CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICAL BONDS 5.

1 Understanding formation of compounds Types of chemical bonds Chemical bonds CHEMICAL BONDS donating and receiving of electrons sharing of electrons

_________ bonds

_________ bonds

5.2 Formation of ionic bond Ionic compounds are formed when a _______ reacts with a _____ ______ During the formation of ionic bonds a. electrons are transferred from a ________to _____ metal b. the _______ donates its valence electron to form a ________ while the non-metal receives the electron to form an __________ c. the positive and negative ions are held together by strong _____________forces of attraction giving rise to ionic or _____________bonds which hold ions together in a crystal lattice.

Example: Formation of sodium chloride, NaCl a. A sodium atom (2.8.1) __________an electron to achieves the noble gas stability Na Na+ + e2.8.1 2.8 b. A chlorine atom ____________the electron donated by sodium in order to achieves the octet electron arrangement Cl + eCl2.8.7 2.8.8 c. The _____________ forces an attraction between the sodium ions and chloride ions result in the formation of ionic bonds between oppositely charged ions. Thus we have + -

+ 2.8.1 2.8.7 2.8 2.8.8

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An _______ forms when an atom donates/releases or accepts one or more electrons. Ions are _________ and ____________ charged because their number of electrons are not equal to their number of protons. When an atom _________/__________one or more electrons, the ion formed is ____________ charged because it has __________electrons than protons. For instance, releases an electron Neutral atom (A) positive ion[ A ]+ When an atom ___________ one or more electrons, the ion formed is ____________ charged because it has __________ electrons than protons. For instance, receives an electron Neutral atom (B) negative ion[ B ]Metal atom from group 1,2 and 13 in the Periodic Table have one, ______ and _______valence electrons respectively. An atom in group 1 will release ______ valence electron to form an ions with a charge ___ +. Formation of ions of group 1 is shown as follows For examples: Li Li+ + e2.1 2

An atom in group 2 will release _______ valence electron to form an ions with a charge of ___ . For examples: Mg Mg2+ + 2e2.8.2 2.8

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An atom in group 13 will release ______ valence electron to form an ions with a charge of ____ . For examples: Al Al3+ + 3e2.8.3 2.8

An atom in group 17 which has _________ valence electron will receive ________ electron to form an ion with a charge of ____- . For examples Cl + eCl2.8.7 2.8.8

An atom in group 16 which has _____ valence electron will receive _______ electron to form an ion with a charge of ____For examples O + 2eO22.6 2.8

An atom in group 15 which has _______valence electron will receive ______electron to form an ion with a charge of ____- . For examples N + 3eN32.5 2.8

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