of owning only Numidia. Relying on the venality of the Romans, he ordered the first murder

-97Hiempsal - to eye (ai) examine, - to aim (em) direct, - sale (sele), sale, market, the youngest of his rivals. Adherbal bothered him again; because the Senate had shared the Numidia between him and Adherbal. Jugurtha adds another crime, besieged, despite the opposition of the Romans, Adherbal, in a town where he had taken refuge, grabs the last heir of Micipsa and does die in torment, - to add, add, - heir (her), heir, to pall (paul), shoot down-. Jugurtha was therefore, by two awful crimes, to the throne of Numidia, and it was well just name related it to future generations - to juke (djiouke), rise, - to hurt (striking), harm, do wrong-. Delivered to the Romans by the treachery of Bocchus - to balk (bauk), wrong his father-in-law, King of Mauritania - maw (mau) belly - to wear (ouer) porter, carry for use, - to hit, hit, -hand, hand, Jugurtha was thrown into a dark Dungeon where he made perish by the tortures of hunger. After the conquest of Roman Numidia, colleges were established in major African cities for the study of Latin and Greek letters: Nevertheless, the Punic language point ceased to be spoken in its integrity; and
8A

-98which proves, it is the Punic name towards the end of the fourth century after Christ, the greatest genius that Africa has produced, saint Augustine. A twentyeight year old sentence, with all human knowledge taught at that time, he professed vividly rhetoric to Carthage and a few years after in Milan where he was baptized by saint Ambrose in 387. Intelligence high, greedy all science and truth, subtle and penetrating, mind having a rousing speech and reasoning of an unshakable logic, St. Augustine certainly deserved the name of Eagle of the assemblies, it gave him with justice and happiness - hawk (hauk), Falcon, hustings (heusstings), assembly room. III
KABYLE LANGUAGE.

It is admitted in the history that the Carthaginians were distinguished from other peoples by the finesse and cunning. Put at the service of trade, this spirit of ruse had produced a cunning black, and this last vice was so well known that, to express the more egregious bad faith, said faith Punic or Carthaginian. However the -99bad faith was point for only the Carthaginians and Gulussa, son of Masinissa, us has sufficiently built on usual deception of his manners and the Numidian also. The Berbers are the undisputed descendants of Numidia and under a name affect a different form, the quibbling character of this people show themselves openly accusing of the formation of the Kabyle name - to cavil, quibble. - Les Maures, relatively to the chicane, have nothing to envy to the inhabitants of Grande Kabylie South of the Atlas mountains. Each and others are missing no opportunity to prove how many are large their bad faith and their perfidy. The Berbers of the Algerian mountains deserve the name of Berbers, attributed to them, the rest, with good reason. Of amazing sobriety, a little bread and a few dried figs are sufficient to their food, and their homes, of extreme distress, mark in the customs of this people used to poverty and the energy to endure deprivation of any welfare - to bear (ber) supporter-, to bare (bere) Strip. The Berbers show a great honesty in their relations. It came without

-100

doubt that, for many centuries, Christianity has been flourishing in their countries; and this cause is more than sufficient for the morals of a people accuse the profound change that is operated by the correct practice of the Evangelical precepts. Despite Muslim despotism that has saturated them of Mohammedanism, Berbers have point lost the memory of the Christian religion, and they show with pride the tattooed cross they wear on their hands or on their arm. Traditions have a large place in the mores of the Algerian Berbers; This trait of resemblance to the Celtic family highly demonstrates the truth of the assertions of Sallust. You can see still bloom in their midst the constitution that once governed the Gaul and such as the described Caesar. Was told several times, said general Daumas in his ' writes La Kabylie, the Kabilie was the Switzerland of the Algeria. If this comparison is just a point of view "topographic, it is no less to the point of view of 'the constitution political.'" Considered as a whole, the "Kabylie is an agglomeration of tribes who govern themselves" themselves, according to principles that the tradition and use introduced in manners.

-101"But what primarily distinguishes the Organization" Federal Switzerland of Kabylie, it is among "the first, the character of permanence." "" The federation, "being in the second only accidental, is reduced to the" proportions of an alliance born of the necessities of time 'and stops with them. ' " The character dominating of the Kabyle constitution is thus the absolute independence of the 'tribe against the other tribes';" each tribe, in short "form a separate State." This singular of Algerian Kabyle organization finds obviously the Gallic influence exerted in the middle of the ancient Gaetules and Libyes, and it is not until their facial features that have confirmed the presence of the Celts in the North of Africa, since, says even the general Daumas, "many Berbers have blue eyes and red hair. May be these environmental characteristics to the mix from the invading vandals: but as this last people also belonged to the family of Gomer, he had to reproduce the characters printed in the Berbers by the first Gallic blood mixing more strongly. We noticed how easily the Punic language, by his word games, knew create proper names of men. Common names

-102also offer similar combinations and are in several associated monosyllabic, entire sentences with a rigorous and precise meaning. We will choose in the Kabyle language some of these expressions to be noted carefully what wonderful words, nouns or verbs, are composed. The ancient inhabitant of North Africa were point probably bees, whose swarms spreading freedom in the hollow of tree trunks or the rock crevices. These bees, little accustomed to the vicinity of men and animals, cruelly tormenting travellers who passed near their home and disturbed the tranquility of their market by their bitter bites. This is the meaning of the word bee, Kabyle, thizizouith, plural thizizoua - to tease (tiz), torment - ease (ize) peace, - way (oue) path-. We use for this interpretation plural thizizoua ; However in us freeing own singular or plural endings, the meaning of thizizouith becomes even easier and clearer, since it was the buzz of the insect that unwelcome and disorder the rest to tease (tiz) annoy - ease (ize), rest - to whiz (houiz), bourdon-.

-103NER. The word honey in Kabyle tament, reproduces this thought that the sweetness eventually tame and tame - to tame (teme), tame, tame, to end, finish. The Punic terms are certainly the exact expression of the habits of these peoples, and this truth manifests itself with power in the word crawl in Kab. mour' HRE. We crawl it forward like the snake, but for a Numidian, is to engage in the tall grass of a swamp and moving forward without be seen - moor (Mert), swamp, - to head (hed), drive-. The verb overwhelm in Kab. r'ot, tells us what think this people of a man who can be surprised by the heat, raw (rau), new, inexperienced,- hot, hot, hot; -It is, indeed, without experience in their scorching sun to expose himself to his zeal at certain times of the day. When Sallust transmits to us the Libyes and the Gaetules lived as nomads, he forgets to tell us that the bare earth they hardly liked to take their rest. It was really too painful layer; also did care to address them by extending their tired members on a good 'mat' in Kab. aguerthil, - to ake (eke), hurt,

-104be painful, - earth (erth), Earth, - to heal (hil), remedy. We believe that the Numidian, due to their fiery nature, liked the noise and strife; but their language denies this thought; because a man engaged in the DIN is a man 'abject' amekrouth, - to make (Mart), - row (raou), noise noise-. There is, in the Kabyle, although language of monosyllabic expressions; in these words and their Celtic counterparts, there is always a striking correlation of ideas. So grind in Kab. zed, refers to to sate (Ste), satiate: engulf in Kab. Sanghvi ', derivative to sear (sir), burn: night, Kab. HDI, comes to heed (hid), beware: vilify in Kab. simes, isames, matches to shame (cheme) do shame. This warlike people knew the good sword combat, and, in the strong hand of his warriors, this straight sword fell on the head of the enemy with a sharp hissing sound; sword in Kab. translates iskim, - to hiss, hiss, - keen (kin) acute, row.-. The verb abdicate retains in the Numidian language a sense perfect: we give, we, this expression taken by itself, the meaning

-105a voluntary surrender to the sovereign power: the Numidian saw a heir to the throne, chosen sometimes freely, and in many circumstances received by force, that is imposed: abdicate in Kab. translates tekher, - to take (teke), take, receive, heir (her), the heir. It is not up to our vulgar salt in Kab. thaqsoult, who did the honors of a compound word, - to take (teke), take, - to salt (sault), season with salt, add salt. We could add other Kabyle words with their decomposition and their meanings next to it. but the examples are enough to show in the Punic language a perfect derivation of language that preceded Babel. We must point finish this short overview, without interpreting the term aroumi applied by the Kabyle to the French. Taken collectively, the French are known, in Kabylia, under the name of Afransis; but the French taken in itself is, for the Berber, the man who tamed it, which it has surpassed in Warrior value, before whom he must bow as it defers to the superiority, and to contain his admiration, the French in a single word, it is "the great" - aroumi, - roomy (Rumi), grand-.

CHAPTER IV.

FAMILY OF JAPHETH.

I
GOMER AND HIS SONS.

We have already noted that Gomer, eldest son of Japheth, was the heir of the tangible qualities distinguishing his brothers Shem and ham Japheth. Gomer is the strain of the Celtic family, and St. Jerome, as well as Josephus did not hesitate to call his descendants Gomeriens and Cimmerians. According to saint Jerome, the Galatians in Asia belong to the same family Cimmerienne or Cimbrian. Most of these Galatians were Tectosages, who came from the South of Gaul to the pursuit of warlike adventures. -107The three sons of Gomer, Askenez, Riphath, and Thogorma are appointed by Holy Scripture because they were leaders of peoples. Some descendants of Askenez - to ask, demand, - keen (Physio), very cold, penetrating, - haze (heze), fog, mist,-towards the North of Europe, not feared to set in a country with the intense fogs, Germania, named by the Hebrews Askenez, while others settled in Asia near the Medes. They became allies in the war against Babylon, and with the Medes they vandalized this city, after these words of Jeremiah: "Call against Babylon the Kings of Ararat, Menni and Askenez." (1)

Josephus thought that Riphath and her children occupied the Paphlagonia, on the southern banks of the Pontus Euxinus, and this seems eligible property; because the name of Riphath indicates a sailor very versed in manoeuvres related to the wing of the vessels, - to reef (gir), take some rice, carguer sails, - to add, add-. As for Thogorma that the same Josephus think inhabited great Phrygia, its name

(1) Jer. c. 51. v. 27.

-108would reveal the inventor of silk fabrics - tow (to), tow, tow, - to hawk (hauk), peddle- worm (oueurm), worm. Other children of Gomer that Genesis does not name, remained with him and formed the huge Celtic family, who came to establish the centre of its dominance in Gaul, after crossing, following the course of the Danube, Europe - to err, here and there, go - to hope (hope) hope - still uninhabited. If we could know the former names children of Gomer have left after them in their slow migration to the West, it seems believable that these names would be easily explained by the language of the Tectosages and would provide valuable information on their market and their various stages across Europe. II
TUBAL AND THE IBERIANS.

Among the brethren of Gomer, Tubal Tubal is the only one that interests us right now. It was set with his family or his people at the foot of the mountains of the Caucasus between the sea and the Pontus Euxinus

-109Caspian. This position was a tubal and her children's bold sailors, and its name justifies this thought, since Tubal means a House, a house shaped tub, - tub (Dick) tub, tub, - hall (haul) housing, room-. Ptolemy refers to the descendants of Tubal by the name of Tobeliens, while Josephus them is known as the Iberians. Some of these Iberian abandoned the country where they are were first propagated and is bringing, in the words of Basque traditions, under the leadership of Tharsis, nephew of Thubal, they fought against the perils of navigation, looking for a new land where they could settle, retaining their habits and their specific ways. It is quite strange to note that the name of Tharsis, head of the Iberians emigrants, is explained by the Celtic language as well as tubal. He reveals to us that the vessels of Iberians, whatever form they might have, were perfectly paved and in State of the seas - tar, tar, marine, - to size (saize), coat of slime-. The Iberians were already this name before heading to the Spain, or else the they received of the Celts when the two peoples clashed in southern Gaul? It would be hard to say in an absolute manner; garlic-.
9

-110their, the solution of this question seems to us necessary point. The only thing we wanted to point out is that the Iberians formed a population of clair-sown, when the Celts met and drowned, so to speak, in the flow of their vast nation. Transported by their vessels on the sides of the Hispanic peninsulas, while the Celts were slowly following the course of the Danube, it is not surprising that the Iberians have occupied the Spain with peace, and are spread on the ground still desert Gauls, until the arrival of the Celts has gradually pushed them beyond the Pyrenees. The Basques themselves with good reason as the true descendants of the Iberians, having fully preserved their traditions and a particular language. Some bold spirits would have wanted to make these Basques of primitive men, not related, no linkage with other human varieties they were preceded in the world. This thought is in complete contradiction with what Genesis tells us: "Noah had no sons who came out of the Ark, Shem,"ham and Japheth.' " These are the three sons of Noah: and it is "them what is output.

-111"any race of men who are on the Earth." (1) The Holy Scripture containing the unalterable truth, should any need that the basque language, we would like to be considered as pertaining to any other, is, in reality, only one of the many branches of primitive language. This language, preserved in the middle of the mountains by indomitable men of iron, a persistence and courage, has continued in a remarkable purity and shows in its formation a certain derivation of the language spoken by Noah and Japheth, because it is a compound whose elements are covered in the primitive language. The basque language is powerless to give a reasonable name thereby, since each of its terms already forms a complete sentence; and so, it has more basic words, to combine them and get to form new expressions stating the qualifications of men or of nature which she would like to present an accurate picture. This important fact explains how the Iberians had to undergo the

(1) Gen. c. IX. v. 18. 19.

-112names imposed by the Neimheid Gauls and that expressed by the association of Celtic monosyllabic, that they were themselves powerless to translate. Moreover, Cantabri, Gascons, Vardulles and Iberians names which they were given, are taken with so much truth in the thick of their manners, that it was impossible either to change or reject. Before explaining the specific names of these bast tribes, we will try to interpret a few Basque words so that its connection with the primitive language remains unmistakable. III
BASQUE LANGUAGE.

It is not without interest to notice, by the formation of the Basque words, how did at Babel confusion of language. New words no longer have the same simplicity, they express by the association of the primitive terms, sometimes figured proposals, sometimes depicting a historical and actual fact. These new combinations are also easy to observe in

-113the Kabyle language in the basque language: Nevertheless, it reproduces in greater purity and captures, so to speak, by the way, surprising philosophical thoughts, paintings of habits that leave nothing to be desired. In the language of the descendants of Tubal, men ' ghizonac', are beings with customs, i.e., unwritten laws, and as custom, or non-written law is the manifestation of the will set by reason, this definition of man by the term "ghizonac" relates perfectly to the most accurate definitions that have been made,guise (guaise), custom, - to own (on) have. -The ac syllable is in this word as the plural ending. These beings to customs preciously preserved the memory of bold, courageous actions and trusted them in memory of their children to transmit to posterity, and that is the meaning of 'history, kondera' - to con, learn by heart, - to dare (dere), dare to have the boldness-. Used to learn by heart of glow actions made by the Warriors, does not however prove that writing was unknown. The basque has the verb "write, ichkiribatzia."
9A

-114The existence of this verb in the language course requires characters specific to secure and transmit speech. Probably, we do not know the shape of the characters including the Basques were use; but this form is irrelevant, since it varies with each nation. We still don't know what paper they drew the characters in their writing; However, it would be unfair to deny them knowledge and the use of a solid substance and light as were the thin blades supplied by the papyrus from Egypt. The blades or tunics forming stem of papyrus were 20 approximately. Each tunic as a leaf, designing a single stem of a shrub of ten feet in height would provide numerous leaves of any length. These pressed, battered, glued, and polished sheets were the subject of a trade in the ancient world and all peoples had the faculty to use papyrus to write contracts of sale and purchase, the letters and agreements between individuals. We give these details because of the very curious "quire" expression inside the basque verb write, ichkiribatzia. Quire translates to Celtic by 'a paper hand' and the words together in ichkiribatzia says that to write, is to have the

-115itching to add, to accumulate, pile up the hands of paper, - to itch, itching, - quire (qouaire), a paper hand, - to heap (hip), piling, accumulate, - to add, add-. Brown complexion that makes stand out with so much ease the Iberians of the Celts, is recalled in the word 'face, bisaiya '; - bice (baice), pale green, - high (hated), very dark speaking of a color. The Celts included three distinct classes of people: priests, nobles and the people. This constitution is also found in the Tubalienne nation, since, with the death of an Iberian, vassal heir was paying a royalty to the Lord of the fief: this feature is unveiled by the term "heriotzea death", because heriot in the Celtic language, means the fee paid by the heir to the Lord of the fief to the death of the vassal. Moreover, the uses of the Celts seem to relive in the basque language; Thus a death is expressed by hilbat, i.e. a hill, hill, a mound: the syllable bat in hilbat is an indefinite article in French to one and one. The expression hilbat announces that the Iberians trusted their dead to the Earth, and however it is certain that, at least pen before some time, they have delivered to the flam-

-116My. The use of burning the dead on a pyre could well be introduced among the Iberians of Spain, whereas at the time of their language training they followed the practice of other peoples who crashed them. We know how much that people liked to fighting: the noise of weapons did smile, and die on the battlefield was the only ambition of a Warrior: also there is nothing surprising in what the term die 'hiltzia or hiltzea' presents the image of the sword - hilt, a sword handle. The iron, burdina, this heavy metal, - to burden, load embarrass, - formidable in their Warrior hands, was heavy as the loose arm; for that one single it was a burden, a burden and an embarrassment. Invincible soldier, they could not bear the disgrace of defeat; be vanquished, was for them have to undergo, shamefully sitting on a bench in their home, the outrageous boos of the enemy: such is the picturesque meaning of 'defeated, benzutua' - to bench, sit on a bench, - hut, hut - hue (Andrea), hootWhat disgrace to men valiant to be exposed, helpless, insults and derision, while passes slightly and among them proudly the triumphant "vain-"

-117queur, benzutzaila - to bench, sit on a bench, hut, Shack, - to sail (salt), slightlypass Both winners should be without great pity, since the massacre, sackaila' was for them a proud plunder, - to sack, ransack, loot, - highly (haili), with pride-. The basque language has in the composition of his words of hardware knowledge it would dare to even suspect; Thus it ensures that the part of the ports where they moored vessels was closed by a lock: this is the meaning of the 'sea, itxasoa' - to hitch, Moor - sasse, lock, - not obligated to owe (o),Bold sailors, the Basques were exposed to disastrous shipwreck and they had enclosed in the expression itself of 'shipwreck, urigaldua', this certain fact; hurry to run directly before the wind, - to hurry, hurry, - to gale, run before the wind, due (diou), directly-. The Iberians had their working days and also their holidays: work, it was exciting to take up arms in haste; This was the "business day, haste eguna", - to haste, hasten, - to egg, Excite,-.

-118gun , weapon-. But when the 'day of celebration, besta eguna", woe to those who ran weapons, because it was violently abused by stick - to baste (beste) btonner, mistreat, - to egg, Excite, - gun, weapon. The 'dark, ilhuntasuna' only interrupted the fatigues of the daily hunt to heal (hil), soothe, - to hunt, Hunt-, and when in their races vagrants, weariness obliged them to take a momentary rest in the shady depth of the wood, this 'shadow, itzala' devouring the excesses of their warm hard - to eat (it) devour - zeal, ardor, - and placing their head under a stone or a tree trunk, they called them "sleep, loghitea" log, log, log, - to hit, touch, reach-. The homes of the Iberians were what they are today, at least for the portion of the most indigent population. They lived in caves they pierced during the day of rain and "bad weather, dembora tcharra' - den, cave, to boron, drilling, - shower (chaoueur) wavy, sleet-. They lined from tree branches when returned the ", weather of embora ederra ' den, cave, - to boron, drilling, - to edder, garnish with faggots-.

-119What we is point surprised these assertions of the basque language, in our century, in Spain, the poorest families living in caves or caves dug with their hands. The next match inserted into theFlashlog, number June 7, 1885, gives this subject some details that are not without significance. Correspondent travelling in Burjasot, following the official commission sent to study measures to be taken against the terrible scourge of cholera, writes the date of June 6: On arrival, we learned that in the last "24 hours, there had been ten cases and six deaths. You know that this village has barely 2,500 inhabitants. "We went to visit a few cholera." We found an old man in one of these caves "which serve as home for part of the poor . This is an annoying feature in the "current circumstances". First used of "excavations that is already made above ground;" then enlarges it requirements and increase "of the family.."etc. We can see there is point necessary to resort to the past centuries to meet wrens, and it well not need to imagi-

-120dinner at great expense of systems of progressive civilization for humanity. We should not believe that the Basques were exclusively fighters. Agriculture was certainly in honour among them, and the 'hildua' term that refers to the land that raises the plow by digging trench - hill, eminence-, due (diou), suitable, watch than plowing neat and deep was not unknown. They also preferred the productions of ground: precious metals widely existing in their countries, since they were closing the eyes instead of open them avidly, when Harrison fields, their eyes were struck by the brilliance of "money, cilharra ' that their work brought to the surface of the land under cultivation, - to seel (sil), close the eyes, to harrow, discThe names of a few months of the year also relate soil productions and the critical work that was to be run. We briefly review the composition and the meaning of these names. January, Urtharrilla. The bad weather for the month of January stops the work of those who would spend the Harrow in their fields, - to hurt, harm, - to harrow, harrowing, - to will (where it) desire, want to-.

-121February, Otsaila. The heat is sufficient to determine the breakup of ice on the sides of the Pontus Euxinus and lets set sail - hot, hot, - to sail (sele), set sail-. 'Mars, Martchoa.' Continuous rains of March necessarily change the terrain in wetlands - marsh, swamp, a marshy place, - to owe (o), duty-. 'April, Aphirila.' Desire that cereals are soon present the image of the epi - to EPA, the image - ear (ir) in wheat-, to will (phangkaryew), desire. May, Maiyatza. Desired spikes come enlist in may, bright flowers of the fields - to may (me), pick flowers, - to add, add-. 'June, Erearoa.' Wiggly to pass the Harrow the fields - to hare (here), fidgeting, - to harrow, pass the Harrow-. July, Uztaila. Defer major meetings, assemblies, without doubt due to the heat - to hustle, stir together, - to while (houaile), differ-. August, Agorilla. Streams stop flowing - ago, past - to rill, flow, stream-. September Buruila. Desire of doggo, of shutting himself in caves in

-122housing, - to burrow (beurro), doggo, withdraw underground - to will (phangkaryew) will, wish-. Oct Urria. Hurry in the work of the fields - to hurry (heurri), to hurry. November Hazila. Haze is dragging on the hills - to haze, conduct a foggy hill, Hill-. 'December, Abendoa.' Be covered with clothes of wool - abb, fabric of wool, to 12A (endiou), to invest. Circumlocution used in Basque are still more sensitive in the expression of certain natural facts as sunrise and sunset the Sun, Sunrise and sunset the moon. Sunrise the Sun, iruzki atheratzea has the following meaning: one who is tired, hates to hear buzz in the air-- to hear (hir), hear, - to huzz (heuzz), zoom, sky (skai) air, - to hatter, harass, - to hate, hate-. "The sunset, iruzki sartzea" accuses similar training: tiller arrived in the evening, hates to hear buzz in the air, - to hear (hir) hear, - to huzz, buzz, - sky, air - sart, cultivated-land

-123The rising of the Moon, ilhargi atheratzea. Fatigue harassed human hate want to lend the ear to the Cree, - to will (phangkaryew), to want - to Harch, lend the ear, - hue (Andrea), Cree-, to hatter, harass, - to hate, hateThe sunset of the Moon, ilhargi sartzea. The grower wishes to lend ear to the screams, - desire to will (phangkaryew), - to Harch, lend the ear - hue (Andrea), Cree - sart, cultivated-land Let's look at yet other expressions whose explanation will serve to put the basque language in his day, that is, as fully deriving from the primitive language. "In the morning, goiza '; walk with ease - to go, walk,- ease (ize). comfortable, easyMidi, eghuerdi '; moment where stops the growth of sunlight and begins its decay - to egg, push, - hour (Hameed), time, hour - day (de), day-. "In the evening, arratxa '; run in haste to the logis - to hare, run - rath, in haste-. "Midnight, gauherdi '; go to the time, the time of day - to - go, go, - hour (Hameed), time - day (de), day-. 'A field, landa bat.' - Land, Earth - bat corresponds to one. "A source, ithurri Cortines beats." Start

-124to hasten its race - heat (hit), race, - to hurry, hurry, - to begin (bharakhda), start. "A fountain, ithurri beats." Precipitate his race, - heat (hit), race, - to hurry, rush. '' Hut, etchola. A crowd of heads under the same roof, - head (hed), head - shoal (chol), a crowd, a troupe. "Pin, ichkilin. The extreme cleanliness was far from shine in the inns where stopped to passenger woes conscientiously armed with a PIN: it is easy of disgusting insects and annoying it is here question, - to itch, itch, - to kil, kill, - to inn, lodging in a hostel. 'House, etchea. A head who meditates - head (hed), head, - to chew (Tan), meditate. "Cave, sotua." Part of the House where it could become Dazed by drink, - to fool, becoming Dazed by drink, - how (Hanaoka), in what way. "The Thunder, ihurtzuria. See above the Flash that is sure to make evil, - (hated) high, high, - to hurt, harm, - safe (choure) course- to eye (ai), see. "The darkness, ilhumbeak. Soothe buzzing, barking and the bleating

-125- to heal (hil), soothe, - hum, hum, - to bay (be), barking, bleating-. Be blind, itxutzea. The eye closes by the effect of a coup, - to hit, give a blow, to shut (cheut) close-. "Break a leg, zango bat austea. Spoil the leg - shank, the bones of the leg - bones, beats, a - to waste (West), spoil-. '' Crying, nigarrac. Refuse the necessary, - to niggard, refuse the necessary-. 'Rival, yelostarria. Push screams of horror at the sight of the enemy and attack him to loot it, - to yell, push cries of horror, - to host, address, to harry, piller-. Family, mainada. Add the essential, i.e. children, - hand, essential-, to add, add-. Honor, ohorea. Being forced to have white hair, - to owe (o), being obliged, hoar (hore), which has white hair-. We might thus interpret a host of other words in the basque language, but as they are less attractive than those which we have referred, we will pass them in silence, and we will finish this series already quite long by an expression proving as always the great instruction and the
10

-126high doctrine have led men to the ' glory, loria, lore, doctrine, training, to eye (ai), have the eye-. IV
THE CANTABRI. -THE IBERIANS. THE KJOEKKEN-MOEDDINGS OF DENMARK.

The Iberian language was likely to surprise the Celts strongly: also, very surprised to do point to grasp the meaning, they decorated descendants tubal name Cantabri, - to cant, talking some jargon - abroad (abraud), outdoors - wrapping in a perfect expression very curious language of this people and its arrival by sea in the Hispanic peninsula. The Iberians, in settling in the South-West of Europe, have chosen to house the Pyrenees in memory of their stay in the Caucasus Mountains. This choice was his reason; because changing the country, they heard point change in way of living. Places in the Pyrenean region, which was for them as a focal point, they were heading towards the North, a wonderful hunting ground

-127including whole earth Gallic still deserted, where wild beasts they point would default. Moreover, they had everything necessary for long runs. A great health, unfailing courage and used to hunt any species of wild beasts. They point to embarrass provisions; killed in hunting game enough to many days. Only one thing was necessary, when meeting a specific temporary shelter cave, they wanted meal, in a burning home, the necessary; It was Flint, whose basque name is suarria, that is, a line of light or spark current scattered by the effect of the shock of two objects that one, Flint, looked side, and the other, steel or iron, is brandished,- to sway (soue), lean aside, brandish, - to hare, run here and there ray (re), feature light. Weapons used in their distant hunts differ little no doubt those that they later had to hand in the continued fight against the Gauls, and cannot, without injustice, deny them the weapons of iron, since this word exists in their language. Months could elapse between the departure of the Iberians hunters and return to the domestic home and they were measuring their distance to the

-128average of certain objects such as strips of soft stone, or even pieces of reindeer antler, on which they marked by lines or grooves already elapsed days since they left is still normal. In the cave of Bize (Aude) Explorer, Mr. C.Cailhol, has collected a relatively soft stone slide bearing number of notches on the edges. in the cave of God (Haute-Garonne), Mr. Edouard Lartet in searching the ground (1860), "found amount of bones of the bear of ' caves, aurochs, reindeer, horse, etc." and a platform placed at the front of the cave, in the middle of very interesting debris, "a reindeer antler blade" accidentally cut at both ends, one of the "faces , perfectly polished, offers two series of lines ' cross also makes no difference between them, and which the "lateral edges are marked with deep notches,"quite regularly spaced." Mr. Lartet sees in these ' lines and these signs of count, and Mr. Nicks ' Steinhauer has suggested that this are trademarks of '' hunt. '' "" (1) Multiplied accidents were probably to the Iberians in the pursuit of the fauves, plu-.

(1)Primitive man, by Mr. Louis Figuier.

-129several point reviewed the home and were buried in the well-known caves of hunters. In the cave of Aurignac closed by a slab, "digger"Bonnemaison discovered, in 1852, the remains of seventeen "human skeletons.'" " (1) The shelter of Cro-Magnon (Dordogne), excavated by Mr. Louis Lartet in 1868, he has delivered several human skeletons. This shelter, said Mr. Louis Figuier, would have served, according to Mr. 'Louis Lartet, hunting venue of habitation and ' burial place.' Finally' Seven dead had been "buried there;" could collect the remains of these skeletons, but only three skulls are pretty much intact." Is it permissible, adds Mr. Louis Figuier, to know to "what race were the men of the burial of" Cro-Magnon and, therefore, a clearer of the ' human race who lived in our lands at the time of "big bear and mammoth? The Cro-Magnon race "is not as different from all races, ancient or modern." think Mr. Broca" According to Mr. Pruner Bey, "all skulls described so far, and at the time of the great bear and mammoth are

(1) The primitive man, by Mr. louis Figuier. 10 a

-130"similar to those of Eskimos and Lapps in our 'days.'" Mr. Pruner-Bey called primitive Mongoloid race "these first inhabitants of our soil." We will see later ' skulls and other debris found in Belgium, ' by Mr Dupont, Solutr in the Mconnais, by Mr. of "Ferry, and Bruniquel by M.Brun, finally the Jaws ' from Aurignac and Arcy-sur-Cure, confirm this 'conclusion.' Men belonging to the Mongoloid race ' primitive had a generally rounded head, face "cut diamond, jaws and teeth a little led" forward, finally, all probability, Brown complexion and the "hair black and hard... There are still remnants of this "primitive Mongoloid race: these are the Basques... '. (1) The Iberians have left clear traces of their habits of hunters and the remains of great bear and Mammoth found abundantly in caves attest that the flesh of these animals fell into their power. The name given by the Iberians confirms fully all these assessments, stating they were bear hunters and the flesh of the bear was foraging usual - to eat (it), dining-, bear (ber), bear.

(1) The primitive man by Mr. Louis Figuier, page 113.

-131The Iberian people is not the only one who has left the soil of the sensitive traces of its morals. Another people of our Europe, both Hunter and fisherman abandoned knowledge of its power at patient investigations of scientists. The given details about it, by Mr. Louis Figuier on middens of the Denmark, are so great interest that we cannot resist the desire to name the most important part. Placed in the last row, said Mr. Louis Figuier, by "the extent of its territory and the number of its inhabitants, the" Danish nation is one of the largest of "Europe by square that she managed to conquer in the ' science and arts. This valiant small people has a "crowd of distinguished men who are a credit to science." Research of its archaeologists patients and its "antique searched the dust of ages to"resurrect a lost world."' Their work, controlled by ' observations of naturalists, threw a day busting 'on the first steps of humanity."" 'No land is of also cleaner than the 'Denmark to such investigations."' Antiquities is y ' encounter at every step: it is to know the ' query to learn important revelations touching the

-132"morals, customs and industry people antehistoriques. The Copenhagen Museum, which contains "antiques from various Scandinavian States, is without rival in the world." " Among the items classified in this rich Museum, is in "note a large number of Kjoekken- moeddings . First and foremost, what does these kjoekken-moeddings, whose "name is so rude to pronounce for a French mouth," and who teaches us enough that he is of age of ' stone? On different points of the Danish coast, "particularly in the northern part, where the sea has" cut narrow and deep cracks known under the "name of fiords, there is huge accumulations of"shells." In general, these deposits are raised to a "metre above sea level;" but, in a few 'steep places, their altitude is large enough... ". "That can occur in these clusters. A huge "amount of marine shells, and especially shells ' oysters, bones broken remains of mammals," birds and fish, finally Flint roughly "cut." "It was thought initially that he was there"

-133"as some fossil shells, field formerly Bank" submerged and that would have been made apparent by an "uprising of soil, due to a volcanic cause." "" But a "Danish scholar, M. Steenstrup fought this opinion in is" based on this fact, that the shells come from four "species living never together, and that they had to," therefore, be collected by human. M. Steenstrup also noted that these "shells had belonged for the most part, to of" individuals arrived at their full growth, are in "had almost never young." Such singularity "obviously indicated an intention reasoned, an act of"human will."' When it was discovered in the kjoekken-moeddings "all the debris that we have listed, when there was" found remnants of homes, sorts of small platforms "which still retained the trace of the fire, it guessed the origin" of these huge middens. There had been there of "peoples who lived on fishing and hunting, and who" threw around their huts, the remains of their meals, "consisting of mostly shellfish." "" Little to no debris "had accumulated, and constituted the banks ' considerable it. Hence the name of kjoekken-" moeddings, consisting of two words:

-134kjoekken, kitchen and moedding, piles of scrap. The " kjoekken-moeddings are therefore scrap meals 'primitive populations of the Denmark.'" ... It should be noted that the Denmark is not the privilege of clusters of shellfish. There are ' discovered in England, in the country of Cornwall and ' Devonshire, in Scotland, and even France, close to Hyres."(France)" Species of mollusc shells including the "almost full mass of the kjoekkenmoeddings are the oyster, the cardium, mussel and la littorine. The edges of the fish are in abundance in the middens. They belong "herring, cod, flounder and eel." It ' can infer as the primitive inhabitants of the Denmark does "were not afraid of venturing on the waves in of frail ' skiffs: herring and cod don't have fish indeed 'that to a fairly large distance dimensions. The bones of mammals are also very widespread in the kjoekkenmoeddings. The most common are "those deer, roe deer and wild boar, which, says of" M. Steenstrup, therein for 97 hundredths. The "other come from the urus of the brown bear, the Wolf"

-135"Fox, dog, wild cat, lynx, of the" marten, otter, porpoise, seal, rat water, "the Beaver and the Hedgehog." "" Of some species of birds which are collected the ' remains in the kjoekkenmoeddings, most are ' aquatic, is naturally due to the 'State of the man on the banks of the sea'. (1) The interpretation by the Celtic language of kjoekken-moeddings confirms and powerfully illuminates the presentation by Mr. Louis Figuier on middens of the Denmark. These clusters are really waste of meal, and skilfully combined Word from kjoekken-moeddings indicates with assurance, that it rejected what would have been painful to the mouth, i.e., sharp edges, the entrails and the head of the fish - jaw (George), mouth, to Adam (eke), be painful, - keen (kin), acute-, maw (mau), belly, head (hed), head, - to ding (worthy), throw with violence jawakekeen-mawheadding -. Is the people whose meal waste produced the middens so primitive that history is in retained no memory? Mr. Louis Figuier pointed out with good reason of

(1) The primitive man by Mr. Louis Figuier.

-136similar clusters in England, in the country of Cornwall and Devonshire, and this is hardly surprising, since the tribe of fishermen who made the moeddings kjoekken of the Denmark, was, at least for a while, retain ancient mores when it has gripped England in a definitive manner. This tribe belonged to the Tectosages established between the Rhine and the Oder; It was that of the Angles - to angle, angle through, - and this significant name said too high the usual this people's occupations, to seriously refuse to acknowledge him as the author of the kjoekkenmoeddings. This digression on middens of the Denmark must not make us lose sight of the Iberians and their dangerous hunts the great cave bear. Used to hunt the bear is not yet extinct mores of the Basques, and, something remarkable, in marriage contracts, fathers, today, attribute as a dowry to their children a share of possession of bear, is one-quarter, one-third or one half, depending on the number of children to be staffed. French recipients of the record very familiar with this feature, and neglect point collect the rights of the State on this intake value of bears. It is not known the precise time when the Iberians wine-.

-137rent address on the land of Spain. Some historians set their emigration in the year 523 after the flood, i.e., 1824 years before Jesus Christ. It would thus be in the same century where Inachus, the oldest of all the Kings known by the Greeks, founded the Kingdom of Argos, while in the East, Abraham left by his death (1821 before Christ) Isaac his son heir to his faith, his power and the divine promises. V
THE GASCONS. -THE OCCITANI. THE AQUITANI AND THEIR TRIBES. -AUCH. BORDEAUX.

The Celts had imposed on the descendants of Tubal certain names which were customs that the centuries have not been clear. Thus, Vardulles name was given to an Iberian tribe because of the habit of these people keep on their shoulders, and the day and night, a kind of coat - to ward, keep - hull, outside cover, mantean-, and we know that the son of the Vardulles depart point for this purpose. It is the point in our thinking to examine all the names of the Iberian tribes; to do -138However an exception well deserved for the Vascones and Gascons. "According to the story, the Basques had the privilege of" form the vanguard of the Carthaginian armies, and "compete with the enemy first." "" Their indomitable courage reputation was so well established, that ' Caesar ' daring point cross the Vasconia, both he feared them, is "then went to Spain, to avoid their meeting,"Aspe Valley, in the Barn. (1) The Gascons gave their name to our French Gascony. One can hardly say that their establishment in Aquitaine was an invasion, as the Aquitani were brothers, and the Gascons had come to their rescue to combat the yoke of domination that Clovis sought to impose. We see them first in the children of established Clovis to the right bank of the Adour, and later, around the year 626 a.d., occupying the entire Novempopulania now called Gascony. They received their strange name of the particular shoe that they had adopted, and that their descendants have point abandoned. Gaskins,

(1) Guide French-Basque by M. l. Fabre.

-139in Celtic language, means a wide shoe antique. This is the sandal in Languedoc called spardillo, in Catalonia spadrilla, and that the Basques call spartinac. It is far from running out of meaning the word spartinac: it is composed of the verb to spar, prelude to battle, and the adjective thin (thin), untied, clair-sown, few. This lightweight shoe allowed the Basques to engage in the war of ambushes: gifted a rare agility, and say elusive, they advanced few, prelude to battle by safe and isolated shots that were singularly to surprise their enemies. This term spartinac shows us his true day in the character of the Warrior genius of the Basques: they were in these times what they are today, with guerrillas. After we have given the meaning of the names of the tribes bast, the Celtic language explain us with the same ease those tribes living in Aquitaine. In this part of Gaul, the Celtic family has left the largest and strongest sound mixed with the Iberian family. All authors reproduced different character traits that separate the Iberians and the Celts: these were gay, light, strong, loving the fighting

-140and quick to attack. the Iberians instead were serious, serious, almost dark, also the war and contending with an invincible obstinacy. When two people meet, the shock must have been terrible. After having fought for the possession of the country, reported Diodorus Siculus, Celts and Iberians lived it in common, under a peaceful agreement, and they mingled through alliances. This mixture is out the Celtiberienne nation, in which the Iberian blood remained predominant. The Aquitani which according to their traditions, are not derived from the Celts, belong to the Celtiberienne family, because if they come closer strongly Iberians traits and manners, they have nonetheless adopted habits and institutions of the Celts. We present evidence in the institution of the soldures, which seems to be absolutely Celtic although is generally attributed to the Iberian nation. An institution that it is unique (to France), and "that is alien to the Gauls, says the very estimable author ' history of Gascony, the Abbot Monlezun, is that of the solduriens, or rather saldunes (of the Escualdunal, zaldi or saldi, horse); salduna, who has a horse, rider, "eques".

-141"(Roman);" was so soldiers who vowed to to "a leader, shared his destiny forever or rather" identified so with him that it is not example "what one has ever survived him." "" (1) As soon as Chief "fell, it saw them seek a death into the fray" glorious, and if they could not find him, they returned to "drill on the body of one who had their faith." We can observe that in the story of the war against the Aquitani, Caesar speaks only of the institution of the soldurii, without say also that the soldures make point in other parts of the Gaul. This term of soldures, which in the basque language offers no idea in mind, presents, instead, in the language of the Tectosages, meaning perfectly in relation to the institution itself. It is the soldier devoted to its leader, to life, to death; He will live or die with him, and accidents of war separate them the life of the soldure won't last any more than the lives of its leader. - Soul (soil), life, soul. - to hard (dioure), last.-. Today still, the soldier is named not soldier, in anglo-saxon? Where come from this soldier, otherwise soldure (soldioure), and com-

(1) J.cesar, Bell. Gall. lib. III, 22. 11

-142also this term is there in the anglo-saxon, if the institution of the soldurii would have been special to the Iberians? This institution, which, we believe, is common to the Celts and the Celtiberians, tells us how, on the ground of Aquitaine, is was operated the merger of the two families. The name of Occitania was used to designate the Aquitaine. Charles VII, in the order "erection of Tolose Parliament, named the Patria " Occitania : giving subject to Pope Innocent VI, "in its registry to call this country Occitania." But "commonly and most often named in former acts patria linuae Occitaniae.'" (1). Because the first syllable of Occitania, the author of the memoirs of the history of the Languedoc would apply this term to the Languedoc, but this expression, disassembled and interpreted by the Celtic language shows us with the latest evidence that the Occitani were the inhabitants of the coasts bordering the Bay of Biscay, i.e., the Aquitani and the Cantabri. The reputation of the Basques and Cantabrians as marine intrepid has never been disputed, and it is not without reason that they attribute to

(1) Memoirs of the history of Languedoc by g. Carter.

-143the honor of having, the first given hunting the whale. Moreover, if whales were perhaps rarely under their blows, it was not the same porpoises, and this usual porpoise Hunt has earned them the name of Occitani - hog-sea (hogsi), harbour porpoise, - to hit, hit - hand, hand - hogsihithand. -The Occitani term was a general name for fishermen in the Bay of Biscay. The Celtiberians of the Interior of the country between the Ocean, the Pyrenees and the Garonne, had received another name, General, that of Aquitani. The Basque call said to be their language, the Escualdunac: it is the language of the tamers of horses, tamers in the dark face and refrogne - scowl (skaoul), dark air, and refrogne-, to down (Antonia), tame, hack, horse - tamers of horses title does not belong to the Basques only, it must be shared by the aquitani, and this tastes and mores community seems to us a remarkable line of affinityWhat should point overlook. It would have been difficult to the Aquitani to be bad horsemen, because their country was fruitful in renowned horses. The learned Benedictine, Dom Martin, from whom the modern authors borrowed details the

-144more curious on the morals, the Government and the religion of the Celts, included that this production of beautiful horses had a great influence on the name given to the Aquitaine. He argues that this land was first called Equitaine, from latin, equus, horse. The remarkable sagacity of the religious learned was hardly at fault, because were still daring tamers of horses, that these Aquitani - hack, horse, - to cow (Bradley) intimidate, - to hit, to strike, - hand, hand, - hackcowhithand. The passion of the horse disappeared from the heart of the modern Aquitanian? It is certain that it still has the same degree of vivacity, despite the changes brought about by the century habits: a circus equestrian exercises any enough, indeed, to excite interest and enthusiasm which cannot be contained in the soul of the Aquitani and the Gascons. The tribes who lived in the Aquitaine were among forty about, among which nine principal made by the Romans in this country the name of Novempopulania. We will examine the name of some of these tribes with those of several cities, and we will see that they all belong to the Celtic language. The Tarbelli occupied the sides of the Ocean, and

-145Ausone does not hesitate to call the Bay of Biscay, the ocean Tarbellien. Strabo claims that their country was rich in great Gold: However the gold mines in the region were for nothing in the name that they wore. Mariners careful and farsighted, they knew to tar their small boats to fight the destructive action of the waters of the sea - to tar, tar, - to belly, bomber. -At the end of their territory, on the side of the Spain, the Tarbelli possessed a town, Lapurdum, whose name was used later to refer to the country's Labour or Labourdan. It is believed that this is Bayonne (1) Lapurdum, former Bayonne, was to be placed on the edges of the sea, since the waves of the Ocean Tarbellien came up to him,- to lap, licking - ord, edge, - Lapord. The Bigerriones referred to by Caesar, occupied the country whom Tarbes is today the capital. Bigerriones came the name of Bigorre, which referred to "formerly a castle defending the city of Tarbes. Two of its first pastors, Aper, in Council ' Agde, and St-Julien in the Fourth Council of Orlans, "are, one, Bishop of the city of Bigorre, civatis ' Bigorritanae, and the other Bishop

(1) History of Gascony by Abbot Monlezun. 11A

-146"of the Bigerricae city." Gregory of Tours does the name 'never otherwise.' (1) Some authors believed to be able to derive Bigorre from two Basque words, bis, two, gora, height; but this interpretation by the basque has no precise meaning. Ausone calls this small bigerri people, and it seems that he sent us with the real name, the most accurate pronunciation. These montagnards were devastating, looters whose fearlessness had never declined. It is there the mores retrace in Bigerri of Ausone - big, brave, to harry (herri), plunder, wreak havoc-. The Auscii were the most powerful tribe in the Aquitaine region. Ancient geographers give their main city the name of Climberris. We believe in an error on their part; They seized point the exact meaning of this term, distinctive of a whole region, because Auch could never see vary his name he borrowed from the Auscii. Moreover, it seems to us that one can discover the truth by the meaning of Climberris which should apply to any of the land including both the city of Auch as that of Ekpechi. This country produced berries and grains-

(1) History of Gascony by Abbot Monlezun. Notes.

-147clime , region, country, - berry, Bay, grain, - Climeberry - Why would be assigned to a single city grain and grape berries production, as this was a general production of the region? And it is not surprised to see Berry of the vine, the grapes enter the composition of Climberris, because the vine existed in Gaul in the wild. A considerable amount of time had passed perhaps without that consideration was given to its culture and history seems to do honour to the Greeks to have taught to the Celts to make wine, which seems also unlikely, the Gauls is also advanced that the Greeks in hardware, and higher than the sons of Javan civilization in philosophical and religious sciences. We already said that Auch had borrowed its name from the Auscii and was their main city. In seeking to give Auch a Celtic pronunciation, it is forced to say Aouch and this is probably the real name of this city, writing was in anglo-saxon Ouch, and commenting Aoutch. Ouch means golden necklace, Chase of a precious stone, and Auscii means skilled workers, applied to the working of precious metals and manufacturing these beautiful necklaces of gold which warriors adorned their chests in the

-148great days of joy which, for them, were the days of combat - ouch (aoutch), golden necklace - hew (Andrea), trim-. The Auscii could easily make it skilled in the works of gold; This metal was almost flush with Earth in their area, and various historians claim that greedy merchants Greeks and Phoenicians, returning to their country, gave for ballast their vessels to the gold collected in the Pyrenees. The richness of Aquitaine in horses had attracted a fraction of the BiturigesCubes (Berry), and they were created the bulk of the tribe to the mouth of the Gironde. Bituriges-Cubes have the same tastes as the Aquitani. Like them, they were horse breeders, quick to pounce on their steeds and skilful use of brake, - bit, brake, jaws, ERUs, use, itch, itch, to cub, put down, produce This part of the tribe of Bituriges Cubes, established on the banks of the Gironde took the Bituriges-Vivisci name. Vivisci Word, in Celtic vives (vaivz), refers to a disease of horses, disease which the Bituriges processed with great success. They had to main city Burdigala (Bordeaux). This city was to be then like nowadays the main

-149warehouse trade between the Ocean and the Mediterranean. It is quite instructive to see Burdigala express the idea of a market and shopping Navy in us, so far away times - board (edge) the bridge of a vessel-, to higgle, resell. Below the left bank of the Gironde, and everything beside the Bituriges Vivisci, the coastline of the Bay of Biscay was occupied by the Boii, bow (bo), arc, to hew (Andrea), trim-. These archers, placed by unforeseen circumstances on the shores of the sea, became excellent seamen, and this is probably what, later them call Boates,- boat (bote), boat, row boat.

CHAPTER V.

CELTIC LANGUAGE
ARMORICA AND ITS TRIBES.

After you apply the language of the Tectosages to interpret the basque, we attempt to its effectiveness in explaining British and Celtic names of the tribes of armorica. The Breton language is believed to be the true Celtic language spoken by our ancestors. That the Britons have retained a very considerable number of Gaulish expressions, it is indisputable; but they kept point this language in its purity, and just take a glance at their pronouns to judge the deep alteration of their language. Which demonstrates the big day this alte -

-151ration, is the difficulty experienced by the Britons themselves to clarify the names of their tribes, and especially the most expensive names to their patriotism, those UK and Armorica. Following Le Gonidec, Breton or Bretoun or better Brizard, comes from Briz, which means painted in various colours. Lehuerou said that Breton (Brython in Gallic traditions) derives from Bro, country, tuna, than, or den, men, that is, men of the country, native. This is, unfortunately, all that could reveal the breton for the etymology of UK. The Tectosages idiom will be more happy, at least, hopefully while maintaining a more accurate pronunciation. UK derives from to breath (brith), live, and to annoy (quest'annoi), inconvenience and annoy. Britain would probably be occupied by men living in an inconvenient and hard way. Caesar, speaking of his military expedition to this island, reported that the former inhabitants kept inside, while the sides were in power of the Belgians who came from the continent. These Belgians began to grow and to inoculate the fields: the island was very populated, many herds. the inhabitants of the Interior lived on milk and meat, punctuate point of wheat, and were

-152dressed in skins. (1) Voluntary deprivation of wheat and bread, exclusive feeding milk and meat, skins clothing had appeared in the eyes of the Neimheid constitute a kind of life hard enough and inconvenient enough to appoint these Islanders, UK. Armorique is also a real conundrum in the Breton language. All authors, Armorica would derive from ar-mor, sea. Mor, means sea in breton; but ar, what does mean in a secure manner? The ique endpoint is therefore unnecessary and become a simple ornament? In the idiom of the Tectosages, Armorica thus breaks: - arm, arm, - SRO (Gold), rowing, rowing, - to eke (ike), extend, refine, - that is, an arm that uses very long oars. This sense of Armorica becomes startling truth, when we remember the indications given by Caesar on the Venetian Navy, powerful enough to make this indomitable people. Armorican vessels to flat hull defied the shallows; built in their entirety in the heart of oak, they could play with the clash of Roman Spurs; very high, their bow and their pouppe resisted admirably to the will-.

(1) Bell's. Gall. lib. V. 12. 14.

-153the strongest colleagues: the sails were made of skins, so that they only were point torn apart and parts by the fury of hurricanes and storms. (1) It is therefore not surprising that building ships so high edges, Armorica sailors had to use very long oars, and this is the origin of their name, Armorici. Yet Let's walk through this so interesting land of Armorica and we meet again, by the names of their tribes and its cities, much of the things worthy of attention. The most powerful tribe of armorican confederation was the Veneti. These dreaded sailors were very religious; but they didn't know a temple to pray there: they gathered outdoors, when they filled their religious exercises, disdaining to weatherproof the seasons to accomplish the noblest actions of life. The Veneti name indicates this proud custom, which was common to all the Gauls, also religious that the Veneti, - vane (vene), temple, - to hate (hete), hate-. Their main city was Dariorigum, today-.

(1) Bell's. Gall. lib. III. 13.

-154of hui valves. We have already seen the ability of the Aquitani and Bituriges to raise and tame horses, and in another part of Gaul now, we will be able to convince us what care vigilant Celts surrounded the horse species; because Dariorgum translates: dare to carve a horse, - to dare, dare, - to hew (Andrea) hack, - rig, half castrated horse-. To the South of Morbihan, near the coast of the sea, is Carnac, if remarkable by its alignments. The boulders are are stored in long regular files and include aisles that varies between four and eight metres in width. A distance of seven, eight and ten meters is arranged between each of the boulders. The center aisles are larger at one end and side, walkways, we see a large free space, similar to a public square. Is since long the meaning of these alignments made of stones and measuring several kilometres. If he was allowed to venture an opinion about these alignments, we would be in there see, not a religious, but rather monument a place of exercises, where the Gauls were formed to drive with skill, in the midst of obstacles multiplied, their carts of war, armed false, their

-155cobhains , - kob, horse, - to hem, surround-, and we know what fearsome address the Celts are deployed. Caesar in had been so much hit what it does is able to hide his admiration. Daily exercises, he said, made so clever, they know their horses in the race the more fiery, in the steepest slopes, stop and they do turn to short them: themselves are accustomed to run on the drawbar, to stand on the yoke, and then leaping to reject in the tank. ". (1) Carnac alignments were willing to train the eye and hand youth Gauls, forced to drive their carts between the boulders they should be studied to turn and avoid. Moreover, what leads us to put forward this assumption, it is the name of Carnac, meaning a cart hitched to a young horse, because, trolley, nag, young horse. -Is it unacceptable that these long lines of stones of Carnac were, so to speak, a field of races, where the Celts showed their strength and skill by mastering, in the middle of the obstacles, young and vigorous horses?
has

(1) Bell's. Gall. lib. IV. 33.

-156Megalithic monuments can see Locmariaguer among the Veneti, a driveway covered, known as Caesar. Locmariaguer is located near the Lake of valves. Here the composition of that name: a lake which prevents the hunters - loch, (lok) Lake, - to mar, prevent, - yager (iagueur), Hunter-. All authors who dealt Celtic industries tell us that horsehair sieves are Gallic invention; but they do not say where was the place of invention and manufacture. Sarzeau, in the peninsula of Rhuis instructs extensively at this subject - sarce (sarse), sieve, horsehair fabric, - to sew (so), attach and sew. North of the Veneti, was established the tribe of the Curiosolites. Their hands fashioned these skins sails, used by the sailors of Armorica and which had both surprised Caesar. The Curiosolites were curriers, required to sew and attach the stinky skins, - to curry (keurri), Javier, - to owe (o), being obliged, - to sew (so), sew, fasten, - olid, stinking, fetid-. East - this in memory of the Curiosolites that the city of Saint-Malo is still a great trade of hides and skins? In this tribe and the shores of the sea, Reginae, whose name alone indicates the importance for the armorican Navy existed: it

-157cut ships tackle, rigging (rigguign), tackle, to hew (Andrea), hack. In the adjacent field of the Curiosolites, was a city of the name of Aleth at the location now occupied by the city of Saint-Servan in about. The city of Aleth, Allais (went), mixture, alloy, to etch, burn etching on copper, manufactured works of copper and bronze, Alternatively, received this name because of the ground which would have contained copper ore? It is difficult to decide. However our Aleth of the Aude Department could may inform us; the similarity of names seems to come from similarity of industry or field containing metals same nature in both localities. The metallurgical industry has always been zero in our Aleth, and there is nothing in the popular traditions that allows even to suspect the operation of its cupreous pyrites. The Neimheid had to apply a name similar to these two cities, if separated from each other, probably because of their soil containing amount of copper pyrites mixed with other minerals. The Breton city of Aleth belonged to the tribe of Diablintes, - to dye (dai), dye, color, - able, skillful, - to hint, invent,
12

-158suggest-, ingenious and skilled workers who knew give fabric with clothing of the Celts, there were these bright and varied colours which they liked the brightness. The Diablintes had an another city called fine - fine, refine, purify, to - haze (heze), fog. At t - we wanted the description of fine to refer to vapours similar to mist rising above the homes of refining? Located near Aleth, Fines might well have homes, intended to purify the pyrites of copper from this locality. Assuming this hypothesis, which is not unlikely, a smelter of copper or bronze, in the town of fine, furnaces should never go out, especially if it was obliged to provide the drawbars and the wheels of bronze to the inhabitants of Carife, whose industry was to adjust the different parts of Celtic - because, cart - carts, to eye (ai), having the eye on, - to fay (fe), adjust- Carife was ten miles southeast of Aleth. To the West of the Veneti in the part of the former county of Cornwall ending to the Cape or beak Raz, lived the Corisopites. Well try and enjoy this area, simply name the description given by Chateaubriand that con-

-159developed his beloved Brittany: ' Region sad and lonely, ' shrouded in mists, resounding noise of winds, "and whose ratings spiked rocks were battered from 'Wild Coast'. These words are faithful and translation of Corisopites, - cor, heart, - hiss, hiss, - sob, sigh, sob, - to hit, hit, hit-. Were acute wheezing, incessant moaning in the rocks by the fury of hurricanes, not hit, to sadden the heart of the Corisopites? The Agnotes, who occupied the armorican point called Cape Finisterre, North of the Corisopites, were, also, tired and tormented by bad weather and storms,- to hag, torment, - naught (naut), bad-. The Agnotes were included in the tribe of the Osismiens or Osismii. They had received this name because of the abundance of harbour porpoises and piettes who frequented their coasts, - hog-sea (hog-si), porpoise, - smew (smiou), piette, birdPlaced on the right bank of the Loire or Ligeris, - lickerish, delicious-, the Namnetes tribe had been famous for his ability to tender fillets, name, reputation, celebrity, take to net, net-.

-160According to Ptolemy, the main city of the Namnetes was Condivicum, today Nantes, - to con, learn by heart - device (divaice), invention-. What inventions were done styling this city Condivicum, inventions that we learned by heart? Was there a school where you taught manual arts practice, or else was it a school of navigation in which the marine intrepid Veneti came to form and keep abreast of science and water inventions? It is always quite certain that Condivicum had a construction site for the vessels, since, in the river around the city, were launched, by order of Caesar, the Roman galleys designed to combat the Veneti fleet, which had two hundred and twenty vessels. (1) II LES REDONES .-LES Celtic MONUMENTS .LES DRUIDES .-LES CARNUTES . North of the Namnetes tribe, were the Redones. One can hardly speak of the Redones without recall to mind the images of

(1) Bell's. Gall. lib. III. 9.

-161large stones which the Bretons have kept the names so carefully. It is interesting to know the thought of science on these monuments, thought that Mr. Louis Figuier was perfectly made and translated intohuman primitive. We quote verbatim, in this regard, some important passages of this book. Happy and bizarre circumstance at a time, writes Mr. "Louis Figuier, made extremely easy, and in even" time some concepts we will present "our readers." These tombs of men of the time of the ' stone polished, these funerary monuments, have been studied, "described, excavated in a thorough manner, by the" archaeologists and antique shops, that have made the subject "to a host of publications and scholarly briefs." In ' effect, these tombs are nothing else that the " dolmens, or Celtic or druidic, monuments and they" refer not, as it had always "thought in historical times, i.e. at the time of ' Celts or the Gauls, but date back to an antique" much higher, because they belong to the time "antehistorique of polished stone. We will study, with the explanatory data, the "dolmens and other monuments so-called megalithic, remains grandiose era
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-162"buried in the night time, colossal puzzles that"appropriate to our reason and sting at the highest point the 'curiosity of the scholar and thinker.' "" Dolmens are monuments which consist ' big-block rock, more or less flattened, and put ' horizontally on a number of stones, "vertically erect themselves as 'carriers' Earth covered these kinds of burial rooms ' and formed a mound, but in later times, this "Earth often disappeared, appear only"bare stones of the sepulchral Chamber." Are these naked stones taken for of " stone altars, and that it has reported to religious worship 'of the Gauls." The alleged druidic altars are only "dolmens in ruins." Is therefore not, as has "always said, as the practices of a cruel cult" that they have been raised."" Today it is perfectly proven "that the dolmens are just the time tombs antehistorique. ... Therefore renounce the dolmens, see of the "Brittany, that have been so often described by the" antique dealers, and which include monuments of "our history, of

-163"symbols of the religion of our fathers." It is no longer the 'look as burial rooms. "Dolmens are very numerous in France, 'many more than we think.'" Believed generally "there than in Britain, and admire the curious ' under this report alleged druidic altars so widespread in this ancient province of France. But Brittany "is far from the privilege of megalithic. constructions" Found in 58 of our ' departments, mostly belonging to the regions of "West and Southwest.. "The standing stones were huge blocks of raw stones, are not care in land nearby tombs.'" They "were planted alone, or by rows, i.e. ' circle or avenue. When the menhirs are arranged in a circle, unique or multiple, they are called cromlechs. These are large speakers of stones, usually arranged around of a dolmen. The worship due to the dead seems have converted these "pregnant in places of pilgrimage where stood, to"some days, public meetings."' These speakers ' are sometimes circular, as in England, sometimes ' rectangular, as in

-164Germany; They include one or more rows. ... These stone monuments, we already said, does "are not more Celtic that Druid." Celts, peoples ' who occupied a part of Gaul, several centuries "before era Christian, are completely innocent of"megalithic constructions."" " "They found them all made during their immigration," and, no doubt, they saw them as ' surprise us."" " They shot advantage, when they "appeared them beneficial use." As the priests of these ' ancient peoples, as the Druids who gathered the gui sacred on Oak, they performed their ceremonies in the bottom of the forest. However, never dolmen was built at the "bottom of forests;" all the stone monuments that exist "now stand in the discovery part of the country." Therefore renounce the ancient and poetic insight which is ' of the dolmens of the altars of religious worship of our ancestors."' (1) The views of modern science regarding the dolmens, strangely the ideas raised by the interpretation of the names that carry the large stones, so abundant in Armorica, especially among the Redones (Rennes) differs.

(1) Mr. Louis Figuier by primitive man.

-165The Redones were religious, scholarly, tribe with the secret of the elevation of the megalithic monuments scattered throughout Gaul. It was the tribe of the stones learned, - read (red) scholar, hone, chipped stone. -Study and science is essential to know the purpose of the erection of the megaliths, and those only had the intelligence and the sense that had learned it from the mouth of the Druids. It is useful to note the Department of Ille-et-Vilaine Department includes the largest part of the territory of the Redones elders; It receives its name from the two rivers the Ille and the Vilaine, which take their sources. Ille, hillmeans Hill. Vilaine - to will (phangkaryew), want - to hem, surround - relates to the standing stones placed on the hills and surrounding the tribe of the Redones. Are the report and the suitability between the name of the two rivers and the Redones purely incidental? Is this not a striking confirmation of the interpretation given to Redones and suggested by the language of the Tectosages? Stones isolated, said h. Martin, call men - hir, "long stone, or peulvan, stone pillar;" the caves ' dummy, leckh, rock, or dol - men capstones (of tol 'or dol, elevation') or table of stone, (taol, table): the.

-166'circles, crom leckh (crom stone) or 'stone' circles.' The famous round towers of Ireland are also ' Gaelic monuments, of a religious character, as "attested well their traditional name, Feid-Neimheidh. Neimheid, we have already seen, means the learned body which comprised the names. These elite men distributing also to the people the main basis of their food, i.e. wheat and bread? Feid said it positively, as the verb to feed (fid) means, feed, feed. Menir, dolmen, cromleck, terms still refer to this fact important, which consisted for the Druids, to distribute to the Celtic people, first science religious, essential to the moral life, and secondly, wheat and bread, essential to material life. Menir, its acute form and in base, represented the first need food, wheat, - hand (men), main - ear (ir), ear of wheat. - strange thing! In all our villages in Languedoc, we always find a field to which is attached the name of Kairolo - key, key, ear (ir)-, ear of corn - hole, small house fields. - in this field, was probably built the breadbasket of the Celtic villages. The distribution of the wheat was made by the hand of the Druids,

-167as the authors well found and as seen with clarity the expression attached to the dolmen, which was, moreover, built as a table of distribution, to dole, distribute, hand (men), essential It's quite curious and interesting closer terms menir and dolmen, the name of the last Chief of the armorican Druids, who lives close colleges druidic order of the States-General, presided over by the Bishop McCaskill, under the first King of Armorica, Conan Meriadech, and held in Rennes, in 396 a.d. year. The supreme leader of the druidic order was Eal-ir-bad, - to heal (hil), remedy in- ear (ir), ear of wheat, - bad, spoiled, bad-: remedy spoiled wheat. He was therefore obliged, by his duties as Archdruid, not only distribute the wheat in ordinary time, but again, during the unfortunate accidents in crops, by distributing, remedy probably, cautiously held wheat waterresources special attics. The stone circle, usually round in shape, represents bread: Cromleck, indeed derives from Krum (Kreum), mie bread and to like (laike), love, taste. In the Cromleck de Rennes-les-Bains, is of strong round stones, contained bread, placed at the top of huge rocks.

-168Loose stones are named Roeselare by Bretons, - ruler (roller), Governor. -They are the sign of the divine and druidic Governments. Could believe, by the stories of Caesar and the form of dolmens, these tables were used as altar where the Druids immolaient human creatures; but the interpretation of the names of all the stones thrown Celtic, easy and light by the idiom of the Tectosages, interpretation lose to these megaliths odious characters that attributed to them, and makes them return to the class of simple monuments, however with splendid religious significance that we will try to expose with clarity in speaking of the Cromleck de Rennes-les-Bains. The greatest uncertainty reigns over the peulven and the lichaven. The peulven to the menir is usually reported and the lichaven to the dolmen. Actually, the peulvens and the lichavens have an idea similar to that which is enclosed in the name of the Veneti, because peulven expresses a feeling of repulsion for the temples,- to pull (poull), snatch, vane (vene), temple, and lichaven represents a missing people of religious buildings, - to lack, Miss, - vane (vene), temple-: the latter should be written lackven instead of lichaven.

-169It could be noted in the subject of lichaven, that, in the idiom of the Tectosages, the verb to like (laike) means love, which would issue the lichaven an opposite direction than we thought proper to give it; but should point to lose sight that the lichavens exist in the tribe of the Veneti as well as in the tribe of the Redones, there would be quite a contradiction in the presence of these lichavens (loving the temples) in the middle of the territory occupied by the Veneti (hating the temples), and the Neimheid was too learned to commit a great misunderstanding. According to Strabo, the most important city of the Redones was Condate. She had to be very crowded by the studious youth of the Gauls, as were taught by rote, science provided by the Druids, - to con, learn by heart, - death (deth), death and its aftermath. or even - date (summer) time-. Before you cite the assertions of Caesar on the druidic teaching, it will be beneficial to search for the meaning of the word Druid, which received interpretations if various. Commonly it believes that Druid means man of the oak, and Pliny contributed not a little to this explanation. Oak, languedocien dialect, is expressed by

-170garrik ; in old English oak (ok); in breton, by dero, demrel ; Welsh, by derw ; Scots and Irish dair ; in latin, quercus, and Greek by drus. Pliny, after noticing the Greek expression, believes that Druid just drus : 'Point of sacrifice, he said, without the branches of oak (1) The twig or branch of oak resulting in Greek, by o druinos clados, this sounded certainly had to throw him into an error inevitable, if he did not know, as seems likely, the language claimed barbarian Gauls. The word Druid, anglo-saxon druid (drouid), contains a sense well otherwise serious and remarkable. Must be considered as Caesar, by reporting the name of Druids, has sought to soften hard and guttural of the Celtic language sounds and he wrote Druid (drouides) instead of trouides. This last term will find the key to the riddle. It is composed of the verb to trow (tro), imagine, think, believe, and another verb to head (hid), be careful, be careful,- trowhead (trohid )). To the Druids, based on the meaning of their name, was imposed the obligation to imagine, build, secure, full of expressions

(1) Pliny. XVI. C. XLIV.

-171truth and appropriateness, names appropriate to the tribes, cities and all parts of the Celtic territory. and it was a function that they were eligible under the name of Neimheid. They still needed to focus on what needed to think and believe, charged that they were to teach the divine and human sciences. The Druids did point write the mysteries of their science: their many disciples in getting knowledge, by applying their memory to remember the great number of worms in which the druidic doctrine was withdrawn. By requiring young people to learn by heart science which were communicated to them, "they" prevented them to rely on writing and also "failing the exercise of memory." It happens usually ' indeed, that one applies less to remember by heart ' that one can learn through books."" The basis of their doctrine is that souls perish not... They also deal with the movements of the stars, of the "grandeur of the universe and the world, of the essence of ' things, the power of the immortal gods, and teach"these doctrines to the youth." (1)

(1) Caesar, Bell. Gall. lib. VI.14. the explanation of Caesar affecting the obligation to learn by heart the druidic science, is far from satisfactory. This obligation must have a reason more important that escapes us.

-172You see, these words of Caesar, that the Neimheid had given, with great accuracy, to the city of the Redones, the name of Condate, this name recalling to mind the memory of the doctrines taught by the Druids Gallic youth, which they cultivated intelligence and memory. It is not necessary to insist on the physical knowledge owned by the Celtic people. The name of the tribes and cities expressing various professions, the magnificent organization established in the entire Celtic, which look like the tribes to corporations working with an industry specific to each tribe and appropriate to the products of the soil, are enough ample to demonstrate, not only the superiority of civilization of the Celts, but also the intelligence of their Government, which knew thus directing all productionsdistribute all the necessary works to the conservation and the prosperity of Gallic society. Caesar gives us yet a few details on the hierarchy and some druidic functions. This faculty was chaired by a Druid clothed with the supreme authority. After the death of this leader, given for the Druid successor more deserving, and if many were equally worthy of this honour, the largest number of votes obtained by one of them, wore it to the

-173power: sometimes however, the weapons could only decide on the final choice. The Druids gathered at a time fixed by year, in a dedicated location, on the edge of the Carnutes, because this country of the Carnutes is regarded as the central point of all Gaul. There, gathered all those who had disputes, and they submitted to the judgments and the judgments delivered by the Druids. (1) The science of law, judgments to make, and the punishment to be imposed on offenders, were also transmitted by purely oral teaching: Condom (Gers) in fact faith, - to con, learn by heart, - to doom (doum), judge, condemn-. The Carnutes had occupied the country which Chartres is today the seat. By disassembling the words that form Carnutes, we will be able to appreciate the skill of the Druids in the composition of the Celtic names of the tribes. Carnutes means: filled with new and fresh, oats - because, trolley - trolley, new (Nana), new, fresh, - oats (ost), oats-. The country of the Carnutes never saw weakening its huge production in cereals? And Chartres

(1) Caesar, Bell. Gall. lib. VI. 13. 13

-174can quote in the past century, an era where his prodigious trade grain has temporarily suspended? The Celtic name of Chartres, as it engaged authors, and Autricum. This Autricum is simply a positive affirmation of the place where purchases were made and sales new oats, - oatrick, monceau oatsWe do not know if the explanation of the armorican nouns by language of the Tectosages, will focus in mind a sufficient conviction to destroy all doubts. It could be argued that this is, perhaps, the kimrique language, which is very different of the Gaelic language, in use among the tribes of the East and the centre of Gaul. So let's examine yet the value of the idiom of des Volkes, in the interpretation of some nouns, in the part of Gaul owned by confederation known as Gaelic. III
THE RHNE. -MARSEILLE - ALLOBROGESLYON. -THE ARVERNI AND VERCINGETORIX.

A part of Gaul occupied by the Gaels is watered by the River Rhne, Rhodanus. This expression, Rhodanus, gave rise to some

-175historians believe that Rhodes had founded a city between the mouths of the Rhne. Henri Martin, after sharing this belief, thus expressed its hesitations. The ' name of the Rhne is yet not with Rhoda, as the ' Greek historians and Latin have imagined, but Gaelic " Rhuit-year(water running)." "(1) The Neimheid, by naming this river Rhodanus, unknown point the shape of the harbour which was at its mouth, and also the exact number of mouths through which it threw itself into the sea. Scholars Gauls have, indeed, never consented to call the River Rhuit-year, water running, because he would have had to name all the rivers and the common waters of the Gaul. Strabo reports, on the Rhne, the opinion of Timaeus, (2) supporting the Rhodanus threw itself into the sea by five different mouths, in a roadstead, filled by this worker River road (rod), rade, place where vessels cast anchor; - hand, hand, end of arm divided into five fingers-hand-terminated Timaeus was not in error by giving du Rhne five different mouths, and it was the actual state of the River at the point where the Neimheid

(1) History of France by h. Martin, page 10. Note 3. (2) The cities dead Gulf of Lyon, by Charles Lenthric.

-176the name of Rhodanus imposed. Do not give up the Rhone without seeking to know Marseille or Massilie. Historians argue that, around the year 600 before Jesus-Christ, a vessel from Phocaea, Greek city in the AEOLIS, anchored near the mouths of the Rhne, East of the River. These sides belonged to the vestiges: their Nann leader, was marrying that day there daughter. Foreigners, welcomed with kindness were admitted to take place among the guests. According to the custom of the Iberians, borrowed from the Ligurian by the vestiges, the girl should freely choose her husband amongst the invited together to the paternal table. On the end of the meal, the daughter of Nann between, a glass in hand: she walks her looks on the Assembly, hesitated a moment, then stopping in front of Euxene, head of the Greeks, she presents him the Cup. Nann confirmed the choice of her daughter, and gave dowry to Euxene the shores of the Gulf where it had addressed, and some lands of the coastal region of the Mediterranean. Euxene threw in a peninsula of its domain the foundations of a city that he called Massilie, and soon, thanks to the

many settlers who came to phocaea, the Greek city rose to the highest level of prosperity. (1)

(1) History of france, by e. Lefranc. Introduction.

-177This account of historians left in complete darkness the vestiges, who received so cordially with his Greek Euxene; book the Neimheid itself to posterity a little information about this tribe. Established at the mouth of the Rhone, the vestiges were strong prevented, in their communications, by the waters of this river deep and fast. They were therefore seen in the need to build many bridges, in order to make easy and easy relationships. It is there, the rest, all the affirmation of the Gallic Academy, - to seek (sik), seek to, - to owe (o), be forced, - to bridge (brijde), build a bridgeOn the coasts of the vestiges, Euxene threw the foundations of Marseille and made this flourishing city calling trade in the Levant; but it is quite probable that the Neimheid does not abandon him care of styling the city, because all the words used in the composition of Massilia, are purely Celtic. Massilie, in the admirable brevity of this term, is a port receiving an infinite number of large vessels which were put to the band for refitting, - mass, a cluster, - to heel (hil), put a vessel to the band for refit, - high (hated), large Up the Rhne to Lake Geneva and
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-178on the left bank of the River appear powerful Allobroges. They occupied the Savoy, and Grenoble theirs with the included region today in the Department of Isre. The predominant industry of this tribe is not disappeared from the region that they had. La Cte Saint-Andr liqueurs, ratafias from Grenoble, succeeded spirits and exciting products manufactured by the Allobroges, - to alloo, (AEC), animate, arouse, - brewage (brouedje), mixture of different beers-. The profession of the Allobroges so to find that the clear water of the fountains was not the single drink of the Celts. To the West of the Rhone, in Vivarais, the Shabbir_princejsrsha emmanchaient with address the weapons of war, Spears, Pikes, axes, - to helve, insert, - trim to hew (Andrea), - too modest industry that the Helvetii had scornfully rejected as consistent with their warlike tastes - to helve, insert, - hate to hate (hete), - to hew (Andrea) cutting- Abandoning the Rauraci, from Basel to cold which torments raw (rau), cold, frozen, - to rack, torment-, return to the confluence of the Sane and the Rhne river, in order to find Lugdunum Lyon. Ian M.A., in his magnificent or-

-179reflects, origin and formation of the French language, writes: " Dune, mound of sand that sits on the edge of the sea;" poop, part the rear of a vessel is higher. These words derive from Celtic dun, which meant an "eminence, a hill, as well as we learn Clitophon in a treatise attributed to Plutarch. Here the passage: "' is an eminence of the Arar (Saone), which" was called Lougdounon, and who received this name because "I'll report. Momoros and Atepomoros, which "had been dethroned by Seseroneos, undertook according" response of an oracle, to build a city on this 'eminence'. They had already laid the foundations, "when a multitude of crows conducted their flight of this" side and came to cover trees around. Momoros, "versed in the science of the augurs, gave the city the name" of Lougdounon, whereas in their language, (the "Gauls") call the lougon Raven and an eminence dounon . This town, as well as the reader thought it already, is another ' as the Romans, became our Lyon Lugdunum: it ' was first built along the right bank of the Sane, on the heights which are Pierre Scise . DUN is kept in the ending of "many of our cities."

-180The fact reported by Clitophon seems to be quite real. It was a happy accident, good fortune for Momoros, poured into the auguries of science, to see a multitude of crows mark him, so to speak, the place that was to occupy the city, and the word luck (leuk), accident, good fortune - Luckdun -, expresses well the satisfaction that he had experience. About dunum, which completes the names of several Celtic cities, it does not designate the eminence on which a city could be built, because to dun, means: annoy a debtor. It is quite probable that cities with the endpoint dun or dunum were originally the cities of refuge, where the insolvent debtors would shelter from prosecution too harassing creditors. The scientist Dom Martin, in his history of the Gauls, has already issued this thought that Gallic cities were perhaps of simple cities of refuge, empty of inhabitants, where they ran to take cover a pressing danger. The verb to dun, offer a clear, precise, meaning perfectly explaining the cause of the hasty flight of a debtor and his sudden retirement in a remote town. It is nevertheless quite certain that the Celts were looking the hills to build their cities and the town of St. (Lectoure, Gers)

-181shows an example of this choice. Lactora, located on the top of a steep mountain, at the foot of which flows the Gers, indicates clearly eminence where it sits, and also the preference of the Celts for heights when a village - to like (laike), love, taste, - tor, (torr), finished height peak-. Among the tribes included in the so-called confederation of Gaelic, the most famous is that of the Arverni. Citing the name of the Arverni, the spirit will immediately stop with painful interest on Vercingetorix, the last defender of the Gallic independence. Ordered by Vercingetorix and fighting in their beloved mountains, the Arverni inflicted on Caesar a bloody defeat, whose bitter memory aroused, in the heart of the Roman general, the wild hatred against his winner. Caesar did not find in his ulcerated soul, even a low sense of admiration for the chieftain's engaging hero proudly to the Romans to save his brothers in arms. The Conqueror of Gaul, in throwing him in shackles, proved that greatly open to ferocity, his heart was closed to the most vulgar generosity. One can think without indignation the barbaric treatment suffered by the magnanimous Arverne, which had to languish six years in irons,

-182before the axe of the lictor has put an end to his tortures. The name of Vercingetorix, imposed to the head of the Gauls fighting for the independence of their country, depicted us by a line of fire. This is the Warchief forgetting all things, to think only of the dangers that runs his homeland and lead his brothers in battle, - war (ouaur), war - king (kigne) head, King, - to head (hed), driver's head - to owe (o), forced to have to be, - risk, dangerSeveral attempts to interpret the name of Vercingetorix. It is the Generalissimo, worm-cinn-cedo-righ, says a historian who accused with reason Latin authors to confuse the title of functions with the proper name, 'like they did a Brenn Brennus or Gallic chieftain." (1) Brenn, in fact, derives from brain (bren), brain. Henri Martin, in his history of France, the following about the Celtic hero: ' it was called Vincingetorix, "i.e., grand Chief of hundred heads, worm-kenn-kedo- righ . This explanation stems from the same source

(1) History of France, Em. Lefranc.

-183indecisive that gave us ar-fearann, high-land, to the Arverni. But what abyss between this fearann ar and the truth. The Arverni were once what they are today, i.e., peddlers through Gaul for sale of new goods, - to hare, running here and there, - ware (our), goods to sell, - new (Nana), new, - and one could point cite one city of France in which we view any chieftain's enriched by trading. Is it not a wonderful thing to see the Arverni exercise the same industry in the earliest centuries of Celtic history? With what jealous care scientists members of the Neimheid have they point ensured to burn exactly the profession of a tribe in the name that she was wearing! After the explanation of designations taken in the East and the centre of Gaul, where the Gaelic language should dominate, is not just to advance the Celtic language employed by the Gallic Academy was one, and the dialectical differences existed only in the popular language? The Neimheid was not established only in Ireland, where he left his name attached to the round towers remaining. Caesar says that the druidic institution was created first in the island of Britain, and thence

-184introduced in Gaul; (1) is but believable that the beautiful order of Druids has had a sudden beginning among the insular Britons? When the Celts have abandoned Asia, toward the West, the Neimheid was already performing its functions and designations that he had to leave following the course of the Danube, will prove more later abundantly, as we firmly trust that their interpretation by des Volkes language will be easily. We have already dismantled and explained more than two hundred words or names, Celtic, Basque, Punic and Hebrew. Are we not in law to find the evidence strong enough to suggest that the language of the Tectosages, retained by the Anglo-Saxons, is the true Celtic language? Is it not fair to call it the primitive language, spoken by Noah, and transmitted this Patriarch by Adam that had received it from God, since the divine names and proper nouns of the first men not are interpreted with real clarity by the terms in this language? How many memories our France Britons will be able to revive, including faithful memory has kept the names of all these monu-.

(1) Caesar, Bell. Gall. lib. VI. 13.

-185Celtic, considered elements with curiosity as actual puzzles! We are far from claiming that no error is either misspellings in the explanation of the Celtic names that we've attempted using the language of the Tectosages. but these errors will be easily reversed or corrected by the torch of local traditions, whose persistence will also project its beam of light on the life and the history of our ancestors. Moreover, is this story, not to redo? These ' primitive Gaels, said Henri Martin (1), tattooed, armed of ' knives and stone axes, had to offer "some resemblance with the warlike savages of"North America."" They are shepherds and hunters; they have "already somewhat agricultural." To do this, the Neimheid answers by religious denominations, and industrial labels imposed on cities, tribes and small villages whose names well reveal surprising things. We should therefore abandon all these assumptions of savagery and barbaric State, outrageous for our Gaulish ancestors, and their making with justice, the degree high of religious, moral, and material civilization

(1) History of France, 1st flight

-186which they have an indisputable right. The response of the Neimheid, has just added even more serious replica of our holy books: "that is what was once? What should 'happen in the future.' What was done? What should "be still." Nothing is new under the Sun, and no one does ' can say: that's a new thing; as already it has been "in the centuries elapsed before us." (1)

(1) Ecclesiastes. C. i. v. 9. 10.

CHAPTER VI.

THE TECTOSAGES VOLKES AND THE LANGUEDOC

I
LES VOLKES TECTOSAGES and HasRECOMIQUES. LES BELGES.- Lhas GARONNE.- TOULOUSE. Lhas GIRONDE.

According to several historians, the fourth century BCE saw the Volkes Tectosages and Arecomiques set in the South of Gaul. Guillaume de Carter, in his history of the Languedoc, said that the Tectosages were already established in southern Gaul before the fourth century; because it assumes the army of Sigovese, to the year 587 BC, formed largely of Tectosages, while the army of Belloveze to the Italy, contained the Bituriges, the Edues, the Arverni and warriors -188belonging to other tribes in Central Gaul. This assertion has no shortage of basis and it is very likely that Caesar alludes to this first expedition, by writing in his comments: "long before he was a ' time where the Gauls were the Germans in value" warrior and made them war until Home: the ' fields more sufficient to feed a population too ", they sent colonies over the Rhine. Therefore, in the lands of the fertile Germania, "around in the forest Hercynie, as the Tectosages Volkes"settled after have conquered them."' This people until this "time occupies its territory." (1)

Julius Caesar shows us the fixed Tectosages beyond the Rhine first, then around the forest of Hercynie, that is, also with the banks of the Danube. About the year 281 BC, the Tectosages from the South of Gaul, taking with them from other tribes, came to their brothers from the banks of the Danube, and led them to Macedonia, Epirus, Thrace and the Greece. This last expedition, led by the Tectosages in Toulouse, allied with the Tectosages of the Danube and the Sordiques Gauls or long sword - sword (sord), sword, - to eke

(1) Caesar, Bell. Gall. lib. VI. 24.

-189(( ike), extend-, also placed in the Danubian Area door two main migration of the Tectosages conducted since their establishment in southern Gaul. In the first migration to the North, Caesar has represented them with non-return, the country conquered from the Germans: in the second expedition to Macedonia, a part of the Tectosages, insatiable of adventures, passed in Asia and founded there with their allies a new Gaul, Galatia; another part of the Tectosages returned to their native countries, and reported, say historians, in Toulouse the gold of Delphi and the remains of the Greece. Des Volkes seem, from this, having conquered the South of Gaul, long before the Belgians invaded Gaul North; What happened to these, in the power of the fourth century BCE. They would therefore not a tribe of Belgian, although as the Belgians, from the Cimmerienne family. The name of Belgium gives no precise indication of their origin, but it defines their war tactics. They knew to combine caution with remarkable courage, and said Caesar, only amongst the Gauls, they "had repulsed victoriously attacks of the Teutons 'and the Cimbri (probably Volkes) fixed beyond'"
14

-190(of the Rhine), so they had of themselves and their ' ability in military art very highly. (1) The art of warrior science, among the Belgians, was especially a choice of camps entrenched, they knew fortify so impregnable. We found remains of these fortified enclosures, Mr. Louis Figuier believed to be contemporary to the stone age. (2) To find, he said, the evidence still standing of "wars of men of the stone age, should be we ' transport in the part of Europe which is now"the Belgium." Yes, in the stone age, beyond "any written tradition, the people of this land ' Duke already, either among themselves or against other 'peoples from the outside." "" There is evidence enceintes or camps dug in, who were 'discovered by Messrs. Hamedi and Himelette. These camps "are those furfooz, Pont-de-Bonn, Simon, of Jemelle, the Hastedon and Naomi. ' "These various camps are common characters." " They are usually established valleys overlooking ' steep, on a mass of.

(1) Caesar, Bell. Gall. bed II. 4. (2) The primitive man, by Mr. Louis Figuier.

-191"rocks, forming a promontory, which is connected to the"rest of the country by a narrow passage."" A wide moat was "dug into this tongue of land, and the entire camp" was surrounded by a thick wall of stones, simply "assembled together against each other without any mortar"or cement." At the camp of Hastedon, near Namur, this ' wall, which was still well preserved at the time of its ' discovery, was three metres in width, on a "roughly equal height." When they were attacked, the ' men, gathered in the compound were raining on the "assailants stones borrowed from their wall, which" became all at once a work of defense and "attack." "These entrenched positions were so well chosen that the" most continued to be occupied during the century 'next.' "" We will quote as an example that of Naomi. After Roman Citadel, she turned, to the ' middle age, in a fortified castle, which was destroyed only in the fifteenth century." The Hastedon and Furfooz camps also have 'used by the Romans. Inside any of these former camps, found "the flints and pottery debris, all things that ' would suffice to attest the presence of primitive man. The enor-

-192my walls of these same camps indicate in even "time that he lived on points designated in already many settlements. The construction of these camps, indicated, among the Belgians, the choice reasoned by their tactics, and it was impossible that their name Simeon point serious track: also by disassembling the syllables that make up Belgae, there are men knowing surround their positions a wall or a fence, which could make them immune from a surprise enemy at war,, and scare him by the difficulty or inability to remove strong force their entrenchments, - to pale (pele), surround, picket, - to cow (Bradley), intimidate, frighten, - Pelkaou The Tectosages Volkes did not lead a war of this kind. Their order of battle was perfect, according to Mel Arecomiques, - array (s), order of battle, - to come (friends), fate, - to eke (ike), perfect-. Spurning the shelter of a retrenchment, DSL based on the enemy, fast as lightning, re-formed their ranks with ease, evolved without concern for the danger and as insured of victory. We are glad to find in this people, strain of Francks, the furia which has made the French armies so formidable. This dissimilarity in the Warrior engineering us

-193strongly committed to not consider the Tectosages Volkes and Arecomiques as two tribes Belgian, although the verb to cow scare, is also in the composition of Belgae and Volcae. The Tectosagae and the Arecomikes divided the South of Gaul, the first extending from Bziers to the Rhne with Nemausus (Nmes) to main town. Nemausus, in Celtic, means: renowned House, - name (nth), famous, celebrity, house (haouce), House- What was this famous House? Home square of Nmes is still cited today as a remarkable monument. But how could this House become famous by this single, simple quality of being square ? This is probably because Gallic homes round shape, a square house built in the town excited general astonishment and determined the name of Nemausus. Can be also all the houses of the city were the square shape. The Tectosages had placed the seat of their domination of Tolosa (Toulouse), which already existed and was, probably, the city the largest and the most profound of southern Gaul. The Garonne, waterway on a great course, lent his service to Gallic boats, what we
14 (a)

-194was however obliged to tow to reach Tolosa, become a shopping mall for lunch. Beautiful bulls of the country, the horses being in the eyes of the Gauls of the beasts too valuable to be used for such purpose was used as a tug. Also, the bull, which is stronger than the horse, was more clean to lead boats often engaged in the silt of the River, - to tow (to), tow, - to low (lo), bellow, low, - ooze (Eddie), silt, silt-, towlowooze. The small town of Tolosa, in Gipuzkoa, surrounded by the Oria, the largest river in this province after the Deva, also saw of light craft Cantabri, towed by bulls, arrive to the foot of his houses. The Garonne, Garumna, originates in the Spanish Pyrenees. This land was occupied by the tribe of the Garumnites, whose River Garumna pulled its name. The mountains of the Garumnites fed from real herds of chamois: the Pyrenean species is known in the region under the name ofawesome. This appellation, quite Celtic, relates to a detail of the lives of these animals. When the flock food, two or three older males post in Sentinel on the eminences overlooking the pasture, and the first appearance of danger, they

-195warn by acute wheezing: immediately the whole herd rushes towards the heights with the rapidity of lightning, - to hiss, hiss, - hart, a deer. The chamois are covered with a woolly hair brown dark in winter and a tawny Brown in summer. Driven hard, the isards won the most inaccessible places in the Pyrenees, to escape pursuit of Garumnites and their descendants, - station (little), Stroud-, rum (reum) funny, bizarre, singular- neat (nit), beasts with horns. The description of the animal species, contained in Garumnites, refers less to the chamois and ibex. The hair is a little longer: backward curved horns are especially remarkable: they are composed of many rings, and the total length is so significant in old males, that the ends reach the origin of the tail, when their head is raised. Ibexes have disappeared from the Pyrenees, they are in small numbers in the Alps. On the end of its course and after the Dordogne River, the Garonne takes the name of Gironde. Although the ancient authors refer to this river by the single name of Garumna, we see however modern geographers, relying on local traditions, also call it before Gironde

-196that it flows to the sea. The first part of the name, - to sheer (chir), run, roll, clearly indicates this term of Navy vessels Bordeaux have played an important role in the composition of Gironde, and the second part from to undam (eundam), release a lock, this appellation would show us on the edge of the River a true Gallic vessels construction site, and their launch in the waters of a basin closed by a lock. II LE LANGUEDOC .-LES WISIGOTHS And the Peoples
So-called BARBARES .

The region inhabited by the Tectosages Volkes bears the name of Languedoc. The dialect spoken in the southern region, long after his accession to the France, has t - it really caused the description of Languedoc as opposed to the language of ol, relating to the language of the French established above the Loire? We believe it, and this share seems quite arbitrary and non-serious foundations. Guillaume de Carter, in his memoirs of the history of Languedoc, printed

-197Tolose in 1633, expressed thus: ' we take today "very little of the Belgium, which may have given subject to modern divide that we adopt saplings in two languages or two parts, one called language Ouy, of which Paris is the capital. the other, Languedoc which Tolose metropolis... ". Charle VIIth ' in the Ordinance for erection of the Parliament of "Tolose, named it Patria Occitania; giving subject "to Pope Innocent IV in its registry, to call this country"Occitania." But commonly and most often, it is "designated in the former acts, patria linguae occitaniae. 'Several felt that the Languedoc country would have "taken its name from the Goths, who long held the so-called 'countries, as much as Land in Germany mean country." ' And "starting, Languedoc seems to be said countries of the Goths, even formerly The Languedoc was called Gothia. But I ' believe that they have not met: because this word of Languedoc comes rather from the language that the natural spoke. Because as those of the countries of the French-language "are referred to as the language of Stacie, than even those of that country ' are called Languedoc, i.e., as we ' noticed-above, the language of Oc.

-198This quote shows that the point of departure took to explain the term Languedoc, is totally incorrect interpretation of Occitania. We have already seen that the expression Occitani - hog-sea (hog-si), harbour porpoise, - to-hit, hit,hand, hand - the hand that strikes the porpoise-, is attached to the inhabitants of the shores of the Bay of Biscay, Cantabrian and Aquitani. Toulouse could be considered the most important of the neighbouring country of the Occitani city, however this point is reason enough for this particular name, designating a professional habit, is must apply to the language of the Languedoc, which differed very little from that of the Aquitani of the inland, but differed much from that of the Cantabri. Moreover, the language spoken in the North at the time referred to by Carter employed almost as many Celtic and Latin words than the language of Toulouse. There are ink a highly sensitive error in the assertion by Guillaume de Carter, between the language of Stacie to the Languedoc, as Languedoc is usually developed in parallel, by various authors, not with the language of Stacie, but with the language of Ol, which constitutes a considerable difference. When Guillaume de Carter reported that, according to the estimation of many, the Languedoc was so called by the Goths, it

-199was far from suspecting the truth, interview by these several ; Indeed, the Visigoths speaking the Celtic language, the Languedoc was for them the Landok country or oak - land, country - oak (ok) oak-, opposed to Landoil - oil country, land, country, - oil (ol) oil - it includes the region inhabited by the Arecomiques, and also some parts of Provence. These two designations attached by the Visigoths to the southern region of the France, owned by them, have nothing unusual nor contrary to the habits of the conquerors. As all the essential words for a long time already existed in the region, the Visigoths simply divided their Gallic possessions into two parts, designated by the General features of the productions of the soil. These explanations must point appear quite daring, considering that the Visigoths of Spain, master of the Kingdom of Toulouse, spoke the Celtic language, as their particular name clearly set out. Historians believed having to call the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, the Western and Eastern Goths; but in reality, their name derives rather from qualities or Warrior habits they are attributed, and the management of their market towards a climate warmer than their. Thus the

-200Visigoths were advancing with prudence and skill to of hot land - wize (ouaize), careful, skilled - to go, walk, - hot, hot-, while, was also heading for these privileged lands, the Ostrogoths, disdaining the clever feints, brutally attacked the enemy - to host, address, - raw (rau) coarse, gross, - to go, walk, - hot, hot - This is point an incidentally that the name of the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, is interpreted by the Celtic language, since the names of peoples that have dismembered the Roman empire are also explained with the same easy. The Jutish Juland, - to jut, progress, protrude, - land, Earth-, the Angles, to angle, angle through, the Saxons, were part of the Tectosages set beyond the Rhine, and with unknown names until there were ravaging the lands in which their ancestors are were multiplied. The Heruli to coats of hair, from the Euxinus - hair (her), hair, - hull, outside cover. -the Gepids, who watched carefully to their tall and the beauty of their body - shape (shepe), size, proportion of the body, - to head (hid), be careful; be careful; the Lombards or Lombard, who ardently wanted the fight violent and rude, - to long, long, desire to cope, fight,-. -201hard , painful, hard-; the Vandals themselves, who do avaient point of houses and destroyed background fills in the monuments and houses of other peoples, - to want (ouaunt), have point - hall, House; all, despite their different names, were not to belong to the same family of Gomer.

III
THE FRANKS. THEIR ORIGIN.

On the right bank of the Rhine, Franks formed a confederation of tribes, confusing in a general designation, which was for them as a sign of rallying. They were glory of a sincere and generous character, - frank, sincere - and had renounced the former title of looters held only in one of their tribes. Their feelings of modesty and reserve were burned in the name of the Chamavi - shame (scheme), modesty, - to have, possess, - included in this confederation. Here is a portrait of the Franks by a latin poet, roughly in time where they began to settle in Gaul: they, said he, the high waist, very white skin, "blue eyes"; "

-202their face is fully shaved, except for the lip ' superior, where they grow two small moustaches. Their hair cut by behind, long before, are "a wonderful blond." Their dress is so tight, he let 'see the shape of their body. They carry a large "belt where hangs a sword heavy, but"sharp."' It is, of all peoples, that which "means the better the movement and developments 'military.'" They are so singular address, they 'hit always where they are aimed at;" lightness if 'prodigious, that they fall on the enemy as early line they made; Finally of a so great fearlessness, that "nothing doesn't surprise nor the number enemies, nor the"disadvantage of places, nor the same death with all its 'horrors';' " they can lose their lives, they never lose 'courage.' (1) This is the accurate portrait des Volkes, enclosed in their name - to vault, - flit, to cow, scare-. The land occupied by the Franks was a part of the country which the Tectosages Volkes were seized on the Germans. Their presence in this region is a sure indication of their

(1)History of France by Em. Lefranc.

-203origin; because no people has ever managed to dispossess the Tectosages of their conquests. The Jutes, Angles, Saxons; Frisians - free (fri) independent, sound, son, descendant, belonged to the family of the Tectosages, and Franks, separated by their generosity of their brethren Saxon Raiders, also accused by their position on the right bank of the Rhine, by their morals, their constitution and their beliefs, the same origin. The exterior of the Franks differed point outside of the Gauls, their religion was a striking analogy to Druidism: she had based the immortality of the soul, and, say historians, their altars were never stained with human blood. This last trait of their character makes us know that at the time of the migration of the Tectosages from Toulouse, human sacrifices did point exist in Gaul. Warrior tactics of the Franks detected them primarily as being the true lineage of the Tectosages Volkes and Arecomiques. They had particular reason these Cimmerians of the old days to take the name of Volkes, since, according to the latin poet quoted above, no people did hear better movements and military developments as their descendants, the Franks warriors.

-204The Franke confederation consisted of renowned germaines and tribes known as such by the Latin historians. Tacitus speaks of the Cherusci, the Chatti, Bructeri, in the story of the expedition of Germanicus over the Rhine. Chandramohan, Chauci, Bructeri, the Cherusci and others still were included among the Franks. These designations are almost synonymous with the same thought. Thus Chandramohan warriors broke everything in their path - to shatter, shatter. the Chauci liked attacks, violent clashes, - to shock, attack; the Bructeri in their movements and their light evolution gained piece enemies - to brush (breuch), move suddenly, - to tear (ter), put in the piece, and the Cherusci greeted by shouts of enthusiasm the sharing of the loot - to share (expensive), share, - to huzza (houzze), greeted by shouts of acclamation-. All of these titles worn with pride by the various tribes reduce in summary to the title Volkes Tectosages or devastating at the rapid pace. It's always the same people looking for war with its adventures, its glorious dangers and waiting for the equal sharing of the spoils between the Warriors of the expedition. The history of the vase of Soissons testifies to that undisputed right of sharing the spoils, between

-205the soldiers. Clovis, said Em. Lefranc, (1), "wishing to" maintain the good provisions of the Gallic clergy, Evita "pass with his army in major cities that it"had received the bid. It was the only way to save "looting the convents and Basilicas that contained"lots of wealth."' However one of the churches of ' Reims could not escape to the greed of a band of Marauders franks. In their booty was a vase "sacred grandeur and singular beauty." 'The Bishop instructed accordingly, dputa to Clovis to "claim this vase." ' Charmed to be pleasant to the prelate, the King ' told the envoys: come with me to Soissons and if amongst the 'booty I find the love object, I will give you. ' All the loot ' was put together after the campaign, and the spell resolved 'sharing amongst all.' " They soon discover the vase 'precious among the collected remains under a tent "in the middle of the public square of Soissons." ' My braves ' companions, said Clovisaux Franks, you won't be "pas unpleasant that I take the vase, and that I make" people who claim? The officers and soldiers 'consented." No, of course, said a brutal Warrior and jealous.

(1) History of France by Em. Lefranc. 15

-206"you will not take this pot if the fate gives you;" and "a coup by his foster it broke." Clovis garda the ' silence, took the vase and made him. " A year after, as he "reviewed the Franks in a March field, it" recognized the soldier whose coarse Audacity had invoked the "Act of sharing: is not, in any army, weapons ' worse that held the yours, he said; Ta framee tone ' sword, your foster accuse your cowardice and your neglect: and 'him tearing off his axe, it throws on the ground.' " The soldier is "down to reach for it;" but Clovis suddenly throws the "Siena and it splits the head: here, cried, that you 'did at the vase of Soissons." ' This eager soldier belonged to the tribe of the Cherusci and infringed at the moment his title from Frank. The exact distribution of the booty captured on the enemy was also in use among the Germani. Le Germain is not, as the common interpretation, man of war, the warman - war (ouaur), war, man, man, but rather the man with a right rigorous to share the spoils of enemies: this is the Shermean - to share (expensive), share may (me), power - give to hand, with hand- This expression was applicable to the early Germanic tribes, and the Tectosages Volkes which is e-.

-207were seized the more fertile land of Germania, and had adopted the manners, the way of living of the Teutons defeated and turned back in the less fertile lands (1); and when Tacitus and Latin historians speak of shipments carried out beyond the Rhine against the Germans, is meant against the Tectosages Volkes wrapped by the Romans in the General name of Germanic tribes. The confederation of the Franks did point yet exist under this title when the Cherusci, the Chatti and the other tribes killed the Roman legions commanded by Varus, ten years after Jsus Christ. The name of the Franks is heard for the first time in a battle where perishes the Emperor Decius in 251 years after Jesus Christ. Their attacks constantly renewed against the borders of the Roman empire in the saplings were gradually successful, and, something amazing, these descendants of the ancients Tolosates after thousand years of stay beyond the Rhine, took control of Gaul, and Toulouse, their birthplace, received (507 ad) as winners and foreigners.

(1) Caesar Bell. Gall. lib. VI. 24.

-208IV
THE FIRST KINGS OF FRANKS.

The descent of the Franks with the Tectosages Volkes becomes even more striking by the unit of language, and using the language of des Volkes, and receives a full day of the interpretation of the name of the first Confederacy chiefs, using the language of des Volkes. Marcomer, father of Pharamond, was recognized by the tribes as the only and unique leader of the Confederates, - to markconsidered, - to owe (o), duty, mother (test pattern), single, single- Defeated by Emperor Valentinian II, he could successfully establish the Rhine below. Pharamond, her son, was more than happy. Part of the Belgium fell into his hands, and despite setbacks soon repaired the Franks abandoned more conquered Earth. Historians argue that Pharamond has never crossed the Rhine, and even its existence is quite problematic. If Pharamond interpretation by the Tectosages language can be a decisive, reason only its existence cannot be questioned, but still it would have surely passed the Rhine with his army, - go to fare (Fazi), - amount (amaount) all-.

-209The scalp Clodion penetrated hard before in the Belgium. his head was adorned by long hair, distinctive sign of Royal authority in the Franks, - load (lod), load high (hated), illustrated, high-, to own (on), have-. The royal heir was only allowed to wear long hair, and this fact, well known and certain, becomes even more manifest by the composition of the name of Merovius, Merowig, the winner of Attila, - mother (focus) alone,-not obligated to owe (o), - wig, hair-. When Merovius died, young still, the possessions of the Franks extended to the Seine. Childeric was only a child when he was called by the death of his father, at the command of the nation Franke, heir (er) - child (tchaild), child - heir - wig (ouigue), hair-. He lost the affection and the esteem of his people by if serious faults, that he was forced to go into exile. The Franks came for some time to the direction of the Roman count gidius; but the King was soon recalled by his subjects whose resentment was calmed during his absence. Instructed by adversity, Childeric was bought out the faults of his boiling youth through full of glory. His son Clovis, Hlodowig, is regarded as the real founder of the French monarchy. 15 a

-210Recognized leader of the Franks at the age of fifteen years, always accompanied by victory, he conquered almost all Gaul, made Paris the capital of the Kingdom and became one of the most powerful princes of his time, load (lod), load, not obligated to owe (o) , - wig (ouigue), hair Include the name ofChlothar I, depicting the gruesome murder committed on the person of his two nephews, he was coldly stabbed to capture the States of these young princes, in two striking words - claw (Bhima), claw, the greenhouse - to tear (ter), RIP, put in the piece-. It was good just that Franks stigmatisassent this criminal action in comparing the murderer to a bird of prey, tearing his acute greenhouses a defenceless victim. These persistent interpretations of proper names of men and tribes are clean to the language spoken by all these children of Gomer, who thus gained through the kingdoms in the Roman empire. The Visigoths were as well as the Franks this huge family, and designations that they were were taken in the CLI to these peoples. This consistency in the language therefore allows us to think that Landock and Landoil names could be given by the Visigoths in their possessions from the South of Gaul,

-211and that these names, well chosen, have been respected by the Franks, when this region came under their domination. Many years have seen the southern lands of Gaul save the Celtic language with remarkable persistence. The Romans are vain bent populations to their authority. While latin was in honour in the cities, the Celtic lived in campaigns, opposition to altering a long and passive resistance. Degeneration could not delay however, and the so-called barbarian invasions have delayed barely full of both languages merging, since the merger was already sensitive in the sixth century of our era. The Romance language derived from this alliance, dominated in the Kingdom of the Franks, is improving little by little in the northern provinces, is complicating also grammatical rules belonging to the Celtic and especially latin, occasionally combining to form expressions French, Latin words, and other Celtic words, as in soldier or given soul - soul (soil), soul, - datagiven, - capable or clever head caput, head, - able, skillful-, while in the provinces of the South, it is maintained in a certain integrity, with turn-to-turn in his sentences with

-212Celtic and Latin words words perfectly preserved in their purity: it is very easy to distinguish between, and to find the expressions used in the mouth of our Gaulish ancestors. Latin itself, taken aside, lets drill some Celtic character that surprises first, but which one has easily, since the Gauls were the master of a large part of the Italy, when 753 BC, Rome was built by Romulus, the man with the bizarre coat, - rum (reum), weird - hull, exterior cover. -It would be easy to cite, in considerable numbers, Gaulish expressions contained in the Latin language; But suffice it to reproduce the following: to add, add, Latin addere; to know, know, Latin cognoscere, to hear; to 12A, Don, in latin induere, Don; able, capable, in latin, habilis, which has capacity for something; to joke, joke, in latin, jocari, joking. The founding of Rome itself is made according to Gallic usage, Romulus is having opened an asylum vagrants, the discontented and all those fleeing the coming of their creditors. We have not believed to see failing to undertake these quick comments on dialects

-213in the southern Languedoc in particular, and the France provinces except to develop them later. only, indeed, they were able to open a safe route to the certain knowledge of the language of our fathers. It boggles, when heard around these expressions Celtic, treated today with disdain as miserable and coarse, it is clear that this was the primitive language communicated by Adam to his children. Also, we are convinced that these precious dialects will resist, saved by the spirit of tradition inherent in man, and will never be destroyed.

V
THE KING BEBRIX AND PYRENE. -HERCULES. SARDANAS. - CAUCOLIBERIS.- ILLIBRIS. THE SORDES.

Before the arrival of the first Celts, Pyrnes-Orientales were occupied by the Iberians. Bears, ordinary subject of prosecutions of these intrepid hunters, lived many in this area. The ' apparent extension of the Pyrenees to the East of their "junction with the Montagne Noire and Cvennes, takes place ' as a side chain which stands at the bottom of the

-214Valley of the Tt in French Cerdagne, and the special name ofAlbres. (1) In Albres, - hall, (Hall), housing, - bear (ber), a bear - wild beasts were deep retreats, and their pursuit certainly showed considerable danger, the Iberians faced with courage that distinguished. Were these bear hunters the same people as the Bebriciens, the main city allegedly Pyrene? It seems certain, if one identifies the historical traditions of all fabulous embellishments that make them unrecognizable. According to mythology, the Pyrenees belonged to King Bbrix, when Hercules, with his warriors, stood at the foot of these mountains. There is no doubt that Hercules has existed only in Greek and Latin myths: However, it is useful to notice, this famous hero takes a real consistency and has the character of truth, as soon as he personifies the Celtic nation and migration of people to the Western lands of Europe. Sallust speaks of the death of Hercules in the Iberian Peninsula, and after his death, the Armenians, the Medes and the Persians of his armies, go through the

(1) A dictionary of geography, by Hyacinthe Langlois.

-215Sea to spread in Africa. Diodorus, on the other hand, tells of Hercules violent action against Pyrene, daughter of King Bbrix, before the hero entered in Iberia at the head of his troops. Using this information, we can clearly discern the truth through the veils which it is surrounded. The Celtic nation, arriving in the Pyrenees region, faced the Iberian the Iberian people, of average size, rompus broken to the fatigues of the most dangerous hunts, viewed without dread these Gauls in stature, and bold and stubborn resistance did not prevent the Gallic Hercules to cross the Pyrenees to go shut down and die in the heart of the Spanish Peninsula. The people of Iberian, large by his fearlessness, small size next to the Celtic giants, takes a form specific, determined in the King Bbrix, the courageous child, the adventurous toddler who dared confront, braving the hazards and perils of a struggle with the Gallic Hercules, - babe (baby), a small child, a toddler-, risk, risk, chance-. The Celts and Iberians, reported Diodorus Siculus, after fighting for possession of the country, lived it in common and were allied by marriage. Alliances of the Celts with the Iberians have thus given rise to history fabu-

-216night of Hercules and Pyrene. The name of the city of Pyrene, reflects the fusion of the two peoples. because it has the memory of the efforts by the Celts to prevent the Iberians to burn their dead - pyre (pair), funeral pyre, - to rain (ren), suppress,and this name, by extension, later designated the entire string of mountains occupied by bear hunters. The efforts of the Celts had to be successful, according to the name of the city of Sardana Caucoliberis - to cock, face, straighten, - hall (Hall), House, room, - to eye (ai), see - to bury(beri), bury-, since the inhabitants of this land have high subsequently a village to bury the dead. Illiberis, another city of Sardanes, do point contradicts this assertion. He finds only the pump that the Iberians deployed in the funeral, highly (haili), ambitiously, - to bury (beri), bury. considering however a rigorous two l located in Illiberis, this name then link to that of Caucoliberis; because it would just mean a built for a burial, hill, eminence, eminence to eye (ai) see - to bury (beri) bury-. A second city of Illiberis in the Aquitani, would seem to demonstrate that the Gallic mores had

-217everywhere makes disappear the funeral pyres of bear hunters. Pyrnes - Orientales Celtiberian delivered later any other occupation than to hunt the great cave bear. They gambled in various industries and have earned, each the name of Sordes, the other Sardans. These were the sides, fixing their homes near the sea, the waves which drew them the exercise of fishing. Because of this general condition, they were called Sardans, - Sardan, small fish, sardine-; Moreover, we know how much anchovy and sardine were abundant in the waters of the Gulf of Lyon. Ruscino, their main city, is far from giving lie to their profession of fishermen; He says, indeed, are running in droves and will settle at Ruscino, to get then to the sea and soft of large fishing nets, - to rush (reuch), come to the crowd, - sean (sin), net fishing, seine-. The Sordes, on the contrary, were set in the valleys and mountains of the Pyrenees-Orientales. Their industry was very different from that of the Sardans; they made war weapons, swords - sword (sord), sword-. This is not only in the times of

-218Sordes is made of excellent iron in the eastern slope of the mountain range looking at the Mediterranean. A few years ago, eighteen furnaces to melt the iron were very active; these furnaces produced iron from the catalan system, and were known as Catalan forges. The Treaty of commerce with England, under Napoleon III, turns these furnaces; cost were too expensive so it could engage the English irons, a struggle that would become disastrous. Last village sorde where it produced iron, is named Gincla. You can still see the remains of two forges, a mill and several Swifts-forges, whose Foundation is lost in the mists of centuries. Gincla derives from to jingle (djingl'), tingle, click. It's a really surprising thing this Gincla term applied to a village, where, always and always we heard the clatter of iron, the noise of the heavy hammers striking anvils, and making sound ringing in the ears.

-219VI
THE ATACINI. -AUDE. THE RAFTS ON THE AUDE. -CARCASSONNE.

Basin of the Aude belonged to the Sordes, but to other producers of iron, living in the land of Atax, at the Atacini; These, in the manufacture of swords, joined the axes, - to add, add - axis, axe-. The nearest village of the Sordes, part of the land occupied by the Aticini, Axatis named, and this name, which is a simple inversion of Atax, marks the exact point of division between the two tribes of the Sordes and of Atacini. Axat is crossed by the River Aude, and possessed a strong estimated steel factory, which fires are unfortunately extinct today. The Atacini lived in the slope of the North and also the slope West and these mountains where the Aude and Ariege take their source. The Catalan forges were more numerous in this region as in the Pyrnes-Orientales; It is fair to say that the country of production was more extended; because it included part of the basin of the Aude and a part of the basin of the Arige.

-220The Atacini are so point their name the Aude River, and Roman geographers call it Atax, if only because its waters pass through the land of the Atacini. In the manuscripts of the middle ages, the Aude named Aldoe flumen. This is his real name; Alda is the same term as Alder, and in Celtic, Alder is the yardstick. This species of trees naturally believes on the banks of the Aude, on a course of more than eighty kilometres and although riparian owners have shot most of the ELLs, there are still enough to prove with what truth our ancestors had named this river Alder. The volume of the waters of the Alder was considerable, and the Atacini used in industry of radellerie, industry tending every day to disappear, not only by the construction of a railway on the banks of the Aude, but mainly by the decrease in water and atterrissements formed in the river bed. The industry of the floating of the timber by the waters of the Alder, is the cause of the names Marie Roquefort and Espraza. The village of Roquefort, or Roucafort, as pronounced its inhabitants, is located on a plateau

-221from an altitude of thousand metres, and surrounded by magnificent forests of fir trees. It is divided into two parts, of which one is called Roquefort, and the other more considerable, bears the name of Buillac. Rich in flocks of sheep grazing in the meadows of the col de Garabell, - station, Stroud, bell, Bell, Buillac student still in large numbers of bulls and horses, - bull (Blvd), Bull, - hack, horse-. The inhabitants of Roquefort, fewer opportunities on the side of the ground, working in the forests, and cut trees to be transported to Carcassonne by floating on the waters of the Alder. Roquefort, or Roucafort, clearly indicates the traditional profession of those Hillbillies: indeed, Roucafort is equivalent to the Celtic roughcast forth, cutting roughly outdoors. Trees, stripped of their bark and branches, were dragged up to the Aude, whose waters brought them to Quillan and Espraza. At Quillan, in latin Kilianus - killshone, dark earth and black stone-, could start to float on the Alder wood rafts in trains. These rafts are called carbon - because, trolley, - raft, a train of wood on the water, a floating cart-. The construction of these rafts took place mainly
16

-222Espraza, and barely thirty years ago, most of the population of this village belonged to the radeliers corporation. It is really amazing that the industries and occupations of the Celts themselves are thus kept intact to the present day. Espraza, that the inhabitants call with reason Sparassa, is called Sperazanus in a bubble of pope Callixtus II in 1119 year date cited by Dom Vaisette. The thread count of Sparassa contains the following words:- spar, beam, shaft, axe, hand, hand; the radeliers hand finished using the axe, the construction of wooden trains, which in the form of rafts, floating on the waters of the Alder. With what security the natives of this village did they not keep former Celtic, barely softened expression when they say Sparassa! Standing on its carbon, holding the hand of a long train on the front, the radelier of Sparassa was carried away by the waters of the Alder, directing his floating car with skill. His address was soon put to the test, on arrival, in Couiza, in the elbow formed by the River elbow that did give his name to the village built on these edges. Couiza, Kousanus, derives from Kove, small Bay, Cove.

-223and sand, sand; kovesand which has been Kousanus, and Couiza. This elbow provides, in fact, a true resemblance to a small Bay; It is located upstream from the bridge of Couiza leading to the railway station. Sands storm by the La Sals, at its confluence with the Aude, had to be the cause of this particular provision of the course of the River. The long train of radelier, engaged with his carbon in this inconvenient elbow, had soon reason difficulty, and the floating train slowly continued his journey to the point where he had to take land. Carcasonne was the place where to carbon usually abandoned the waters of the Alder, because the bed became more extensive, the rafts were experiencing greater difficulty to float. So, this city could be a lumber warehouse; However, as she was also the market for the sale of swords, axes, manufactured by the Atacini, this last ground above all weighed in the balance of the Gallic Neimheid, and earned him the name of Carcassonne, cark, care, concern, axe, axe, to own (on), have-.

CHAPTER VII

CROMLECK OF RENNES-LES-BAINS

I
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRUNEMETON OR CROMLECK FOR REDONES OF SOUTHERN GAUL. -MENIRS, DOLMENS, ROESELARE OR LOOSE ROCKS. -THE CASHDHILL OR SARRAT PLAZENT.

We have seen our ancestor industries listed in indelible letters in the name of the cities and the Gallic tribes. By studying Celtic monuments of Rennes-lesBains, we will be forced to admire the powerful organization of the Neimheid, allowing it to apply to various regions of Gaul, very distant from the other, identical names, based on the similarity of the country.

-225The Redones of Armorica are the cause of that name Rennes de Bretagne, and the Redones of Languedoc gave Rennes-les-Bains from the Aude Department. One might ask why the name of Rennes is applied to our spa; are readily available in the reason, when considering closely this strange land: indeed, its mountains of rocks, form a huge Cromleck sixteen or eighteen kilometres of perimeter. Strabo, in his history of the Galatians or Asian Tectosages, reported that the Gallic people always had a central ' drunemeton ' or cromleck. It was the place where met members of the learned society known as the Neimheid. It is very instructive to see the term Neimheid used at the same time Ireland and Asia. The decomposition of Drunemeton casts a bright light on this beautiful Celtic institution. This name, including the first syllable of trow's Drouide, and also the word nemet, learn us with certainty what were the members of the Celtic Academy. The verb to trow (tro), as already seen, means: think, believe, imagine. The second verb to name (nth), has the meaning of appoint, call, and head (hed), translates
16 a

-226by the head, the brain, the mind, the Chief. It's the same meaning given to the Irish Neimheid; It is the head of the nation, weighing with care and intelligence names whose composition is subject to his science, and applying them with the authority that has a leader universally recognized and obeyed. Caesar place on the borders of the Carnutes the site where the Druids made their judgments in disputes and challenges within their authority; but the central cromleck, drunemeton, where the Neimheid is assembled for his scientific duties create you names specific or General, was also on the fringes of the Carnutes? We don't think; central cromleck was fixed quite naturally by scholarly stones, and these stones were upright in the tribe of the Redones. The Northern drunemeton should exist in the Redones of Armorica, embracing a wide range of Gaul to the work of illustrated Assembly. However, another central drunemeton or cromleck was necessary in the South; of course, it was impossible for the members of the Neimheid dispersed in the celtiberienne region, to meet other members of the North of Gaul, and this material impossibility could give thought to build a second GUI-

-227Mara at the foot of the Pyrenees, on the heights of the Valley watered by the La Sals and become too, by the fact, Redones or scholarly stones. If the Redones expression must designate a complete set of stones and natural and artificial hands, it is in Rennes-les-Bains that she is rightly. The entrance to the Cromleck lies at the confluence of the Rialses with the La Sals. Rialses - real (rial), real, effective, cess, tax, flows from sunrise to sunset, in a Valley whose fertile land could certainly allow the residents to provide the tax which the Celts hit land an easy product. The Sals or Rivire Sale, flows first from sunrise to sunset, and, after its junction with the Blanque, toward the center of the Redones of Cromleck, continues from the South northward to the entrance to the gorge where begin to take shape first natural needles. As soon as she received the Rialses, she turns again towards the setting sun, and moves towards the Alder is into its bitter waters. Near point central to the Cromleck, in a tearing of the mountain and built on the banks of the La Sals, one sees the Rennes-les-Bains health resort, well known for the many sick that y is found a guaranteed cure or at least

-228sensitive to their rheumatic pain relief. Looking at the map of Rennes-les-Bains, can easily follow the contours drawn by natural or artificial hands. Their position is marked by red dots for the menirs that still exist, and also red lines for the ridges where the menirs were reversed for the most part. At the opening of the Cromleck, on the right bank of the La Sals, appears a mountain called Cardou : towards the top, begin to stand up spikes natural, known in the country under the name of Roko fourkado. At the time of the Celts, access of the gorge was probably very difficult, because a long barrier of rocks plunging into the River defended the entrance. In addition, extreme gradient of the slopes of the mountain was to inspire fear to members learned of the Neimheid, responsible for giving a name to this part of something so wild area. Also, they wondered how and what she way it could travel in a carriage, in engaging in the almost inaccessible parade? They left to their descendants the exact memory of their thoughts and their momentary embarrassment by calling this mountain Cardou, to cart, travel in

-229a char, - how (Hanaoka), how? in what way? - Carthow -. They were point too late in the civilization, these good Gauls of the early days of the occupation, because they were so concerned about travel in a carriage on flanks of mountains to very dangerous slopes. The difficulty that they reflected carthow, point however, was insurmountable; they knew the cross through the Rialses opposite the village of greenhouses, and by building their way in such a way, that the trucks could pass over these rocks. At the turn of the path and the specific spot where were to engage in the parade, the Celts had developed a menir on a rock which is now a stone cross. This cross is placed in the exact location of the stone which was once engraved a Greek cross similar to those that exist currently in Cape Town of the man, and close to the loose rocks. After around the base of the mountain of Cardou, and exceeded the small stream that separates the Hill of Bazel Cardou, the path starts to rise gently. He had to have a specific width, such as the Gauls knew give to their routes. This was not, in fact, simple narrow trails

-230and dangerous, but excellent roads with a width of exactly measured. Bazel does not mean something else. By making this term pretty hard pronunciation that once there, we would have to say Passel. But pass means a road, and ell measurement of length that used the Celts. At the top of the Bazel, can be seen stones thrown very strange, that contribute to form the circle of the cromleck on the side of the levant. It is almost impossible to describe in detail these large stones; they are in considerable numbers, and their sum can easily be increased to three or four hundred arranged in order on the ridge or confusedly on the slope looking south. One of these stones measuring more than eight meters in length, two by width and as much height: this mass of approximately thirty-two cubic metres has been raised, tilted in a direction desired, and seated at one end so that its huge weight does plucked it point on the slope steep mountain. Must see with his own eyes, this monumental work, causing a shock: no description can give an exact idea of this prodigious work. On the left bank of the La Sals, the cromleck began the rock of Blancfort. The tip

-231natural of this rock was removed to allow the construction of an observation post used fortin in the middle ages. It remains still a few masonry testifying to the existence of this fortin. This white rock that strikes the eye first, is followed by a base of black rocks, extending to Roko Negro. This feature has been giving this rock white, placed at the top of the black rocks, the name of Blancfort - blank, white-, forth, forwardBy following these rocks of the gaze, the eye is soon arrested by a menir isolated, whose tip shows above the Oaks that surround it. He wears in the register the name of Roc Pointu: he faces another natural rock fixed on the flank of Cardou and adorned with several needles very acute. This last rock, separate Cardou, offering multiple points gathered by the base, presented the idea of the small beings a family to our ancestors and retained even to those who have given them the day, and they poetically named these Lampos needles. This word derives from lamb, lamb, to lambor, put down, speaking of the sheep. Between the Roc Pointu and Roko Negro, are distinguished in the middle of the Oaks of other menirs for the construction of the drunemeton. At the

-232suite of Roko Negro, is still very well the various foundations that served as support to the menirs. but these are reversed and scattered here and there on the slopes of the mountain, in the biggest mess. Arriving at the stream of the Bousquet, the seat of rocks disappears, and will resume in the mountain to the source of this stream. On this high point, one can see a meeting of high rocks bearing the name of Cugulhou. This mass is point in full natural; the work of the Celts appears very clearly in the eight or ten large round stones transported and placed on the top of the megalith. Could doubt that the Celts had wanted to make of the menirs, if a small Greek cross engraved on an extension of the base warned by his presence of the meaning attributed to these large stones. The inhabitants of the country are in persuasion, very fake, Greek crosses engraved on the rocks represent land demarcation points. Genuine Stone Terminal, showing the separation of land Coustaussa and Rennes-les-Bains, it is inserted in the land to twenty meters further, on the northwest side. This terminal is very curious; It focuses on the face which looks Coustaussa, a coat of arms, probably that of the Lord of this vile-.

-233Lage, and on the opposite side, another coat of arms, the Lord of Rennes, accusing them of very large differences with the first. There is no need to insist on the assertion of the inhabitants of the country, compared to the Greek cross, because even the name Cugulhou is shedding light on this subject. These rocks are of real menirs, but villains and point with the ordinary form of the other stones, to cock, face, straighten, - ugly (eugly), ugly misshapen, ugly, - to hew (Andrea), hack-. From Cugulhou, returns a base of coarse sandstone rocks, heading to the Creek of the Carlat. This Creek whose edges are steep, is filled with blocks of stone which bar its course and form propagated falls. It would be more than difficult to draw a road along this small stream; our ancestors gave their grief as Carlat, because, trolley, to loath, hate, have reluctance-. They built their way by following a different direction; This path exists yet; It is paved with boulders and lined with menirs before on the plateau of the heaths. Is not there a way Roman, but rather a Celtic path, the inhabitants of the plateau to the cromleck of the Redones centre.

-234The natural Ridge coming from Cugulhou, continues to draw after exceed the Carlat. Inverted menirs are many on the slopes of the mountain, and excite a legitimate surprise by their mass. On the Ridge, extending from the Carlat to has a drink-bottle Creek, they readily distinguished from the evident traces of human work; the Celts used their care to make less broad continuity of this natural Ridge solutions. In front of the point where the spa and the parish church, the curved line is made by the base of rocks named Cape of man. A menir was kept at this location, and we had, at the top, carved in relief, a magnificent head of Lord Jsus, the Savior of humanity. This sculpture that in seen nearly eighteen centuries, did give this part of the plateau the name of Cap de man (the man's head), of human excellence, filius hominis. It is deplorable that it was obliged, in December 1884, to remove this beautiful sculpture of the place she occupied, to fall to the devastation produced by the peak of an unfortunate young man, which was far to suspect the meaning and value. (1) On the left

(1) This sculpted head of the Saviour is between the hands of M. Cailhol, Alet.

-235of this menir looking Spa and its parish church, one discovers on neighbouring rocks Greek crosses deeply engraved by a chisel and measuring for twenty to thirty and thirty-five centimeters. These cross, equal branches and five on this one point, had to be engraved by order of the first Christian missionaries in the region. The sign of redemption was diverted so in favour of the plain truth, the traditional respect that the menirs were the object, which in the deplorable moral State where the conquests of the Roman Republic had plunged the Celts, addressed perhaps the stones themselves. Probably all needles of crete were reversed at that time: there is a considerable amount of menirs broken on the sides and at the bottom of the mountain sometimes, and some debris are still in the walls supporting the land sloping vineyards and cultivated fields. A somewhat similar fact occurred in Britain, when the Gospel was brought in the armorican Redones. The menirs have not been overthrown, but was placed at their Summit the sign of salvation. A sixth Greek cross in a large rock, is located far enough from Cape of man, on the edge of the South Ridge, at the head of the field

-236said Pla de la Coste, after it crossed the stream of las Breychos. This small stream received its extraordinary name of metal stone, similar to the cast iron, many in his bed. They are generally small, which gave rise to the Celts to use the verb to bray, grind, to express this small dimension, and the noun shoad (chod), vein of stone metal, to designate this iron stone, or rather this iron carbonate. There are still two other crosses Greek, still engraved in stone, following the edge of the plateau to the head of the Hill bearing the name ofillete- hill, Hill head (hed), head- Huge rocks piled on the latter point excite real admiration. At the southern end of the Pla de la Coste, on the edge of the plateau, are placed two loose stones or Roeselare. The manner in which they are asked indicates clearly a goal pursued and achieved, that of allowing a slight jolt to produce a strong and sensitive, trepidation but not a deep swing that would move the center of gravity, and that precipitate the rock at the bottom of the mountain. Next to the first of these two Roeselare, a

-237small menir draws its blunt tip: two other menirs are reversed to the right and to the left. They were simply placed on the ground and not point driven into the Earth, because their basic plan has kept small white stones, agglutinated by the effect of the weight and the time, and similar to the gravel of the land on which they weighed. Right of Roeselare, placing themselves at around noon, the eye can follow the contours of the Ridge which surrounds the Creek has a drink bottle, and is marginally lost in the land of the dead man. Has a drink-bottle Creek flows constantly, even at the height of the summer heat, and there is always the ability to draw and to appease thirst, - to drink, drink bottle, bottle-. Near the place where has a drink bottle empties its waters into the Blanque, many points were to rise on the large rocks along the road of Bugarach: a single menir there on foot, having lost the sharpness of its Summit. On the right bank of Trinque bottle, begins the tenement said of the dead man. It is swampy ground, producing abundant a wheat grass with long pipes are perfect-.
17

-238ING smooth and free of knots: this wheat grass door, languedocien dialect, the name of paillo de bosc, and Celtic, that of marshes or haummoor, - haumstraw, straw, - moor (Mert), Marsh-. This description of haum-moor, applied in the entire Gaul, marshland, was everywhere denatured and travestie to become a human death. From the top of the ridge that bears the Roeselare, looking towards the South, we see is draw a long line of rocks of all shapes and all dimensions, well-oriented, incidentally, from sunrise to sunset, and extending from the pass of the La Sals until and beyond the Blanque. The number of natural needles is considerable; Nevertheless, among them, one multitude of other rock cut art are restated by the hand of man, and are real menirs, as can be convinced yourself by reviewing the installation of these large stones that are easy access. Is well a bit fatigue felt by climbing on the slopes of the Serbairou by infrequent paths, - to swerve (souerve), climb-, by-road (Baba-rd), the way little frequented. but it is largely compensated when one is in the presence of the huge work done by our ancestors. It is there, in fact,

-239a work of giants, and one is hardly surprised that the Greeks may have invented about these huge stones, which they didn't know the meaning and placed on the top of the hills, their fable of the Giants with long hair, to the fierce gaze, seeking to climb the sky and heaping Pelion on Ossa and Olympus on Ossa. The edge of the door Hill the name Languedoc Sarrat Plazent (pleasant Hill), and at the same time the Celtic name of Goundhill, whose Plazent Sarrat is that the literal translation - good (goud), good, sweet - hill, Hill-. Why have the Celts named this eminence Goundhill? Certainly, it is not because of the beauty of the site and the fertility of the land, since the soil is covered with Heather in all the North of the Serbairou slope, while the South, very steep slope offers to the eye than a skinny wood coppice, little done to inspire scientists of the Neimheid in a name as pleasant as that of Goundhill. This Hill, bristling acute rocks, so could be kind and sweet, because it reminded the Gauls the goodness of the Divine Providence, with abundance, to his people, distributing essential food, the ear of corn. South of Goundhill, the look was arrested by the mountain of Garrosse werewolves (gareuce), dirty-.

-240A horizontal line runs through its northern slope: it is a path leading in a direct line to Sougraignes and saltyfountain, where the River Sals begins its course. At the foot of the Jithendar, runs a tiny Valley watered by the stream of Goundhill; and on the edges of the Blanque, a metairie fixed attention. The sheepfold placed close to the dwelling house is built on the very old foundations of a forge which hammers were certainly driven by a hydraulic motor, as in the so-called Catalan forges. One can easily be convinced by inspection of the whole lowbed, that left the upper basin water draining into the River. (1) A very convenient Ford exists in this location, and allows the traveller descended from the Jithendar directly continue on its way without turning away. This metairie is known under the name of la Ferrire. In this appellation skillfully combined, the Celts have understood, the gueither forge Marchal-ferrant who lived in this area, because ferry means a place where you cross a river, and farrier (farrieur ))

(1) An excellent old man of the hamlet of the Hille said we have found, himself, in the field located above the bas-sin, iron slags, evident traces of the industry in this House.

-241refers to a farrier. Gallic Farriers themselves make the iron they needed daily? It is most likely, and this point would be an invalid assumption. It is possible that the small Catalan forge has succeeded, later in time, that of a Gallic farrier. What determines us this thought, it is the fragment of wheel arms, cast iron, removed from the ground on 26 November 1884, by workers working below the borders-neuve, in the construction of the Rennes-les-Bains in Sougraigne. (1) This part of grindstone, probably melted in the Ferrire, is slightly concave, and measure fifteen or sixteen inches of RADIUS. It was unfortunately shared by the instrument of the worker that has updated it and has a break similar to that of the iron cast, but an iron more porous than that of the existing blast furnaces. This wheel was to grind wheat in a perfect way, and had no need, because of its many pores, to be dug, nor even criss-crossed into his skin-tight surface by angular grooves. Later, rides on horseback with strong wheels replaced the small arm wheels, and so their.

(1) This fragment of wheel is in the possession of M.Constantin C0x, Alet. 17 (a)

-242cendans it might not ignore, the Celts have written their way in Milizac, Finistre village, - to mill, grind, - to ease (ize), lighten, hack, horse, and in Millas, big village of the Pyrnes-Orientales. - to mill, grind, - ass, ass-. The menirs of the Goundhill line is not going beyond the neck of the La Sals. At this point, the curve of the cromleck heads northward through the megaliths on the flank of the Menies and dating back to the top of the eminence. Natural rocks existing at the top of this high place, are abruptly interrupted in their uprising, and form a very sharp edge, arranged by the Celts to be included in the construction of their drunemeton. It remains amazed at the work of these men to the members of steel, and one wonders what the machines could have the Gaul to lift, establish and shape such masses. Apart from a few menirs, which are the traditional form of cones and pyramids, others offer a great resemblance with those of the Cugulhou located to the West of Rennes, as informed rocks, and also received the same weird Cugulhou, - to cock, straighten, - ugly (eugli), misshapen, - to hew (Andrea), hack-.

-243On the side of the levant, the cromleck is stronger than by three Cugulhou, of the Fajole and Montferrand points, thereby joining the Col de Bazel contiguous to the Cardou. All the stones formerly in the Fajole are today overturned, and resemble Erratics, if the sharp angles of these stones showed clearly their primitive destination. These stones were too closely spaced houses and the Celtic village so that it might leave them on foot, because they were placed above the Bugat, part of the Gaulish village inhabited by the poorest people. A small cave or cave is quite close to the menirs reverse Fajole : it is located to the North and viewing Montferrand, - to fadge (Angie), agree - hole, hollow, cave, small housingThe last menirs supplementing the cromleck on the side of the levant, being on the Ridge with the highest part argued the castle of Montferrand. The stone, according to the angle determined by the tilt of the uprising of the rock mass, are in large numbers. Moreover, this part of Mountain Creek of the Coural, is full of these large stones, yet thrown together, miserably, others lying on the ground. This field is known as the Crosss. - cross, cross-

-244This indication led us to search on what point of the ridge the cross were engraved. Unfortunately, the neighbouring owners are brought together a huge pile of stones forming a wall, and it was impossible to discover. This imperfect description will suffice, at least, we hope to enter the respective position of the countless menirs forming the vast cromleck of Rennes-les-Bains. A second cromleck, to a lesser extent, is locked up in that that we have tried to trace. Starting from the hamlet of the circle around the middle of the side of the mountain, it follows by the Illete to Trinque bottle Creek, then draws on the slope of the earliest Serbairou of the rivers of the Blanque and of the La Sals, resumed at Roukats, ending in front of the hamlet of the circle, its starting point. One could wonder right not to meet any dolmen among these Celtic monuments. We found seven; five on the slopes of the Serbairou, and two in the Roukats. The most notable is located opposite the borders-neuve, near a large stone square, strangely asked balancing on a rock. This dolmen, closed at one end, offers the image of a cave. Placing themselves on the path to

-245Sougraignes, the eye can easily distinguish the structure of all its parts. Completely at the top, directly above the dolmen, a rock of crete is a Greek cross engraved in stone: it is the greatest of all those we have been given to recognize. Through the old path of Bugarach at the same height as that of the dolmen, a huge rock is decorated with a pretty strong stone with the round shape of the bread. II

MEANING THE CROMLECK RELIGIOUS, MENIRS, DOLMENS AND ROESELARE.

Circles traced by the stones, the Celts were a deeply religious meaning. The Druids, as well as the ancient philosophers, watched as the most perfect circular figure: it represented their immense, infinite, Divine perfection having neither beginning, nor end. Zeno taught that God was spherical, that is perfect, and if Empedocles recommended sentence, saying that God is incomprehensible and intellectual sphere whose center is everywhere and circumference

-246nowhere, does not mean anything other than infinite God of excellence and perfection. King David cried in the same direction: "the Lord is great and above all praise: there is end point to his greatness." (1) The symbolism of the circle was point, as can be seen, particular to the Celts. It must be said however that it was familiar, as well as prove it cromlecks in all the lands inhabited by our ancestors. Centre of the cromleck of Rennes-les-Bains is located in the place named by the Gauls themselves, the Circle-. In appellant circle - to - circle (cerkl') surround, surround-, the focal point of the cromleck of the Redones, and thus containing a small circle in a larger, Druids have wanted to express the very clear idea that they possessed a God existing in human beings. God being the same in essence, he is also in all things in the most intimate way, since it is the cause of all that exists. The created world is represented here by the small circle enclosed in a larger, and this large circle by its spherical figure, offer to mind the idea of the essential perfection of God, in which all human beings live and move, that

(1) Ps. 144. v. 4.

-247contains all things and are in them, not point as a part of their essence or an accident, but as an agent is present at the being on which it acts and which reaches by its virtue. Do not be surprised to what the Celts had very extensive religious knowledge; they had brought from the East the most accurate notions on the divine being, and they fixed in the soil, stones, their thinking and their beliefs on God, in which all lives and moves on God, distributing to the men by his generous Providence, the main body subsistence food, wheat, and bread. That is what indicate the menirs and the dolmens that enter the formation of stone circles, of cromlecks. In the cromleck of Rennes-les-Bains, there also appear two loose stones or Roeselare. It is the sign of the power of God judging and governing his creatures. Men cannot escape this divine authority, or that it grants rewards, or exercise the rights of a retributive justice in no time. It has never entered in the spirit of no people deny this action of Creator God governing his creatures: also the Celts being of all ancient peoples except the people

-248Hebrew, which had retained its traditions in the pure doctrine, should keep carefully this essential truth of the divine Government on humanity. These primitive skills are, later, weakened at home due to their gradual revolt against the teaching order of the Druids; and when, in consequence of this revolt, unity Government and direction more existed among the tribes, the domination of the Roman Republic could settle by weapons in the middle of this proud nation, and degrade it, multiplying in her already corrupt religious cult, idolatrous errors of the Conqueror people. The pagan ideas, fruit trade with foreigners, had almost destroyed the ancient druidic teachings, and had led the people to an unislamic respect for the menirs and the dolmens, which he did more the meaning high, and this is forcing the first Christian missionaries to reverse all these stones, and burn deeply on these large rocks of the crosssign of redemption by a saviour God men. We have not forgotten the literal meaning of menir, dolmen, roll and cromleck. The interpretation of these names pushes far

-249the idea of a regular burial under the dolmens and at the foot of the menirs, or still, the uncertain belief of human sacrifices offered on the tables of stone. III
THE SACRIFICES OF HUMANS IN GAUL.

Caesar, in his comments, (1) asserts, without determining time, that human sacrifices took place in Gaul. "The Druids, said, President to the"sacred things, offer sacrifice public and "specific, they interpret religious doctrines..., they"granting rewards and impose penalties;"" "" they "excludes participation in their sacrifices," private individuals or public men refuse to "submit to their judicial decisions." This penalty is ' for the most serious of all Gauls: those who she ' is imposed, are stored with the number of the ungodly and ' soiled: avoided their conversation and their presence: it "puts them outside the rights of common justice, and they"receive more no honour."

(1) Bell's. Gall. lib. VI. 13. 18

-250In these words, nothing reveals again the practice of human sacrifice, and we understand first of all that it comes to the sacrifices of animals in use worldwide. Csar is following this story, of the description of the system of oral teachings of the Druids, and he reported that the order of the Lords or Celtic Knights was entirely given to the war, and that the number of their vassals was related more or less considerable wealth of the Lords. Then only it adds: "the ' Gallic nation as a whole is very superstitious: and for this" reason, those who suffer from serious diseases, exposed "to fights and other perils, hazards or slay ' men as victims, must vow to sacrifice or:" they use the Ministry of Druids for these ' sacrifices; they believe that cannot get favourable "the immortal gods, giving life to a man for"the life of a man";" and they have publicly set up "sacrifices of this kind." They fill with living men "statues of their gods, made through ' flexible branches of Wicker: we put into the fire and the men perish surrounded by flames." ' " They think ' than the torments of those who are caught in flight, the "banditry or in any other crime, are very accepted-

-251' the immortals wheats: but when the culprits are missing, "they come also to the agonies of the innocent." ' (1) Two very different thoughts emerge from the writings of Caesar. The Gauls offered animal sacrifices, sacrifices surrounded by such respect, the prohibition to attend these religious ceremonies was the most serious of all penalties. This was the true sacrifice public, similar to traditional and universal nation practice, and offered to the one God that recognized the Druids and the Gauls. The authority of the Neimheid with much weakened in recent times, popular superstition will, perhaps, have set up sacrifices where criminals were slain as victims. In this period of weakening, the druidic order, not wanting to expose the last remnants of its influence, will point dared resist foolish nation, fallen little by little ideas in polytheism by the commerce of the Greeks and Romans. It will have sacrificed the criminals whose punishment was a tribute to real justice, and then the sick, timid, naturally selfish, have abused executions of convicted, to vow to sacrifice human victims,

(1) Bell's. Gall. lib. VI. 16.

-252When public justice has reached, without criminals, put itself into practice this immolation. These last sacrifice, born of ignorance of the people, of the weakening of the authority of the Neimheid and the attendance of foreigners, will have probably formed special sacrifices. However should point think that all criminals and died in the flames, and even Strabo tells us that ordinary criminals were precipitated from the top of the rocks. The assertion of this geographer writing after Caesar, reflects scarcity, or rather the non-existence of human sacrifices. We note, in this regard, that the Tectosages of the Rhine, the Danube Tectosages, the Sordiques Gauls and Asian Galatians have never sacrificed human victims. Caesar indicates belief whose misinterpretation would have caused these abominable practices: "they believe," said, that you can get favourable gods ' Immortals that giving the life of a man for the life "of a man." The Roman general, more concerned about himself and his military glory that religious teachings of the Druids, reports, without notice it otherwise, a belief which he does not understand the depth. Ourselves,

-253accustomed to watching our forefathers as of ignorant savages, because we did not know still query the monnments that they have left us, we are surprised by this word of Caesar and this mysterious doctrine of the Gauls, claiming the life of a man must redeem the life of man to fully satisfy divine justice. The world has always however penetrated by these truths, "that man is degraded and guilty', that a satisaction of mankind to the divine justice is absolutely necessary, 'a man made the merits of his Atonement on the head of his brothers' is the life of humanity redeemed by a man's life, and heard in this sense, Caesar lyrics express the secular tradition of the redemption of men by blood tradition that the Celts had made of the East. "Mankind couldn't guess by itself that the blood he needed, was that of a saviour God, because he had not suspected the immensity of the fall and the immensity of the restorative love." The real ' altar was erected in Jerusalem, and 'the blood of the victim bathed the universe' (1). The doctrine of the Druids on the redemption of humanity by blood, skewed by Caesar, has-

(1) Clarification on sacrifices, by j. de Mack, passim, 18 a

-254Ed not however suffered from deterioration in the teachings of the Neimheid; It is certain that if the error had come of the druidic body, the practice of human sacrifice would have engraved in the Celtic names like other received beliefs. Even at the time of decadence, the Neimheid do not discontinuait his work, by imposing new names in connection with knowledge or errors made by foreigners, and nevertheless scholarly society, inspired by the genuine traditions, refused to write these sacrilegious abominations on Gallic Earth. We vainly searched in the composition of all the Celtic words that it was possible to know, likely evidence, a likelihood any of the truth of the stories of Caesar on human sacrifice in Gaul; but our attempts persuaded us that the Neimheid left point to a posterity the memory of these abhorrent practices that perhaps did not exist or which were based on the popular error and not focus on truths owned and passed in their integrity. The ordinary punishment reserved for criminals, is written on Celtic ground, and we find him in the term Fangallots, designating a field siitue in Rennes-lesBains, in the steep

-255at the bottom of which is built the spa bath-soft. Fangallots, means, disappear by the arm, - to faint (fent), disappear, - gallows (galleuce), gallows, gibbet. -The descendants of the Tectosages, retaining the Gallic uses, always used the stem against criminals, and today again, the hanging is, among the Anglo-Saxons, the only mode practiced for the punishment of the criminals sentenced to the death penalty by the courts. IV
THE STONE OF HOLE OR AXE CELTIC.

The large stones erected in the Gaul, had a religious sense of an incontestable truth. They were the symbol of pure religious science evoking the memory of God Government that creates the world, directs the Earth to produce the grain of wheat, whose privileged creature will be nourished, distributes the goods required to man, by his vigilant providence and governs by the laws of the infinite justice. If the religious system of the Gauls was bounded to this knowledge of God creator and paying, without deduce no consequences practice for common shares of life,

-256It would not have been complete. The Druids were too educated to ignore or leave in the shadow consistent with the principles issued conclusions. Also they summarized, somehow, the severe consequences of their doctrine in the meaning imposed on polished stone. The stone polished, so-called Celtic axe, made of jade, serpentine and diorite, affects various forms. The Languedoc dialect called it pierre's hole. It represents what to believe, i.e., enrolled in the large boulders - to trow (tro), the necessary teachings believe-. The hole stone figure with honour on the coats of chimneys in houses of our mountains. A vague religious idea still attaches to this stone, in the thinking of some, it preserves the lightning, others inclined to believe she spreads some misfortunes. These fantasies are, in fact, a faithful remnant of the meaning first of pierre's hole. Polished stones found in abundance in the cromleck of Rennes-les-Bains and deposited at the Museum of Narbonne, are typically made of jade and have a cutting edge always blunt. Flints are point estimates in our mountains, if not as specific stones

-257draw sparks and ignite the fire. We have in our possession a Flint's fourteen inches in length on three-inch-wide, offering numerous serrations on the edges, found in the grounds of moor-Haum, close to the location of an old Gallic. Is not there, for us, a pierre's hole. Polished jade stones, are not very known everywhere, it is quite possible that the religious idea attached to the stone of hole has also affected the simple Flint cut, which in turn, would have represented still in mind the essential religious beliefs. This thought is suggested by the discovery in Pressigny-le-Grand, Department of Indre-et-Loire, manufacture of the Flint Center. This discovery is due to doctor Lveill, doctor of the locality. (1) Indeed, writes Mr. Louis Figuier, it is less a "manufacturing centre as a suite of workshops spread throughout the region surrounding pressigny. At the time of this discovery, in 1864, Flint ' were by the thousands at the soil surface, in thickness 'of the vegetable layer, on a stretch of five to six "HA." ' "

(1) The primitive man, by Mr. Louis Figuier.

-258Father Chevalier, giving an account of that curious "find at the Academy of science in Paris, wrote:" "cannot take a step without stepping on one of those 'objects.' Grand-Pressigny workshops present a fairly "wide variety of instruments." We see axes at all 'levels of implementation, since the "coarse until the perfectly polished weapon." draft" There is also "long flakes, or Flint knives, removed suddenly with surprising skill. A strange objection was raised against seniority axes, knives and weapons of Pressigny. Mr. ' Eugne Robert argued that these flints were another ' thing as siliceous masses who served at the end of "last century, and especially at the beginning of the century ' current, in the manufacture of flint stones! Father ' Bourgeois, M. Penguilly L'haridon the and Dr. John Evans were ' have much trouble to demonstrate the limited "basis for such criticism." "" In the Department of "Loir-et-Cher", where the stone gun industry still exists, manufacturing residues are in no way in the nuclei of Pressigny; they are much ' less bulky, and do not exhibit the same forms 'constant and regular. " In addition, they are never ' re-cut on the.

-259' edges, such as a large number of fragments of the workshops of "Touraine." ' But a quite compelling argument is that the "Flint Pressigny-le-Grand, because of its ' texture, would be unfit for the manufacture of flint stones. Also the archives of the artillery depot, as did ' noted Mr. Penguilly L'haridon, Librarian of ' Museum of artillery, do not mention that the locality "pressigny has never been exploited for this purpose." This last remark of Mr. Louis Figuier prevents to assign the vulgar use of stone to rifle flintlock Pressigny-le-Grand. What was their destination? What was their purpose? Note that these flints were manufactured at the Turones, and the name alone of this tribe - tour, travel, - hone, chipped stone-, already indicates that they were cut according to a specific form and to carry them in travel. Nevertheless, the Turones Word only not reveals the reason why Touraine Flint had to enter in the crew of the traveller. Pressigny locality, to which popular tradition attached size appearing quite out of cause, in the name-

-260Mant Pressigny-le-Grand, the locality of Pressigny Let's say, says openly what do express not the Turones, i.e., that the stone made travel to Pressigny, represents, means the request and prayer rising to the heights of heaven - to pray (pre), pray, ask, - to sign, represent, serve - (hated) high , high, highThe Flint Pressigny-le-Grand, as well as our polished stones of jade, excellently deserved the name of hole stone or stones of belief; because they contain the most essential Act of religion by which man recognizes its entire dependence on God, the sovereign ruler in their meaning. Was not enough for the Gauls to believe the immutable truth: their belief was to break out in the external actions of life, in speaking with the prayer to his eternal principle. The Celts would point always and in all countries, their eyes, the large stones thrown to excite their commitment to the recognition of the creator, wear them to ask and thank, while the stones of hole, an easy port warned them persistently to fulfil religious duties, divine assistance to implore, especially full of adventures and dangers travel they loved to euphold.

-261Little wonder that prayer has formed as the central point of the religion among the Celts, since it is an act of practical reason, and consequently, the proper of the reasonable man. Druids are prided of science and logic in their teaching, and point reluctant to put their actions in harmony with the constant principles of their religious philosophy and traditional truths. The presence of flints and stones polished in the tombs of the Celts, fully confirm the religious idea attached to stones of hole. The tombelle Rhuis (Morbihan) Peninsula, next to a human skeleton, probably that of an Arch-Druid, and under the stones of a dolmen, collected thirty stones polished jade. In this regard, we can invoke a very interesting passage from the memory of Mr. Liyanage, the Parisii, quoted by Mr. Louis Figuier memory burial. (1) ' All ' these stones, said Mr. Leguay, common to the three kinds of "burials, have for me votive attribution, that is to say" they represent, for that time, crowns "of immortal or other objects that today ' today ' we file on the graves of our parents and

(1) The primitive man, page 302.

-262"our friends, according to a use that is lost on the night of the 'time." "And that one series not too of this idea I think 'fair enough.'" Men can change, they can "disappear, but they always pass to their 'replacements, to those who follow, uses of their era, that do change that at the same time that"the causes that produced disappear."" " It is not "so the end of man, which does not change, and which always happens"with its cortege of sorrows and regrets."' Any time whatsoever, to any degree of civilization that it happened, he feels the need to "witness his regret;" and so today some money "just to express ours, at these remote times" each shaped his offering, cut Flint, and "wore itself." it " This explains this diversity of forms of the Flint ' places around and in the burials, and especially the hardiness "large numbers of parts which, all manufactured with the" same material, detect a way unique, practiced "variously by a large number of hands more or less ' exercised. "It is without doubt to the votive idea that must be assigned"the deposit, in the graves,""

-263"of these beautiful pieces that adorn the collections;" only, "large axes cut gross, as well as knives" are the second time, the third time, "replaced by polished axes, often even ' driven, as well as by knives much more ' large and well better worked. These explanations of Mr. Leguay are truly outstanding. For us, we go much further in the meaning of the stones cut or polished Celtic village. Our eyes, Pressigny Flint and stone polished hole, placed in a mound next human remains, proclaim highly the unwavering belief of the Gauls, the immortality of the soul, and the excellence of the prayer to God for those who had preceded them in eternity. V
STONES THROWN SECONDARY MEANING. THE EUBATES.

The Celtic stones still have an another secondary meaning that we have already set out, and that it is useful to recall. Gold-

-264Dr. Druid priestly was vested with important functions, and its members met them as Ministers and representatives of God amidst men. The Druids, said Caesar, Ministers of divine things, "President in particular and public sacrifices, interpret" religious doctrines and retain the deposit. (1) As scholars, as part of the Neimheid, they were responsible for finding, to imagine the most accurate names to apply to all parts of the Gallic soil. Politics and justice, were their most difficult duties, and rocky stone, the rolling, beautifully balanced and placed on all points of the Celtic countries, was their Government, their exact and impartial justice, leaving never to influence or corrupt in his actions and decisions. But the more laborious function was to ensure the people the food staples, wheat and bread, and the terms of Feid-Neimheid, menir, dolmen and cromleck, relate all this responsibility of their Department. The Celts were so accustomed to see their spiritual leaders, the Druids, distributing

(1) Caesar, Bell gall. lib. VI.

-265This food that, when Christianity was carried in Gaul, Christian bishops found themselves virtually loaded the same function; Thus, by changing the spiritual leaders, the people did not point patterns. The Druids, already educated by their traditions of the fundamental truths of the true religion, were the first to embrace Christianity, whose doctrines were the complement of the truths they had kept intact, and entered as a result of their conversion in the Christian priestly order, they liked to keep their functions of distributors of wheat, which is so well combined with the precepts of the Gospel of charity. In their new position of Christian pastors, they even kept the vestments they wore previously, i.e., the white dress and the Eastern headdress known as the mitre. It is quite interesting to find the mitre under the name ofEubates that were the Druids, when they presided over the religious ceremonies - up (eup), top - hat, hair-. Ministry of the Druids among the population was so overloaded by hard work, since they were obliged to ensure body food, duties of justice, to the instruc19

-266tion religious and to the spread of natural sciences. All their lessons were formulated and oral to which reached the number twenty thousand. Also, their followers were forced to spend many years with them, to acquire the complete science were custodians. Many authors believe that needed twenty years of continuous study to have entire Druid science. VI
THE ART OF HEALING AMONG THE DRUIDS. -WATER THERMAL AND MINERAL OF RENNES-. BATHROOM. -COLD IRON SOURCES OF CROMLECK

Dion Scott assigns to the Druids the science of the art of healing; This art, said another author, was only in the prescription of some baths, and Pliny describes with complacency the names of medicinal plants including the Celts were use, with the bizarre practices employed to collect. One can easily admit that the Druids know-

-267used the art of healing, and that the baths were the best and safest auxiliaries. It is quite remarkable that the enclosure of the Cromleck de Rennes-les-Bains, encloses all sources mineral, hot and cold of the region. The Celts had fountains in great esteem, and they had to be all happy to meet a country perfectly lending itself to the construction of a full Celtic monument under all its faces. What belief, what secret symbolism mask these gushing waters, preserving at all times their volume, their temperature, and escaping without noise from the bowels of the Earth? Was it there the image of the continuous favors that generous Providence pours out on his creatures, or even, after having represented by thrown stones, menirs and dolmens, the donations of essential wheat and bread that God given to alleviate hunger, the Celts did show their appreciation of what the Lord gave as pure, clear water fountainsto quench thirst? This enclosure of stones around the mineral springs, it indicated that God, his foster people, was still at the relief and cure bodily diseases, by the beneficial virtues contained in these waters?

-268It is difficult to say with certainty. However, we are far to assign to the Celts of primitive occupation of Gaul, this unislamic veneration for fountains, that only could be the Gauls of decadence, deceived by the pagan doctrines of the Greek merchants and Phoenicians. Fountains enclosed inside the Cromleck are many: three are spas to varying degrees of temperature. The so-called source bath-Fort, has a temperature of + 51 degrees centigrade, while the other, say two of the Queen and the bath-sweet, + 41 to + 40 degrees centigrade. It is easy to appreciate the extreme depth of the siphon bringing this water mineralized and raised in these degrees of heat to the surface of the ground. We know generally that the temperature varies in a very sensitive manner in the Interior of the Earth, following the different depths that can reach. Taking as a starting point the cellars of the Observatoire de Paris, who are twenty-eight metres below ground, and where the thermometer constantly brand + 11 degrees centigrade, there are on average a degree more of warmth for each 30 metres deep, penetrating more forward in the Interior of the Earth. Water bath-Fort mar-

-269Quant + 51 degrees centigrade, which reduce to 40, since it must remove eleven constant levels marked with the thermometer at twenty-eight metres below ground, in the cellars of the Observatoire de Paris, the depth of the trap point would be about twelve hundred thirty metres, however excluding any leakage of heat produced by secondary and accidental causes. On the sources of the Queen and the bath-sweet, their degree of temperature would accuse nine hundred thirty and nine hundred metres. These thermal waters have for ore-forming principles of iron oxide, carbonate of lime, magnesia; soda, magnesia, and sulphate of soda, magnesia, lime, and iron chlorides. We are, indeed, under the eyes, as a pure curiosity, table analyses at the Academy of Medicine of Paris in 1839.

19 a

-270QUANTITIES OF CHEMICAL SALTS TO 1,000 GRAMS OF MINERAL WATER.

Bath Fort. Bath of the Queen. Bath Soft.

Temperature.... Carbonic acid.... Hydrogen sulphide.... Lime carbonate.... -of magnesia.... Sodium chloride.... -of potassium.... -of magnesium..... Sulphate of soda and ma-. gnsie. . . . . . . . . . . . . -of lime.... . Silice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina.... Phosphates of alumina and chaux. . . . . . . . . . . . . Carbonate iron oxide and no doubt crenate.... Manganese.... Organic.... Total....

51 c. 162 c. c. 0 gr. 250 0, 070 0, 071 Traces. 0, 280 0, 090 0, 162 0, 049

41 c. 155 c. c. Traces 0 gr. 120 0, 100 0, 285 Traces. 0, 320 0, 200 0, 170 0, 040

40 c. 148 c. c. 0 gr. 140 0, 030 0, 181 Traces. 0, 244 0, 120 0, 180 0, 037

0, 031 Traces. 0, 040 1 gr. 043

0, 006 Traces. 0, 020 1 gr. 261

0, 002 Traces. 0, 020 0 gr. 954

-271This analysis, by revealing the ore-forming principles of ferruginous springs of Rennes, say us the effects that will occur as a result of their use? Certainly not. Extracted by analyzing the elements of water, but he has taken, using reagents, separate them, sever them, force them to make combinations that are known and to easily distinguish. Before their forced separation, what was the actual combination of acids and bases in these mineral waters, what secret principle gave them the effectiveness noticed in them? It seems impossible that we define it with certainty. Can only formulate conjectures and assumptions that the effects will often come to contradict. Observation of the results acquired through the use of water is a safer and more accurate guide to rely with some assurance. It also results in the healing of rheumatism, that of Rennes-les-Bains thermal waters attract every year so many patients. No doubt, many other human infirmities can disappear under the influence of these beneficial waters; but in general, we see come rheumatic at all levels and in all forms affected by muscular and articular rheumatism.

-272This quality, this property of thermal and mineral waters in the cromleck of Rennes-les-Bains, was known to the scholars of the Neimheid? What could be the source in this time? The term escatados, applied to the land between the soft bath and bath-Fort tells us nothing for certain, because this word means only warm water. The name of the Queen, distinguishing the thermal spring located between the bath-Fort and the bath-sweet, well could assume that it was the source of the estimated, the true fountain of the Redones - Rennes or Queen-, without us say these waters curative virtue, according to the thinking of the members of the Neimheid. However, it will hardly admit that effects achieved by immersion in the thermal and mineral water, have escaped from their insight. Rheumatic pains were not to be rare among the old Celtic warriors, because of their continual fatigues, also because of their injuries multiplied; they were hardly combat withdrawing without traces of resistance by the enemy. Is it credible that, with a remedy so effective, peculiar to give them a new force by the easing of suffering, have it neglected or despised? It is deplorable that the Celtic names of

-273mineral, hot or cold, sources have not arrived to us by tradition. One was retained, and it applies to one of the cromleck cold iron sources. This fountain, located on the right bank of the Blanque, is located at the distance of about 1 km south of the resort. It is since a few years under the name of the Madeleine . but its Celtic name contained in the cadastre, is the fountain of the dildo. This spring, emerging with abundance of the lower fault of a large rock of sandstone, is very iron-rich, and a strongly atramentaire flavour. A few metres from this fountain, on the same plane, sank a second source, little abundant and saturated salt of iron which is the peroxide of iron sulfate. We found this chemical salt deposited on the ground, dried by evaporation under the action of air and produced by water oozing along the rocks of sandstone under which this fountain takes birth. These sandstone rocks contain abundantly plots of iron sulphide. It is easy to see the work of decomposition of iron sulfide, in a large rock whose base dipped in water of Blanque, and located on the right side of the fountain. At some points, the rock splits easily by -274scales, and one can see the iron sulphide changed sulphate of iron to a green colour. on other points, you can still see the peroxide of any formed iron sulfate, having the appearance of a coarsely granulated white salt. These two cold iron sources received the Celts the name dildo, - to goad (god), stimulate, Excite, animate-. When we give a water mineralized by iron, a name like, it is that the properties are perfectly known, and known to be no doubt in what specific cases of disease, must use this water to stimulate, Excite, animate the whole economy. It is quite regrettable names the sources of the Bridge, the Circle and the warm waters, are completely lost: they would have surely informed us on the degree of medical science of the Druids, with regard to the therapeutic action of mineral waters that they use. The waters of the two fountains of the Madeleine or the dildo point yet were analyzed. They must get close much of the nature of the circle and the bridge, following the analysis made at the Academy of Medicine of Paris in 1839.

-275CIRCLE. Carbonic acid... Carbonate of lime... -of magnesia... Sodium chloride... -of magnesium... Soda and magnesia sulphate... Sulphate of lime... de fer............................... Phosphates of alumina and chaux........................................... Carbonate iron oxide and without doubt crenate... Organic matter... indeterminat e. 0 gr. 060 0, 050 0, 140 0, 100 0, 084 0, 150 0, 017 0, 002 indeterminat e. 0 gr. 603 BRIDGE. None identified. 0 gr. 140 0, 070 0, 060 0, 150 0, 120 0, 025 0, 050 0, 003 0, 003

Total............................

0 g. 648

This table is ample know the composition of the cold waters, and suspect activity they require in various cases where one is called to use. On the occasion of the fountains of the cromleck of Rennes-les-Bains, we would like to give, in a quite different vein, a striking example of the valuable benefit that we offer the names

-276Celtic's fountains, to uncover much evidence lost by tradition and hidden in the darkness of the local stories. VII
OUR LADY OF MARCEILLE FOUNTAIN.

We have happiness to possess in our countries, half a mile north of Limoux, a shrine dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, diligently visited, and surrounded by a reverence that is never denied. Very close to the banks of the River Aude at the tranquil waters, and placed on a hillside overlooking the Valley, this Sanctuary easily hits the look that fits with complacency on this blessed place where the mother of the Savior sweet distributes his consolations and its assistance to all worshippers of his son, running in close to her to ask and beg. Supplications were never empty, and exvoto hanging around the venerated image, show enough joy and the recognition of the misfortunes that received unsolicited favours. The shrine is guarded by the children of St. Vincent de Paul, the saint whose heart belonged to orphans and the poor, and under the

-277direction of these pious and scholarly missionaries, worthy heirs of the virtues and the charity of their founder blessed, the privileged temple saw a crowd, larger than ever, to kneel and pray in the sacred enclosure. A few remote, to the top of the ramp (1) lined with green trees leading to the shrine, a fountain drops drip its limpid water in a marble basin. By the long rains, the water drop keeps falling with consistency, and times of drought drying point up the. Countless Christians who will pay homage to the Holy Virgin, stop a moment to the fountain, and after a prayer, draw a few drops of this water which they moisten their eyelids. Why are they acting so? Most are unaware; the mother teaches his sons, but those above pass to their children the pious practice in use at our Lady of Marceillefountain. It thus means the fountain; the old chroniclers, however, knew under the name of Notre-Dame de Marsilla fountain. At the time of the occupation the Gauls first,

(1) This ramp bears the name of sacred way.

-278This fountain, flowing drop by drop, had to make the ground muddy, and in consequence, filled with rushes and this grass is found in wet soils: it was there that the Celts called haum-moor, term they wrote on all points of the Gallic country, everywhere where presented itself in their eyes more or less swampy ground. The small source, like all those whose water too rare to form a low stream, was barely sufficient to make haum-moor land, unnamed traced however their spirit specific and is venerable. Later, when the Gauls, losing little by little their pure beliefs under the disastrous influence of foreigners, were fallen in unislamic worship, they began to worship what was once simply in veneration, especially fountains, which were the attributes of a beneficent Providence in their darkened eyes. The first Christian missionaries, including the difficulty to disappear from the hearts of the people this unislamic veneration for fountains, did what they had already done for the menirs on which they had carved the sign of Redemption. They took him from the sources, crosses, statues of the Virgin Mary,

-279thereby seeking to make purity beliefs enlightening minds. Like the others, Marceille fountain had to be adorned with a statue of the Blessed Virgin. East - this one, lost in the middle of turmoil of the Saracen invasions, was later found and placed with honour in the sanctuary designed to receive? It appears to us highly likely. This image of the Blessed Virgin, taking on her arms her divine son and carved in a wooden Black, indicates its eastern provenance: its position with a fountain, and it is in a field adjacent to the small spring that has found it, we refers to the early days of Christianity in Gaul. These probabilities are a still more serious, if we seek to penetrate the meaning of the name of our Lady of Marceille or Marsilla. New Christian, trusting in the tenderness of the mother of the Lord Jesus will come to ask, kneeling at the feet of his image placed to the fountain, healing or softness of their bodily suffering, and these Gauls, have expressed in the word Marsilla the sum of most ordinary favors obtained the goodness of the Holy Virgin : she was for them our Lady of Marsilla, or spoiled, damaged and closed by the mala-eyes

-280die - to mar, Mar, damage, - to seel (sil), close your eyes-. Ignorance of the pronunciation of Celtic words could only lead, later in time, i.e. marseel, (Marceille) to Marsil. We could even quote the name of another sanctuary of our land, located near Caunes and called our Lady of the Cros. There, too, above the magnificent fountain that flows at the foot of the mountain, it scored a cross - cross, cross-. A statue of the Blessed Virgin, later replaced the cross with the fountain, and the sanctuary built a short distance, received the name of Notre-Dame du Cros or our Lady of the cross. VIII
The Salt River and MOLLUSCS FOSSILS.

The fountains in the the Redones cromleck could aspire, like Marceille, to the honour of seeing a shrine high with them; the curative virtue of their water was quite natural. Their reputation would however be very extensive, since Greek and Latin, geographers in speaking of the

-281Gaul Narbonne, never fail to point out in this region a very salty fountain. Guillaume de Carter, in his memoirs, wondered if this fountain is the one flowing into the tang de Leucate. In Leucate, he says, come large amount of large eels that are sold by the Languedoc, that so-called eel of Leucate; I don't think "yet in this place are found in fields in" searching the Earth, fish that the elders call " pisces fossil ; However, several authors have "noticed as Mela, Strabo, Athenaeus in book ' eighth; because me informed with the countries, they ' told me not seeing him, the Earth is being dried because "of the great heat." " Guillaume de Carter is very legitimate, since its point to the fountain of Salses, nearby tang de Leucate, must apply the observation of ancient geographers, but Sals, Salt River which crosses the cromleck of Rennes-les-Bains. The Valley of the La Sals indeed contains shellfish and the fossil colonial in prodigious numbers, and there, we can understand that the salt fountain cited by geographers in the region of the fossil pisces, is the River Sals in the cromleck surrounding its menirs and dolmens
20

-282Rennes-les-Bains mineral and thermal waters. At the time where Strabo (20 years after Jesus Christ) and Pomponius Mela (43 years after Jesus Christ), wrote their treaties of geography, the South of Gaul was part of the empire Roman under the name of Provincia, and mineral waters of the Redones were very attended by the conquerors. This explains, how these geographers spoke of fossils recognized on the banks of the Salt River. IX
THE SACRED MISTLETOE.

The treatment of certain diseases by the waters of the Redones was too simple and too easy to be point familiar to the Druids. Druidic science included knowledge of remedies in relation to the small number of infirmities of those men full of vigor and health, and the baths were for them a valuable resource, which certainly they used with intelligence. Nevertheless, the baths would point been, Druids, a cure well used, if needed add faith to the writings of Pliny,

-283that assumes them enough bit of medical science to believe they would reason of all human diseases by the single use of mistletoe, omnia sanantem. (1) Mistletoe, retaining its dark green leaves in the heart of the winter while the trees are stripped, was he simply in the eyes of the Druid symbol of the immortality of the soul and the future life, or else had it actually in their thought some effectiveness for the cure of diseases? Will its Celtic name learn us it, while rejecting far appraisals daring and singular of Latin authors. It was usually in February that the Druids were research. At the news that the plant "precious had struck the looks people came into crowd in the forest, it surrounded tree privileged to keep with vigilance; and the sixth day of the Moon of "March, (the sixth day of the Moon among the Gauls opened 'always the month, year, and century') a Druid in a dress" white cut with a pruning of gold, sacred plants, 'lest he swarm the Earth falling and not was "defiled by a secular contact." ' "" This ceremony "bred in each tribe."

(1) Pliny. lib. 16.

-284The old use of running the streets, the first day of the year, "the cry of to the mistletoe the new year, related to the cult of the 'Gauls'. (1) Then it sacrificed victims (two white Bulls) praying God to its salutary present to those who would have the advantage of possessing (2) the feast began then, and the rest of the day was devoted to revelry There, said the Abbot Monlezun, (3) a part of this ' ancient use in the Borough of Lectoure. Only, crossing times and Christian countries, 'he had minted of Christianity." Few days before the "Christmas, young people present themselves during the night before each House, singing Aguillounein the gui." new year " The aguilloune celebrations take place also in Provence and merge in the Christmas party. In England, on Christmas day (Christmas), is presented on all the tables the famous plumpudding adorned with a branch of gui. In Brittany, the famous cry was eguinane which is the synonym of Christmas, because it is the signal of the distribution of fairs. (4) ' Cry '.

(1) History of France, Em. Lefranc. (2) Pliny, lib. 26 cap. 44. (3) History of Gascony. (4) Emile Souvestre, the last Britons.

-285"said Henri Martin, (1) is kept with the same meaning," in parts of the France where the Celtic language disappeared for many centuries. "" M.Augustin Thierry we ' told in Blois, he even heard children ' appointaguilanle a day of celebration where they qutaient with ' coins on an Apple it inserted at the end of a 'wand enrubanee. According the author of the last Britons, Eguinane or rather enghin-year-eit, would mean the wheat germ. The term aguilanle, heard in Blois has no idea in mind, while the aguilloune sang in Lectoure gives us, despite a slight alteration in pronunciation, the true Celtic expression used by our ancestors. Mistletoe is a parasitic plant named viscum by Latins and mistletoe (mizzlto) by the Anglo-Saxons. GUI is only part of the word aguilloune, and in this last expression is enclosed the belief of the Druids on the virtues of this famous plant. They attributed to him, wrongly or rightly, the ability to prevent or to cure intermittent fever, and this valuable quality made surround themselves with a particular favor. Aguilloune breaks down thus:- ague

(1) History of France, note 1. page 72. 20 a

-286(( eguiou), intermittent fever, - nay (born), no, negative adverb, - eguioune According to this interpretation, the mistletoe was an absolute condom of intermittent fever, and was it used as an infusion in water, infusion, no doubt, strongly extended. The gui was therefore issuing not all evils, as advance Pliny, but only of a singularly dreadful disease to the Gaul; because the fatigues of war preparing, so to speak, their bodies to the invasion of intermittent fever. Through the favor which enjoyed this plant, and this favor was perhaps not undeserved, we kept eguioune the syllable gui which means today of the mistletoe from the Celts. Allow us to make a simple ob preservation on what Pliny tells about the sacred mistletoe. This author, highly concerned of the Greek term drus meaning oak where he can derive no doubt the name of Druids, sees only Oaks in all the druidic ceremonies. Druids are the men of the oak, their sacrifices are held under the branches of this tree, except in countries where the Oaks are replaced by firs or beeches, and the gui must grow on an oak tree, but no one, not even the famous botanist Decandolle, has never been able to discover it.

-287In addition, the relationship of Pliny on viscum faces a physical impossibility. Once this plant was issuing the ills, and that a plant of mistletoe growing on Oak was a such rarity that it instituted public celebrations and sacrifices for the day of the collection of this extraordinary gui need to also find in each tribe, since in each had held the same ceremonies, the Celts were inevitably doomed to never heal their diseases; of course, a single plant of gui by tribe, could not meet the million people locked up in Gaul. It is therefore necessary to look for another explanation of the druidic rites on the gui, said sacred. Ceremonies referred to by Pliny, the festivities were reserved by the Druids to a fixed date, the sixth day of the Moon of March. They thus appear to refer first to the opening of a new year, and second place, harvesting of the gui. The Druid in white robes, who cut his pruning of gold mistletoe, was another thing that give the signal of a very valuable crop, and then, the Gauls could, in the expanse of the country, search for, pick up on all the trees that feed it, and to make provision for the unfortunate case where fever inter-

-288same Mittente would enter them and reduce them to the most distressing impotence. This interpretation is losing its sacredness mistletoe, but retains her virtue that the Gauls attributed to its infusion for the recovery or preservation of intermittent fever. We will point, examine the medical science of the Druids was in default, when they dealt with intermittent fever by the sticky liqueur obtained by lengthily macerated mistletoe in water; It is enough to see that this famous plant was point, says Pliny, a universal panacea, and that the Druids knew very well apply to a particular disease a particular remedy, by opposing the gui in intermittent fever, and the bathroom other all also fearsome diseases.

CHAPTER VIII.

VILLAGE REINDEER CELTIC - BATHS

I
CELTIC - ROAD HOMES FOR THE TROLLEYS.

In the seaside resort of Rennes, the thermal spring, which the Celts were the most made use, is that of the Queen or reindeer. The chain of traditions on the effectiveness of the waters of the Redones, the Romans felt that they had to build their baths to this source, and then, sumptuous constructions, of which there are still remnants, arose in the Valley of the La Sals. Well before the possession of the country by the Romans, Gallic homes were not, as now, grouped nearby

-290Hot Springs; they were built on the slope of the ground named the Artigueshearth (harth), home-, to eke (ike), perfect-. The term tribe- tribe (traibe), tribe, tribe; designating land located south of Montferrand, shows well that the bulk of the population lived in the Valley in which flows the stream of the Coume. AlbyBrook, - hall, housing, - by (bai) side which flows into that of the Coume, crossed the Gallic village. The Celts were taking advantage of the gradient of the slopes to build their houses, to which they gave the round shape partly in the soil. They were, say the authors, very spacious, built of wood and Earth, covered thatched or straw chopped and kneaded into clay. It is quite possible that the poorest houses were thus covered, but find it us hard to believe that the Gauls might point know the use of the tiles, which they have left the name in rajole, - rash, rash, and languedocien dialect, flow, hole, small housing, which today means the brick. Close the Artigues and above the Bugat, part of the ground bears the name of

-291scarrajols , - square (skouere), square-, rash, discharge, - hall (Hall), home-. This is, the tile square hooks, which is considerable, in several respects, in the cromleck of Rennes-les-Bains. The tile to channel is also seen in the middle of tiles hooks to debris. Without doubt, the Scarajols does tell us point the more or less distant era where we manufactured these tiles, but why would refuse stubbornly to the Celts the smallest degree of civilization and assign, without reason, without cause, an ignorance that their language contradicts constantly? Did the Numidians, to the report of Sallust, cover their mapalia of tiles to channel? It matters not, moreover, that the scarrajols was a tile factory, or even a House covered with tiles, it suffices to note that the Gauls could use either thatched or tile for the flow of rainwater on the roof of their homes. Coming up to the Gaulish village by the road drawn at the foot of the Mount of Cardou and which rises gently to the front of the Spa where she will lead to the center of the Artigues. This path had a width determined, as we learn the name of

-292Col de Bazel, and trucks could get into the Interior of the village. Buildings made of wood and clay were not, for sure, very costly; as they existed in the region. In the middle of the slope East of mountain looking reindeer - baths, and quite near the hamlet of circle point, there are a large rock, deeply carved to form three sides of a square House. The field in which this rock is understood, bears the name of Gleizole, - clay (key), clay, - to ease (ize), issue, - hall (Hall), home-. This House, stamped clay usually used in the construction of Gallic homes, accused by shape square Gallo. Northwest of the borders-Neuve, between Foucilhe, the Hill - fus (feuss), embarrassment, hill, Hill - embarrassed, and the Roucats, part of the field called Siala, - to see (If), see, hall, House, had no doubt, as indicated by its name, a few Celtic de_meures. The word artigue, assigned to the houses of the Celts, still exists in the Languedoc dialect, and when a farmer clearing part of a wood, it is said that he

-293an artigot, although there now intend to establish a field, rather than build a House. At the foot of the Celtic village the Artigues, and near Laafai Creek, we saw a circular location called the Sadat, - dirty, cheap, - axis, axe-. It was the market, the public square or were ordinary exchanges, sales and purchases of domestic trade. The Roucats, -(to ronghcast), draft-, that we have quoted speaking of Siala, extends to the right bank of the La Sals, is filled with menirs initiated, of overlapping stone tables to each other, and is part of the inner circle in the cromleck of the Redones. On the banks of the La Sals and in the Roucats, there are a part of the Celtic trail which led to Bugarach. We can measure the width of this path by menirs still bordering. To the point where the path along the River, pe_netre in the wood of the Roucats note on two rocks, placed to the right and left of the Gallic road, several small crosses Greek, covered with foam, and who make known, in no doubt, the importance of many menirs scattered on the slopes of the Hill.

-294II FOOD OF THE CELTS. DRINKS GAULOISES

The Gauls, to some historians report, fed fruits of hunting and fishing, to which they added acorns of the oak and probably also of beech beechnuts: they farmed wheat, when the Phoenicians had imported it in the West. It would, we believe, impossible to prove such allegations. The Celts came from Asia minor, where wheat, was, of course, point unknown: their communications with the Orient were ongoing by the flow of new peoples constantly toward the setting sun: Neimheid, this learned body who ruled the Celtic migration market, was, as a whole, composed of Druids, that Caesar does not invalidate when he writes: "Thought that"the druidic institution found in the island of Britain was to "thence transported in Gaul." "" (1) Is it admissible that the integrated Neimheid, wheat, the essential food distributor, had the boldness to give menirs, dolmens and cromlecks their names unique and distinctive, while the Gauls had only acorns and beechnuts and to replace wheat and bread? The acorns of the oak

(1) Bell's. Gall. lib. VI. 13.

-295and beech beechnuts could well serve once as today, food to pigs, and there is not surprising as such; but ensure, for free and without evidence, these fruits of the forest are entered in the regular diet of the Celts, it completely ignored the actual conditions of the material life of our ancestors. We can say with certainty they cultivated wheat, since this food was the subject of a fair distribution and the - key (ki) key - kairolo, ear (ir), in wheat. - hole, hollow, little house-, the attic, and perhaps the silo or underground containing the valuable cereal, was always centres of Celtic homes. There is, in fact, village that has a field of that name: the kairolo of the Redones was located south of Montferrand near the path leading to the Creek of the Coume and the Artigues. The production of wheat being even very abundant in some privileged regions, was foreign to these parts hands, in order to harvest with more dispatch. The Redones were point reluctant to rent so their arms for the important work of the harvest, and the name of Montferrand certifies their periodicals trips to this effect to mow (MB), harvesting,- to own (on), claim to, - to fare (Fazi), travel - hand, hand-

-296The wool cattle herd was many in the village of the Redones. CALLANGAN = to camp, to stay, - bell, Bell =, the Berke = to bay (be), bleating, barking, - to heark (herk), lend ear =, Grauzilhou = to graze (Goddard) - graze on grass, graze, hill, Hill =, indicate quite the presence of herds in the countryside. In the absence of such evidence written on the soil itself, still in the idiom of the Languedoc, an expression saying possession of beasts to wool by the Gauls. The flesh of the sheep was even the most ordinary food as hunting and fishing could not be sufficient to support a large population. The sheep in the Languedocian dialect is referred to as the fedoexpression, - feed to feed (fid)-: this food was adequate, and they described the no doubt large piece, since the term chik, marking the small dimension of a piece in the same dialect, is chick (tckick) chicken, lean portionCeltic language, indeed, the appetite of these men to gigantic size. Greek mythology had noticed in Hercules, personification of the Celtic, a certain voracity people and had called it beef-eater. She tells that the Argonauts as sailing to Colchis to conquer the fleece

-297Gold, had first taken Hercules with them; but when they were witnesses of his robust appetite, they forced him to leave the ship, fearing to see devour all their provisions alone. She reported that the hero, in a single meal, ate a beef ploughman removed. What pitiful mine had therefore made Hercules in front of miserable Acorns to appease his hunger! The food of the Gauls was no more disdain than their drink, and Allobroges tell us their delicacy on this last point. Moreover, in all the Celtic countries, specific to the region beverage manufacturing, is engraved in the name of various cities. Normandy cider date point yesterday, and Rotomage (Rouen) in fact faith - to rot, spoil, - to owe (o), duty, - to mash (mache), crush, blend, - Rotowemash -; the city of Vindomage, in the Arecomiques Volkes, ignored point the way to the wine wine (ouaine), wine, - to do (dou), run - to mash, over - and the weird movements of the treading of grapes are very exactly reproduced in Sostomage (1), small town not far from Toulouse, - to soss, Waddle, - to do (dou), Act, do, - to mash (mache)trample, crush-.

(1) Castelnaudary (Aude). 21

-298The Gauls of the Languedoc had pushed the art of making wine to a degree notable, since it was treading of grapes together in corporation, close to Carcassonne, in a town whose inhabitants are still today the same profession. This village is called by its own inhabitants Bilomacho, - to will, desire, want, - to mash (mache), crush, mix-, and it is known in French under the name of Villemoustaussou, simple translation in Romance language of the Celtic Willmash. III
JEFF WILD BOAR

Hunting for the Celts was a distraction in connection with their physical activity, rather than an occupation required to meet their subsistence in an absolute way. The Gauls used in their hunts of excellent dogs common, essential to follow and harass the big cats of their forests. Coume das houns - hound (haound) hunting dog, dog,- and the fountain das houns, guarantors of this assertion, are located north of Haum moor, fort near the two the Rennes cromleck Roeselare-

-299Les Bains. The inhabitants of the country, somewhat celtiberian, point lost the habit of bear hunting, as indicated by the clot das hources, very close to the borders-new, and today called the Loubatiere. However, this wild beast become quite rare, was point being the favorite hunting Celts. Gallic preferences were reserved for wild boar, widespread throughout the country including hunting and Celtic had serious dangers. Wild boar, harmless when it attack point, becomes formidable as soon as it recognizes the assailant, and turns against him with fury. The feeling of strength makes it confident, and he boldly faces the risk. He flees however when he feels the impossibility of a victorious resistance, reserving his revenge at the moment where, closely tightened by a strong Pack, he holds her head, pierces its ranks for rushing to the Hunter and hit him his terrible battering. Despite the number of hunters, and experienced packs used in the hunting of this animal, accidents have been frequent. Celtic boar hunting weapon was the iert and that gun, quite short, putting the Hunter face to face with the tawny beast, had to expose him to all his rage. 'Jacques Fouilloux, who wrote to the sixteenth'

-300century and which was a brave fighter, seems not too "reassured." when it deals with wild boar It ensures to have "chased one which alone massacra, in moments,"forty dogs on fifty."" In short, he does not recommend running a good Pack of ' such ' " kinds of nothing"; because, he said, if the other species ' esgratignent or bite ago always mean correct their bite; but wild boar, if it hurts a "dog of the tooth to the trunk of the body, it does in cuidera never eschapper. And nevertheless he adds later: If a pack of dogs is a time set for wild boar, they do want more run light bestes, because they have accoustume to hunt close, and have great feeling of their beste. (1). The predilection of the Gauls for wild boar hunting was known to the ancient Greeks, and, following their habit of personifying the qualities of the Gallic nation in Hercules, they scored among the twelve works of this hero, his fight against the boar of Erymante. What reports Greek mythology about Hercules is too informative to name a few features. One can notice the unspeakable terror that inspired the Celtic nation in the Greece.

(1) Store picturesque - year 1834

-301Eurystheus, King of Mycenae, jealous of the reputation "of Hercules, persecuted it relentlessly, and took care of it" give enough occupation out of its States to deprive him of the 'means of disturbing his Government." He exerted his grand "courage in companies also delicate and ' dangerous: it is called the labours of Hercules. Told that Hercules became so formidable to Eurystheus, that ' despite the empire that he had known hero, he dared not look "before him, and that he was prepared a barrel of brass for"to go hide if necessary." He did point to enter ' Hercules in the city: the monsters he brought were "left outside the walls, and Eurystheus sent him his orders 'by a Herald." "" (1). Erymanthos, mountain of Arcadia, was the asylum of a wild boar whose fury filled with dread the whole region. Eurystheus asks Hercules to issue this dreaded host country. Hercules pursues the boar, takes it live, and the load on his shoulders to Eurystheus. It is seized of such a fright, he's going to hide under his famous tank of brass. The history of the boar of Erymanthos is fabulous painting so dear wild boar hunts to the Gauls.

(1) By Fr. Christmas Fable dictionary - Paris, 1803. 21A

-302The Neimheid did not leave in the memories of these dangerous hunts shadow, and all the mountains covered with deep woods, which can serve as a secure retirement for wild boars, found land called pijole or pijoulet, pig, pork, to jole, hitting with the head-. The Pijole of Rennes-les-Bains has its place in the Serbairou, South of the two Roeselare or shaky rocks. Despite the force of Gauls, weariness and the exhaustion invaded their robust members, especially when multiplied accidents of the soil in a mountainous country, added difficulties to the fatigues of tedious hunting by itself. Back in the domestic home, they took a rest quite essential on a pile of dried leaves, which served as them a bed. Historians, this pile of dry leaves ordinary assertions would have been the only berth of the Celts. We dare not believe however that the Gauls have pushed up there their indifference to the health and vigor of body. We know in the canton of Limoux, a mountain in part cultivated, and crossed by a road leading from the village of Saint-Andr in Chalabre, decorated mountain Mataline, - to Matt, cover with mats, - hall, room, - to inn, lodging in a hostel-. The ground of the device-

-303completely where travelers settled down to rest in the Mataline hotel, was so covered with mats. Can you imagine that this was a fact isolated and specific to a house built on a mountain, in a country of very poor and infrequent travellers? It is rather the exact indication of the use of mats and floor mats for the rest of the night in the homes of our ancestors, the benches and seats backed the walls used only for meals. The Celts, endowed with a generous nature, were prone to theft and brigandage |point, and they were few in number those who were guilty of such harm. Moreover, justice was swift and severe, and the Fangallots of the Redones - to faint (fent) disappear - Gallows (Galleuce), gallows, gibbet, - reminded the inhabitants of the region, that the hanging was the just punishment of criminals. The names of the various lands in the cromleck of Rennes-les-Bains, evoke point the memory of Celtic funeral, because they are already written in the land of the Sordes, Caucoliberis and Illiberis. Julius Caesar rented the extreme magnificence. Unaltered belief in the truth of the immortality of the soul, drove the Celts to deploy a religious pomp in the

-304last duties to their parents and their friends. They crashed the dead in tombs of Earth and stones, in cone and known under the name of barrow, - barrow (barro), Tomb, mound-. IV
THE ROMANS AND THE HOT SPRINGS OF THE QUEEN. THE CROSS IN THE THE REDONES CROMLECK.

We saw by the explanation of the Redones of Gaul southern Celtic monuments, what were the religious beliefs of the Celts. When overseas, under the veil of trade and alliance, have trampled the Gallic soil, these beliefs began to weaken in the minds of the population. The heads of the various tribes, in freeing himself of the supreme authority of the Neimheid, advanced decadence, and when the nation, defeated by Caesar, now part of the Roman empire, the old and pure religious beliefs taught by the Druids have been embracing unislamic worship propagated by the victors. The temples of false gods have defiled the Celtic Earth, and the perverted people dropped to worship Teutates, Belenus and Ogmius or Oghan.

-305We cannot ourselves to studying the names of these false gods and the idolatrous beliefs of the degenerate Gauls. The abyss in which it trained is too horrible so we can linger to probe it. This miserable time that preceded the coming necessary and immediate Savior awaited by the nations, the true and religious of the cromleck significance disappears from all the memories. The country's southern Redones was for a long time already part of the Provincia and the Romans had built a temple in the Valley of the La Sals and the thermal baths at the source of the Queen. A new village was built on the plateau of Villanova overlooking the baths of the northeast coast. The Romans have left traces many of their extended stay in the cromleck, medals and coins of gold, silver and bronze, from the triumvirate of Antony, Octavian and Lepidus, until the reign of the Emperor Gratian, whole amphorae, debris of statues carved from white marble, capitals and bases of columns carved, consular inscriptions carved in stone. The Redones of the South spent a relatively short time in the foolish superstitions of paganism. The proconsul Sergius Paulus, disciple of the Apostle St. Paul had come to bring the Gospel in the South of Gaul and established its headquarters at

-306Narbonne. Christian missionaries sent by shows and saint Bishop to conquer the minds and hearts of the Gauls of Narbonne to the truth, understood, entering the cromleck Redones, than the respect which they surrounded these stones cut or lifted, was a respect become unislamic, and they did burn crosses Greek on all points of this stone circleat the entrance to the Cromleck, to the Crosses, the Roukats, the Serbairou, on the crest of the Pla de la Coste and las Brugos and the Cugulhou of the setting sun. Then, to the edge of the cap of the man on the top of a menir, facing the temple Pagan, converted into a Christian Church later destroyed by the fire, was carved a beautiful head of the Savior looking at the Valley and overlooking all these Celtic monuments which had lost their teachings. The cross, victorious of paganism, has not discontinued in the cromleck of Rennes-les-Bains, and keeps still, serious in the religious heart of the locals, the precepts of life given to the world by the eternal truth.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY MATTERS

CHAPTER ONE.

CELTIC LANGUAGE
page (I). II. III. IV. Occupation specific first sapling... Celtic language... The Languedoc dialect and the Tectosages... The Languedoc dialect and the true Celtic language... V. Le Neimheid ................................................. 1 5 12 17 23

CHAPTER II.

HEBREW LANGUAGE
(I). The divine names... II. The first men. -Adam to Noah. III. Noah and his children... 27 38 48

-308IV. Abraham and the Patriaches... V. Moses and the Hebrews in the desert... VI. Joshua. -Jesus Savior. -Goliath and David. CHAPTER III. 56 69 77

PUNIC LANGUAGE
(I). Africa. -Phuth. -Numidian and Moors... II. The generals of Carthage. -The Numidian Kings. III. Langue Kabyle................................................. CHAPTER IV. 82 91 98

FAMILY OF JAPHETH
(I). II. III. IV. Gomer and his sons... Tubal and the Iberian... Basque language... The Cantabri. -The Iberians. -The Kjoekken Moeddings of the Denmark... V. The Gascons. -The Occitani. -Aqui-some and their tribes - Auch. -Bordeaux. CHAPTER V. 106 108 112 126 137

CELTIC LANGUAGE
(I). Armorica and its tribes... II. The Redones. -Monuments. Celtic - the Druids. The Carnutes... 150 160

-309III. The Rhne. -Marseille. -The Allobroges. -Lyon. -The Arverni and Vercingetorix... CHAPTER VI. THE TECTOSAGES VOLKES AND THE LANGUEDOC (I). Des Volkes Tectosages and Arecomiques. -The Belgians. -The Garonne. -Toulouse. La Gironde ........................................................ II. The Languedoc. -Las Visigoths and peoples as barbarians... III. The Francks. -Their origin... IV. The first Kings of Franks... V. The King Bebrix and Pyrene. -Hercules. Sardanes. -Gaucoliberis. -Illibris. - the Sordes... VI. The Atacini. -Aude. -Rafts on the Aude. Carcassonne... CHAPTER VII. CROMLECK OF RENNES-LES-BAINS (I). Description of the Drunemeton the Redones of Gaul South Cromleck, - menirs, dolmens, Roeselare or loose rocks. -the Goun-dhill or Sarrat plazent... II. Religious significance of the cromleck, MES224 NIRS, dolmens and Roeselare... 245

174

187 196 201 208

213 219

-310III. Human sacrifice in Gaul... IV. Pierre's hole or Celtic axe... V. Secondary meaning of stones thrown. - the Eubates... VI. The art of healing among the Druids. -Rennesles-Bains mineral and thermal waters. The Cromleck cold iron sources. VII. Our Lady of Marceille fountain... VIII The Salt River and fossil shellfish... IX. Le guy sacr................................................... CHAPTER VIII. VILLAGE OF RENNES-LES-BAINS CELTIC (I). Homes. Celtic - the road for trucks... II. Food of the Celts. -Drinks Gauloises... III. Wild boar hunting... IV. The Romans and the Queen hot springs. -The cross in the cromleck of the Redones. 289 294 298 304 24 255 263

266 276 280 282

END.