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ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCHES: LOSSES & PROTECTION

Dr. Adel Gastli


Email: adel@gastli.net http://adel.gastli.net

CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction Switching Losses Snubbering: Protection of Switching Devices Zero-Current Switching Zero Voltage Switching Summary

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

Section 1 INTRODUCTION
Switches are very important and crucial components in power electronic systems. They are a substitution of the mechanical switches, but they are severely limited by the properties of the semiconductor materials and the process of manufacturing. This chapter will examine the losses incurred during the switching process in a generic (standard) switch.
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 3

Section 2 SWITCHING LOSSES


Losses in switches are characterized as Switching losses. These losses are:
On-state losses Off-state losses Losses in transition states.

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

ON-STATE LOSSES
In on state the electric switches have non zero voltage across them. The on-state losses are: on son f

P =v i

Switch voltage in on-state

Forward current through the switch

Typical power diodes and transistors have nearly 0.5 to 1 volt on-state voltage across them. The forward currents can be hundreds of amperes. amperes The on-state losses are very significant.
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 5

OFF-STATE LOSSES
In off state the electric switches withstand high voltages and have nonzero leaking current through them. The off-state losses are:

Poff = vsoff ir

Switch reverse bias voltage in off-state

Reverse current through the switch

Typical power diodes and transistors have high reverse off-state voltage across them in hundreds to thousands of volts. The reverse volts currents can be microamps to milliamps. milliamps
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 6

TRANSIENT-STATE LOSSES
Practical switches have limited capabilities of rate of voltage transition and rate of current steering. These nonabrupt transition rates give rise to power losses in the switching devices. These losses will be examined for two types of loads; inductive and capacitive loads.
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 7

Switching with Inductive Load

L >>
Load inductance

I o = constant
Load current
D L

At t=0 S is off

+ Io
Freewheel through diode

Io
+ _

vs

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

When S is turned on:

D L

vD=0 (ideal)

Io
+ _

vswitch = +Vs

vs

Switch current builds up to +Io linearly (assumption). Diode ceases to conduct Switch voltage ramps linearly down to zero (assumption)

vswitch = 0 (ideal)

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

When S is turned off:


Io

L
+ _

Switch voltage builds up to +Vs linearly while diode is off.

vs

I switch = + I o
After Switch voltage builds up to +Vs the current starts decreasing. Diode starts to conduct Switch current ramps linearly down to zero (assumption)

I switch = 0 (ideal)
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 10

Switch on Vs vsw isw Psw ton1 ton2


D turns off

D
L

Io

Io

+ _ vs

Ts

toff1 toff2
D turns on

1 1 f s max = Psw = Vs I o [ton1 + ton 2 + toff 1 + toff 2 ] f s ton1 + ton 2 + toff 1 + toff 2 2

Switching power loss


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Maximum switching frequency

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

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Switching with Capacitive Load

C >>

Vo = constant
Load voltage
Io

Load capacitance

At t=0 S is on

vsw = 0

Io = I s

Is
C

+ Vo

Diode is reverse biased

and does not conduct

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

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When S is turned off Switch voltage ramps linearly up to +Vo While diode is still off and I switch = I s
Is
C
+ Vo

Io

After build up is over, the diode begins to conduct. Current through switch ramps linearly down to zero.

Vsw = Vo

I switch = 0
Switch turns off
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 13

When S is closed Switch current builds up to Is linearly while diode is on.


Is
C
+ Vo

Io

vsw = +Vo
After Switch current builds up to Is the diode turn off. Switch voltage ramps linearly down to zero.

vsw = 0 (ideal)
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 14

Io

Switch off vsw Io isw Psw ton1 ton2


D turns on

Vo
Is
C
+

Vo

Ts

toff1 toff2
D turns off

1 1 f s max = Psw = Vs I o [ton1 + ton 2 + toff 1 + toff 2 ] f s ton1 + ton 2 + toff 1 + toff 2 2

Switching power loss


Dr. Adel Gastli

Maximum switching frequency

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

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Minimizing Switching Losses


Divert the energy from the switch to a lossy or non-lossy circuit (Snubbering). Switch at either zero current or at zero voltage.

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

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Section 3 SNUBBERING: PROTECTION OF SWITCHING DEVICES


Limit stresses on the switch to safe values. Divert energy during switching transition from the switch to another circuit. Thus, reduce power losses in the switch.

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

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Switch stresses: Maximum transient voltage Protection is required at turnMaximum transient current
on and turn-off of power and in overvoltage conditions.

current transition give rise to Rate of current change di/dt local hot spots in the switch that may permanently damage the devices. Special circuits are used to slow down the high rate of transition. These circuits are called snubbering circuits.
Dr. Adel Gastli

Rate of voltage change dv/dt High rate of voltage and

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

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TURN-OFF SNUBBER
Inductor L maintains a dc current Io. It reduces the switching losses by reducing the voltage across the Vs switch during the transition of current through the switch.

L
D1

Io

R
D2

isw
vsw
+

Assumptions: In the following we assume ideal diodes and ideal switch. The switch is also assumed to have limited maximum rates of rise and fall transitions of voltage and current.
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 19

Without Snubber Capacitor


Prior to turnoff:

L
D1

Io

isw = I o

vsw = 0

D1 is off

isw
v sw
+

Vs

During turnoff: vsw : 0 Vs (linearly) in time t f 1

isw = I o until t = t f 1 D1 remains off until vsw = Vs t > t f 1 isw : I o 0 (linearly) for duration t f 2
t isw = I o 1 t f2
I o isw = I o t through D1 for t f 2 freewheeling
through L. Current diverted

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

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Waveforms of voltage current trough switch (without C)


15

Io
10

isw vsw Vs

tf1
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 x 10
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection
-6

2 f1

t +tf2
21

Power loss in the switch


120 100 80 60 40 20

Without C

With C
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 -6 x 10
22

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

Switching trajectory
15

Without C
10

isw
5

With C

0 0
Dr. Adel Gastli

vsw

Vs

10
23

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

With Snubber Capacitor L


Prior to turnoff:

Io

R
D2

isw = I o

vsw = 0

D1 is off
Vs

D1

isw
vsw
+

During turnoff:

isw : I o 0 (linearly) in time t f 2


1 t isw = I o t f2
Current diverted through I o isw = I o t D and C and charges tf2 2 capacitor.

1 t 1 Io t 2 vsw = vc = ( I 0 isw )dt = C 0 2 C tf2


Dr. Adel Gastli

vc = vsw : 0 Vs
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Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

Waveforms of voltage current trough switch (with C)


15

Io
10

isw

iC Vs vsw

tf 2
0 0
Dr. Adel Gastli

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8 2 -6 x 10
25

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

tf2

is determined by the value of the capacitor.

C=

I ot f 2 2Vs

vsw rises with a small slope.


Note that the initial holding time tf1 for the switch current at Io is absent.

I o2 1 t t 2 psw = vswisw = 2Ct f 2 t f 2


Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 26

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

Power loss in the switch

Without C

With C
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 -6 x 10

Note the very significant reduction in the power loss through the switch in comparison with the case without C.
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 27

The maximum rate of dvsw/dt occurs when the current has dropped to a low or zero value.

dvsw dt

max

Io t = C tf 2 t tf2 1

t tf2

dvsw dt

max

Io C

This equation can be used to calculate the capacitance required for a switch with a specified maximum dv/dt (slew) rating.
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 28

Circuit behavior during turn on


L

First, lets consider R=0. Prior to turnon:


D1

Io

R
D2

isw
+ v sw

I o freewheels in D1 and L D2 is short - circuited and vc = Vs


During turnon:

Vs

D1 stays on until isw=Io vsw = Vs until isw = I o

When isw = I o vsw : Vs 0

(voltage decrease rate is a function of snubber circuit capacitor)

isw : I o I rr + I o until vsw = 0 isw : I rr + I o I o


Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 29

Vs isw vsw

I rr

Io

tr

I rr Current overshoot is determined by the amount of the


charge of C and by the characteristic of diode D1.

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

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A non-zero resistance R takes away the capacitor energy in the form of heat out of the system thus retarding the current rise beyond Io. Diode D2 isolates the rate of fall of the switch voltage from the snubber capacitor. Designers restrict the amount of current overshoot to 20% of Io by selecting R from the following equation:

Vs R= 0.2 I o
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 31

TURN-ON SNUBBER
Reduces switching losses by reducing vsw during current transition through switch.
Assumptions: In the following we assume ideal diodes and ideal switch. The switch is also assumed to have limited maximum rates of rise and fall transitions of voltage and current.
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

D1

Io

Vs

+
vsw+

isw

32

Prior to turnon:

D1

Io

vsw = Vs isw = 0

D1 is on

Vs

During turnon: t isw : 0 I o (linearly) in time tr isw = I o tr

+ L
v sw +

D2

i sw

isw overshoots beyond Io with an amount Irr which depends on energy stored in snubber inductor and characteristic of D1. isw flows also through the snubber inductor, hence, the inductor voltage instantly reduces vsw to zero.

disw LI o vsw = Vs L = Vs dt tr
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 33

Io Vs
L

I rr
disw dt

Io

isw vsw
tr t

LI o t psw = vswisw = Vs I o 1 trVs tr


Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 34

Circuit behavior during turn off


First, lets consider R=. Prior to turnoff:

D1

Io

isw = I o , vsw = 0

Vs

+ L
v sw +

D2

During turnoff: isw = I o vsw : 0 Vs


(linearly at rated dv/dt)

i sw
D
1

+ v sw

When vsw = Vs D1 turns on current I o freewheels.


Inductor energy (1/2LIo2) is dumped over to the switch. vsw overshoots and falling rate of isw decreases. A finite resistance R takes over the inductor energy as heat, thus retarding voltage overshoot.
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 35

isw : I o 0

OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION SNUBBER


So far the role of parasitic inductance of the conductors in the switching process has been ignored. This inductance must be added to the circuit in series with the source.
Ls
D1

Turnoff
Io

Voltage spike

Drawback

Vs
Io

Vs

i sw
v sw +

vsw
tr

isw

t
36

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

The following circuit is able to protect the switch from over voltage.
L
D1

Io

vsw Io isw

Vs

isw
Vs
v sw
+

D2

tr

Prior to turnoff, the snubber capacitor is charged to Vs through R. Diode D2 is reverse-biased. During turnoff, Diode D2 clamps the switch to Vs.
Dr. Adel Gastli Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 37

SIMULINK SIMULATION
Run psbswitch Simulink demo example of ideal switch with series R-C snubber circuit. (Matlab 6).
VC
1 g 2 m + + v -

Timer

Ideal Switch
i I_load

120 Vrms 60 Hz
I_switch Demux V_switch

V_load

R C L Scope

Demux

I_load

powergui

Ideal Switch in switching circuit Double click on the More Info button (?) button for details

? More Info

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

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Section 4 ZERO-CURRENT SWITCHING


Turning on and off switches at zero current is the surest way of minimizing switching losses. An inductor in series with the switch will ensure zero current turn on because current through inductor cannot build instantaneously. However, turn off at zero current is impossible. Adding one capacitor in parallel with the inductor enables both switchings at zero current.
C L
Dr. Adel Gastli

Sw

During turn off L dumps its energy on C through D enabling switch to turn off at zero current.
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Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

Section 5 ZERO-VOLTAGE SWITCHING


Turning on and off switches at zero voltage is also the surest way of minimizing switching losses. An capacitor in parallel with the switch will ensure zero voltage turn off because voltage on capacitor cannot build instantaneously. However, turn on at zero voltage is not possible. Adding a diode in series with the capacitor enables both switchings at zero voltage. (see also turn-off snubber)
C

Sw
Dr. Adel Gastli

During turnoff, D conducts and C permits slow voltage buildup on switch. During turnon, D prevents C to discharge through Sw.
Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection 40

SUMMARY
This chapter has covered the power switch losses involved during on-off switching. It has also presented the means of minimizing those losses and protecting the switches using snubbing circuits, zerocurrent switching, or zero-voltage switching.

Dr. Adel Gastli

Semiconductor Switches: Losses & Protection

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