A. TITLE OF EXPERIMENT THEVENIN CIRCUIT B. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT Find the Eth and Rth from the circuit C.

BASE THEORY In electrical circuit theory, Thevenins theorem for linear electrical networks states that any combination of voltage sources, current sources and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source V and a single series resistor R. For single frequency AC systems, the theorem can also be applied to general impedances, not just resistors.Any complex netwok can be reduced to a Thevenin's equivalent circuit consist of a single voltage source and series resistance connected to a load To calculate the equivalent circuit, one needs a resistance and some voltage - two unknowns. Thus two equations are needed. These two equations are usually obtained by using the following steps, but any conditions one places on the terminals of the circuit should also work: 1. Calculate the output voltage, VAB, when in open circuit condition (no load resistor meaning infinite resistance). This is VTh. 2. Calculate the output current, IAB, when the output terminals are short circuited (load resistance is 0). RTh equals VTh divided by IAB. The Thevenin-equivalent voltage is the voltage at the output terminals of the original circuit. When calculating a Thvenin-equivalent voltage, the voltage divider principle is useful, by declaring one terminal to be Vout and the other terminal to be at the ground point. The Thevenin-equivalent resistance is the resistance measured across points A and B "looking back" into the circuit. It is important to first replace all voltage- and current-sources with their internal resistances. For an ideal voltage source, this means replace the voltage source with a short circuit. For an ideal current source, this means replace the current source with an open circuit. Resistance can then be calculated across the terminals using formulae for series and parallel circuits. In short the steps are,

Find the Thevenin source voltage by removing the load resistor from the original circuit and calculating voltage across the open connection points where the load resistor used to be.

Find the Thevenin resistance by removing all power sources in the original circuit (voltage sources shorted and current sources open) and calculating total resistance between the open connection points.

Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit, with the Thevenin voltage source in series with the Thevenin resistance. The load resistor re-attaches between the two open points of the equivalent circuit.

Analyze voltage and current for the load resistor following the rules for series circuits.

D. TOOLS AND MATERIALS Power Supply Circuit Board Multimeter 2 pieces Red and Black cable Box Resistance

E.

METHOD

1. Set the circuit like figure below

Rth Eth

A
2. Change the value of Box Resistance from 100K until 1 K 3. Write down the reading of Voltmeter and Ampere meter for each value of resistance 4. Put the data into the table No k VL (v) IL (mA)

5.

Make the graph of V and I

F. Data exsperiment No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

K
100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 4 3 2 1

V L (v)
12,58 12,58 12,58 12,58 12,55 12,55 12,55 12,56 12,56 12,56 12,56 12,56 12,55 12,54 12,53 12,51 12,49 12,46 12,40 12,25 12,21 12,14 12,05 11,87

I L (mA)
0,12 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,16 0,17 0,18 0,19 0,20 0,22 0,24 0,27 0,31 0,35 0,40 0,48 0,59 0,78 1,13 2,05 2,45 3,05 4,04 5,97

G.

DATA ANALYSIS

a. Make a graph f(v) =I Based on data result

12.7 12.6 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.2 12.1

f(v)=I
0.13, 12.58 0.14, 12.58 0.15, 12.57 0.16, 12.57 0.12, 12.57 0.17, 12.56 0.18, 0.19, 0.21, 12.55 0.22, 12.55 0.24, 12.54 0.27, 0.31, 12.53 0.34, 0.4, 12.5 0.48, 12.46 0.78, 12.41 0.58, 12.38 1.12, 12.31 2.05, 12.26 2.46, 12.25 3.06, 12.19 f(v)=I

4.04, 12.06 12 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

b. Find the Eth and Rth estimate from the graph We can directly find Eth and Rth from the graph. In this case, we can called Rth is Ro because in mean that the Rth and Ro are the output resistance of the circuit. to find Ro we can find by gradient of the graph, we can use this gradient.
12.7 12.6 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.2 12.1 12 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 0.13, 12.58 0.14, 12.58 0.15, 12.57 0.16, 12.57 0.12, 12.57 0.17, 12.56 0.18, 12.55 0.19, 12.55 0.21, 12.54 0.22, 0.24, 12.53 0.27, 0.31, 0.34, 0.4, 12.5 0.48, 12.46 0.78, 12.41 0.58, 12.38 1.12, 12.31 2.05, 12.26 12.25 2.46, 3.06, 12.19 4.04, 12.06 f(v)=I

f(v)=I

We use this area to find the gradient because this is the possible straight line that we can find, so Ro is ( ( ) )

After that, find the Eth by using the equation , we can input the data from the table

and we can put the result in table, Table 2. Voltage Current 12,58 12,58 12,58 12,58 12,55 12,55 12,55 12,56 12,56 12,56 12,56 12,56 12,55 12,54 12,53 12,51 12,49 12,46 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,16 0,17 0,18 0,19 0,20 0,22 0,24 0,27 0,31 0,35 0,40 0,48 0,59 0,78 Eth
12,58 12,58 12,58 12,58 12,55 12,55 12,55 12,56 12,56 12,56 12,56 12,56 12,55 12,54 12,53 12,51 12,49 12,46

0,13125 0,13125 0,13125 0,13125 0,10125 0,10125 0,10125 0,11125 0,11125 0,11125 0,11125 0,11125 0,10125 0,09125 0,08125 0,06125 0,04125 0,01125

)
0,017227 0,017227 0,017227 0,017227 0,010252 0,010252 0,010252 0,012377 0,012377 0,012377 0,012377 0,012377 0,010252 0,008327 0,006602 0,003752 0,001702 0,000127

12,40 12,25 12,21 12,14 12,05 11,87 Find the Eth ( (

1,13 2,05 2,45 3,05 4,04 5,97

12,4 12,25 12,21 12,14 12,05 11,87

-0,04875 -0,19875 -0,23875 -0,30875 -0,39875 -0,57875

0,002377 0,039502 0,057002 0,095327 0,159002 0,334952

301.65 12.57

0.04400

) )

So, the value of Eth is Eth = Eth =( )V

c. Find the IN and RN We have some relation equation RTh = RN ......................................................................................................................................... (1) ETh = IN . RTh ...................................................................................... (2) So, the value of RN= , and the value of IN is

H.

RESULT AND DISCUSION

a. The table of f(v)=I

12.7 12.6 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.2 12.1 12 0 0.5 1 1.5 0.13, 12.58 0.14, 12.58 0.15, 12.57 0.16, 12.57 0.12, 12.57 0.17, 12.56 0.18, 12.55 0.19, 12.55 0.21, 12.54 0.22, 0.24, 12.53 0.27, 0.31, 0.34, 0.4, 12.5 0.48, 12.46 0.78, 12.41 0.58, 12.38 1.12, 12.31

f(v)=I

2.05, 12.26 12.25 2.46, 3.06, 12.19

f(v)=I

4.04, 12.06 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

b. The value of ETh and RTh are RTh = 0,132 k ETh =( )V c. The value of RN and IN are RN=

In the experiment, there are some errors that occur. Those error in this experiment are as follows: 1. Common mistakes, i.e. errors that occur because of human error. A common mistake that happened here is the Parallax error done by the human in the reading scale on the multimeter 2. Systematic error, that error was caused by gauge or instrument and due to the influence of the environment at the time of doing the experiment. In this experiment, the systematic error of the damage done is the tool used. In addition, the existence of a perturbed from outside e.g. vibration table can cause unintended changes in the numbers on the multimeter.

In addition there are errors in the practicum instructors, found all constraints and how to overcome them are as follows: 1. At the time of the use of multimeter, a number that is shown when the measurements often varied because of the influence of vibration of the table so that it can influence the outcome of the experiment. This human player by way

of holding the voltmeter so could reduce vibrations that occur and the results obtained can be a maximum. 2. The lack of precision in the reading of h so that human there are some figures scale interpretation of experiment results in data that also affect the results of the experiment. These barriers can be overcome with the estimate of scale is indicated on the appliance. 3. The initial lack of knowledge that caused a bit of Practicum instructors which Practicum instructors conducted. This can be resolved by asking to the laboratory in charge of making Practicum instructors run smoothly. I. 6. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION CONCLUSION From the experiment, we get RTh = 0,132 k ETh =( )V SUGGESTION Be carefully watch the scale in multimeter because it can change randomly, so you have to measure more than five times to get the average value. Beside that, call laboran if your tools are broken or did not work well.

7.

1. Plot the data on the graph f (v) 2. Estimat The ETH and RTH based on the graph 3. Calculate the I N and R N of the voltage sourcr