"Necessary and proper" clause - Elastic Clause 10th Amendment - "the powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution,

nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively or to the people" Absent at the Constitutional Convention - Thomas Jefferson (ambassador to France), John Adams (ambassador to England), Patrick Henry, and Samuel Adams ADA - Americans with Disabilities Act unfunded mandate AFDC - Aid to Families with Dependent Children - designed during Depression. Helped families where the main wage earner was disabled, dead, or had left the family. Alexander Hamilton - The leading proponent of a strong centralized government at the Constitutional Convention in May 1787 Alexander Hamilton - United States statesman and leader of the Federalists amendment - A change to the Constitution amendment - addition or provisions to the document amendment process - the way in which changes are added to the Constitution anti federalist - opponent of the constitution anti federalists - opposed to the constituion Anti-Federalists - They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. The Antifederalists were instrumental in obtaining passage of the Bill of Rights as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party. Anti-Federalists - They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. The Antifederalists were instrumental in obtaining passage of the Bill of Rights as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party. Antifederalists - Opposes the concept of Federalism...The central governing authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to, but not having more power than, its sub-national states (state government). States have the power. articles of confederation - the 1st constituion after independence. 1777

Articles of Confederation - The original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789. Very hard to pass laws, amend; no executive branch. articles of confederation - this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage Authoritarian regimes - Rulers fully controlled the government and often held sway over economic and social institutions as well authority - the power or right to give orders or make decisions Baron de Montesquieu - Famous for the idea of having three branches of government so that no one branch may have too much power Beard's criticism of the founders - The founders created a constitution that benefited their economic interests. The major conflicts and compromises resulted from the clash of owners of land as property, and owners of businesses or commercial interests. Benjamin Franklin - The elderly delegate from PA who had also attended the Continental Congress in 1776 bicameral legislature - A law making body made of two houses (bi means 2). Example: Congress (our legislature) is made of two house - The House of Representatives and The Senate. Bicameral legislature - two-house legislature. Bicameral legislature - Two-house legislature. Bill of Rights - a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution) bill of rights - first ten amendments in the constitution drafted in response to anti federalist concerns they define the the basic liberty such as freedom of speech, religion Bill of Rights - The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship. Very much to protect State rights. Block grant - money granted by the federal government to the states for a broad purpose ( e.g., transportation) rather than for a narrow purpose (e.g., school lunch program). Block grant - Money granted by the federal government to the states for a broad purpose (e.g., transportation) rather than for a narrow purpose (e.g., school lunch program). Block grants - A grant from a central government that a local authority can allocate to a wide range of services; No strings attached

block grants - federal grants given more of less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services block grants - Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services block grants - federal grants given more or less automatically to the states or communities to support broader programs such as community developement bureaucrats - government officials Categorical grant - money granted by the federal government to the states for a narrow purpose ( e.g., school lunch program) rather than for a broad purpose (e.g., transportation). Categorical Grant - Money granted by the federal government to the states for a narrow purpose (e.g., school lunch program) rather than for a broad purpose (e.g., transportation). categorical grants - federal grants that are used only for specific purposes. Come with strings attatched. Defined. categorical grants - Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or "categories," of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions. Compare to block grants. Categorical grants - Issued by the United States Congress, which may be spent only for narrowly-defined purposes. Additionally, recipients are often required to match a portion of the federal funds. Strings attached. Centralists - Those who favor greater national authority rather than state authority. Centralists - those who favor greater national authority rather than state authority. Checks and balances - A political system in which branches of the government have some authority over the actions of the others checks and balances - A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power Checks and Balances - A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power checks and balances - feature of consitution that limits power by requiring that the power be balced by the different institutions. these institutions constrain each others activities. checks and balances - sets power against power; a feature of the constitution that requires each of the 3 branches of government to be relatively independent of the others so that one cannot control the others

Checks and balances - System in which each branch of government can limit the power of the other two branches, e.g., presidential veto of a congressional law. Checks and balances - system in which each branch of government can limit the power of the other two branches, e.g., presidential veto of a congressional law. Checks and balances - The power of each of the three branches of government to limit the power of the other two, aimed at making certain that neither the President nor the Congress nor the judges "rule." Civil liberties - Rights and freedoms that protect an individual from the state. Civil liberties set limits on the government so that its agents cannot abuse their power and interfere unduly with the lives of private citizens Civil rights - Those rights guaranteed to an individual as a member of society. Coalition - A grouping of often disparate political elements into a major party, or of several nations into an ad hoc alliance. Commerce clause - gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states, with foreign nations, and among Indian tribes. Granted through Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution. Commerce clause - Gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states, with foreign nations, and among Indian tribes. Granted through Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. Commerce clause - Says that the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." competitive federalism - begun under Richard Nixon and known as the new federalism, this approach stressed the downsizing of the federal government and more reliance on revenue sharing and grants. concurrent powers - both national and state government. schools, tax, build roads, courts of law, borrow money, military Concurrent powers - Powers that are held by both the states and the federal government and may be exercised simultaneously within the same territory and in relation to the same body of citizens. concurrent powers - Powers that the Constitution gives to both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes. concurrent powers - Powers that the Constitution gives to both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes. Concurrent powers - those held by both Congress and the states, e.g., establishing law enforcement agencies. Concurrent powers - Those powers held by both Congress and the states, e.g., establishing law enforcement agencies.

concurrent/reserved/inherant powers - powers that held by state and federal governent and may be used simotantiously condition of aid - Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to get the grants. confederation - organization of states but no central power Confederation - sovereign states are only loosely tied to a central government, e.g., the US under the Articles of Confederation. Confederation - System in which sovereign states are only loosely tied to a central government, e.g., the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation. confederation - the act of forming an alliance or confederation Connecticut Compromise - Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators Connecticut Compromise/Great Compromise - An agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by James Madison, along with proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states. consent of the governed - agreement by the people of a nation to subject themselves to the authority to a government. Natural rights philosophers, such as John Locke, believe that any legitimate government must draw its authority from the consent of the governed. consent of the governed - idea that government derives its authority from the people constitution - nations basic law. Constitution - The basic written set of principles and precedents of federal government in the US, which came into operation in 1789 and has since been modified by twenty-seven amendments. Constitutional amendment - A change to the constitution of a nation or a state. In jurisdictions with "rigid" or "entrenched" constitutions, amendments require a special procedure different from that used for enacting ordinary laws. Constitutional Convention - the convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787 Constitutional democracy - System of governance based on popular sovereignty in which the structures, powers and limits of government are set forth in a constitution.

cooperative federalism - A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly. cooperative federalism - a system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between the states and the national government (marble cake) Cooperative Federalism - System in which both federal government and state governments cooperate in solving problems. Cooperative federalism - system in which both federal government and state governments cooperate in solving problems. cooperative federalism - system of government in which the powers and the policies are shared between the states and the national government. cooperative federalism - the spheres of government work together. marble cake Cruel and unusual punishment - A phrase describing criminal punishment which is considered unacceptable due to the suffering or humiliation it inflicts on the condemned person. (Prohibited in 8th Amendment) culture war - this war has been fought for years over matters such as: abortion, gay rights and drug use. Will always be a war. Decentralists - those who favor greater state authority rather than national authority. Decentralists - Those who favor greater state authority rather than national authority. Declaration of Independence - A document declaring the US to be independent of the British Crown, signed on July 4, 1776, by the congressional representatives of the Thirteen Colonies, including Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams. declaration of independence - document approved by the colonies in 1776 that states their grievences against the british. monarch, declares independence Democracy - A form of government that places ultimate political authority in the hands of the people democracy - a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them democracy - the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives democratic theory - ideal democratic process should have equality in voting devolution - returning power from national gov to state gov but stopping short of a federal system

devolution - the process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality devolution - the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states Devolution - Transfer of power from a central government to a region or locality; giving power back to States from Federal Government. direct (participatory) democracy - a government in which all or most citizens participate directly Direct democracy - Citizens debate and vote directly on laws Direct democracy - System in which people rule themselves. Direct democracy - system in which the people rule themselves. divine right theory - a theory stating that a ruler holds power because he or she is a god or was chosen by the gods to rule. Double jeopardy - The prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried; forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same, or similar charges following a legitimate acquittal or conviction; prohibited in the 5th amendment to the United States Constitution dual federalism - A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. dual federalism - A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. dual federalism - a system of government in which state and national govs remain supreme within their own spheres; their powers don't mix and each are responisble for their own policies (layered cake) Dual federalism - system in which the national and state gov'ts are coequal, with each being dominant within its respective sphere. Dual Federalism - System in which the national government and state governments are coequal, with each being dominant within in its respective sphere. dual federalsim - the state and national government remained separate and independent. layer cake Elastic clause - A statement in the U.S. Constitution granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers (Article I, Section 8 ). Elastic Clause - allows congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers elastic clause - clause in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the right to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers expressed in the other clauses of Article I

elastic clause - clause in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the right to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers expressed in the other clauses of Article I Elastic clause - states that Congress can exercise those powers that are "necessary and proper" for carrying out the enumerated powers, e.g., establishment of the first Bank of the United States. Elastic clause - States the Congress can exercise those powers that are "necessary and proper" for carrying out enumerated powers, e.g., establishment of the First Bank of the United States. elastic clause - the part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers Electoral College - A body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president. electoral college - group of persons chosen in each state and the district of columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the president and vice president Electoral college - People selected by each state legislature to formally cast their ballots for presidency Electoral College - the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vicepresident elite & class theory - A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization. elite - a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or political status elite and class theory - a theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization; elites control policies because they control key institutions elite or class theory - contends that an upper class holds the power and makes the policy regaurdless of what organizations are out there Elite theory - A representative democracy is not really based on the will of the people but that there is a relatively small, cohesive elite class that makes almost all the important decisions for the nation Enumerated powers - A list of items found in Article 1 Section 8 of the United States Constitution which set forth the authoritative capacity of the United States Congress enumerated powers - national government. printing money, regulating interstate and commercial trade, declaring war, make treaties enumerated powers - powers of the federal government specifically written in the constitiution

enumerated powers - Powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution; including the power to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war. enumerated powers - Powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution; including the power to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war. enumerated powers - powers that the federal government that are specifically expressed in the constitution. Enumerated powers - Those powers that are specifically granted to Congress in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, e.g., the power to tax. Also known as expressed powers. Enumerated powers - those that are specifically granted to Congress in Art 1, sect 8 of the Constitution, e.g., the power to tax. Also known as expressed powers. Equal protection clause - Part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, provides that "no state shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws". equal rights amendment - constitutional amendment inctroducing congress in 1923, passed in 1972. did not pass Establishment clause - The clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress. Ex post facto law - a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed ex post facto laws - laws that punish people or increase the penalties for acts that were not illegal or not as punishable when the act was committed (prohibits retro-active) Exclusionary rule - A legal principle in the United States, under constitutional law, which holds that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights is sometimes inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law. Executive branch concerning informal amendments - Presidents may negotiate executive agreements with other countries in order to circumvent the formal process,especially for routine matters that might simply slow down the work of the Senate. extradition - states must return crimingals to where they commited the crime extradition - the legal procces where a state surrenders a person who commits a crime to another state Faction - A small, organized, dissenting group within a larger one, esp. in politics factions - Interest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth that James Madison attacked in Federalist Paper No. 10.

factions - parties or interests groups that madison saw as arising from unequal wealth or property who could have potential to cause instablity in the government federalism (federal system of government) - a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments Federalism - constitutional sharing of power between a central government and state governments. Different varieties: Federalism - Constitutional sharing of power between a central government and state governments. There are different varieties: dual, cooperative, and new. federalism - division of power with some shared; a way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people federalism - states and central government have shared responsabilites Federalism - Strong central government. In control of power. federalism - system in which the national gov. shares power w/local gov Federalism - The division of governmental powers between a central government and the states federalism - the way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government rule a country Federalist #10 - Separation of powers and federalism check the growth of tyranny and Constitutional principles guard against dangers of a direct democracy. Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay Federalist #51 - Explanation of why strong government is necessary, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay federalist - supporter of the constitution Federalist No. 10 - An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable. Federalist No. 10 - warns about factions; concerned about tyranny of majority; calls for a greater number of factions to increase diversity. Federalist No. 51 - Argues that separation of powers within the national government is the best way to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of one person or a single group. Federalist No. 51 - Calls for separation of powers; checks and balances; "ambitions must be made to counteract ambition."

Federalist Papers - 85 essays written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay to persuade the people of N. Y. to adopt the Constitution. Federalist Papers - a collection of about 85 articles written by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the constitution in detail Federalist Papers - A collection of essays written under the pseudonym "Publius" by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, addressed to "The People of the State of New York," first published in New York City newspapers between October 1787 and August 1788. The purpose of The Federalist was to persuade New Yorkers to ratify the Constitution adopted in Philadelphia in September 1787. Federalist Papers - a series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (using the name "publius") published in NY newspapers and used to convice readers to adopt the new constitution Federalist Papers - Group of 85 essays written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay for the purpose of persuading the people of New York to adopt the Constitution. Federalist Papers - Series of essays that defended the Constitution and tried to reassure Americans that the states would not be overpowered by the federal government. federalist papers - these essays are the primary source for understanding the original intent of the Framers federalist papers - written by madison, hamilton, and john j. support of consitution Federalists - An advocate or supporter of federalism; advocated for strong national government. Federalists - supporters of the Constitution Federalists - Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. Federalists - Supporters of the new government (the Great Compromise), supporting the greatly increased powers of the central government and believing that the Constitution adequately protected individual liberties federalists - supportives of the consitution fiscal federalism - elaborate assortment of federal grants and aid to states and localities. grants, block grants, formula grants, categorical grants fiscal federalism - how government finances programs Formal amendment - A change in the actual wording of the Constitution. Proposed by Congress or national convention, and ratified by the states.

Formal amendment - Change in the constitution proposed by Congress or national convention, and ratified by the states. formula grants - ... Four ways the Constitution can be formally amended - 1. Proposed by 2/3 vote of each house and ratified by at least 3/4 of the state legislatures 2. Proposed by 2/3 vote of each house and ratified by specially called conventions in at least 3/4 of the states 3. Proposed by a national constitutional convention requested by at least 2/3 of state legislatures and ratified by at least 3/4 of the state legislatures Free exercise clause - "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof..." full faith and credit - requires each state to honor/recognize the official documents and civil judgements rendered by the courts of other states full faith and credit - requires states to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings" of all the other states. except defence of marriage full faith and credit clause - Clause in the Constitution (Article IV, Section 1) requiring each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid full faith and credit clause - the states are required to accept the court judgements, licenses, contracts, and other civil acts of all the other states George Washington - The chairman of the Constitutional Convention and the most prestigious member who was a strong supporter of a centralized government Gibbons v. Ogden - Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government givvons v. ogden - set up intersate commerce act Government - (government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed government - the institutions and processes through which public policies are made governor - a person whose duties to the state are similar to the presidents duties to the nation. direct state executive agencies, which oversee areas such as education, roads, and policing great compromise - established two houses of congress. rep of population. senate equal representation. gross domestic product - the total value of all goods produced annually in the US

How are the functions of the legislative, executive and the judicial branches separated and checked in the Constitution? - According to Article III of the Constitution, Congress has the power to establish lower courts. According to Article II, the Senate has the power to confirm presidential appointment of all federal and Supreme Court judges. Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the precedent of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to decide if state and federal laws are constitutional How are the functions of the executive and legislative branches separate in regard to lawmaking? - The executive sets the legislative agenda through addresses to the people, dealings with the party leaders in Congress, and introducing new initiatives. Congress introduces new legislation, passes it through the committee systems and to the floors of both houses for votes, and then to the president's desk. If vetoed, Congress may pass the bill into law with a two-thirds majority in both houses How are vacancies in the Senate filled? - If a senator dies or resigns while in office, the

governor of that senator's home state has the power to appoint a replacement. This is usually a political process, resulting in an appointment from the political party of the governor, regardless of the political party of the senator who died or resigned. How did Shays' Rebellion demonstrate the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? - Daniel Shays led an armed rebellion of debtors in western Massachusetts that the state militia was unable immediately to control. The event forced state governments to acknowledge the need for a stronger central government that could exert stronger controls over its citizens. How did the doctrine of dual federalism develop? - The Supreme Court decision in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) reaffirmed the concept of federal supremacy over interstate trade and state supremacy over intrastate trade. This created dual federalism. The national government has subsequently intruded into matters once reserved for the states, and dual federalism can hardly be said to exist any longer. How did the Three-Fifths Compromise

balance the interests of the northern and southern states? - The North wanted slaves counted for taxation but not representation, and the south wanted slaves counted for representation but not taxation. The compromise resolved this issue by stating that each state would count threefifths of its slave population for purposes of determining both representation and taxation How do the characteristics of a totalitarian system differ from a democratic system? - In a totalitarian system, government retains unlimited powers for the benefit of elite rulers. The government has total control over the people and the economy. In a democracy the government is limited by law, representatives are chosen by the people, dissent is tolerated, and citizen membership in autonomous groups is allowed. How do the characteristics of a totalitarian system differ from a democratic system? - In a totalitarian system, government retains unlimited powers for the benefit of elite rulers. The government has total control over the people and the economy. In a democracy the government is limited by law, representatives are chosen by the people, dissent is tolerated,

and citizen membership in autonomous groups is allowed. How does Article VI of the Constitution establish the supremacy of the federal government? - Article VI states that the Constitution and the laws of the United States are the supreme law of the land. The Court ruled in McCulloch v. Maryland (1918) that federal laws are supreme over state laws, and when a state law comes into conflict with a federal law, the federal law prevails. This has come to be called the supremacy clause. How does the power of judicial review act as a check on the legislative and executive branches? - John Marshall expanded the Supreme Court's power in the landmark 1803 Marbury v. Madison decision by writing that it was the duty of the Supreme Court to "say what the law is" and declare laws passed by Congress, and acts of the executive, invalid if they are in contradiction with the Constitution.9o How has the principle of separation of powers prevented presidents from successfully having their judicial nominees confirmed? - The Constitution grants the president the

power to appoint federal judges and the Senate the power to confirm the nominations. The Senate uses a filibuster to delay or prevent votes on judges. Since it takes sixty votes to bring an issue to a vote and end debate, the majority party needs sixty members of out of one hundred to effectively confirm the president's nominees. hyper pluralism - A theory of government and polities contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. Hyerpluralism is an extreme, exaggerated, or perverted form of pluralism. Compare elite and class theory, pluralist theory, and traditional democratic theory. hyperpluralism - pluralism on steriods. groups are so strong that the government gives in and weakens hyperpluralism - theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that the power of the national government is weakened. It is an extreme, exaggerated, or perverted form of pluralism Impeachment - Charge (a public official) with an offense or misdemeanor committed while in office; impeached in House, tried in Senate while presided over by Chief Justice impeachment - The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may ******* the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors." Implied powers - "necessary and proper' to carry out Congress' enumerated powers, granted to Congress through elastic clause. implied powers - ... Implied powers - Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but which are suggested or implied by the "general welfare," "necessary & proper," and commerce clauses in the Constitution. implied powers - powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution EX:levy income taxes, conscript armies, and organize a national postal system. implied powers - powers of the federal government that are not specifically written in the constitution; includes Elastic Clause

Implied powers - Powers that are "necessary and proper" to carry out Congress' enumerated powers, and are granted to Congress through the elastic clause implied powers - powers that congress has that are not stated explicitly in the constitution In his book, The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli gave what famous advice to the prince of Florence, Italy? - n what has been called the theory behind the practice of modern American politics, Machiavelli advised the prince of Florence that "it is better to be feared than to be loved," and that the appearance of being an honest, trustworthy ruler is more important than actually being an honest, trustworthy leader. indirect democracy - Form of democracy in which individuals are represented by appointed representatives. Indirect democracy - System in which the people are ruled by their representatives. Also known as representative democracy, or republic. Indirect democracy - system in which the people are ruled by their representatives. Also representative democracy, or republic. individualism - giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications individualism - the belief that people and should get along on their own Informal amendment - A change in the meaning, but not the wording, of the Constitution, e.g., through a court decision such as Brown v. Board. Informal amendment - chge in meaning, not the wording, of the Constitution, e.g., through court decisions like Brown v. Board. Inherent powers - foreign policy powers (e.g., acquiring territory) held by the national gov't because it's a national government. Inherent powers - Foreign policy powers (e.g., acquiring territory) held by the national government by virtue of its being a national government.

inherent powers - The powers of the national government in foreign affairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national government Inherent powers - Those powers that a sovereign state holds. In the United States, the President derives these powers from the loosely worded statements in the Constitution that "the executive Power shall be vested in a President" and that the President should "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"; defined through practice rather than through constitutional or statutory law. intergovernmental relations - ... James Madison - 4th President of the United States James Madison - A young, well-read delegate from Virginia who is usually credited with writing large parts of the Constitution John Locke - an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory (individuals unite into political societies by a process of mutual consent, agreeing to abide by common rules and accept corresponding duties to protect themselves and one another from violence and other kinds of harm). John Locke - English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. John Locke - Seventeenth century English thinker, believer in the state of nature Judicial branch concerning informal amendments - Judicial review-the power of the courts to declare statutes unconstitutional and interpret the Constitution when disputes arise (established in Madison v. Marbury) Judicial review - courts' power to rule on the constitutionality of laws & gov't actions. Established by Marbury v. Madison, 1803. Judicial Review - Power of the courts to rule on the constitutionality of laws and government actions. Established by Marbury v. Madison, 1803. Judicial review - Review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act judicial review - the power of courts to determine if laws and acts are in accord with the US Constitution judicial review - the power of the courts to determine wheater acts of congress and by implication the executive are in according with the consitution. Established marbury v madison judicial review - the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional

judicial review - the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional Layer cake federalism - Layer cake federalism is the relationship between the central government of a nation and that of its states, where the powers and policy assignments of the government hierarchy ("layers" of government) are clearly spelled out and distinct from one another. Legislature concerning informal amendments - Congress has passed laws that reinterpret and expand Constitutional provisions (ex: the Commerce Clause) legitimacy - undisputed credibility Limited government - A government where anymore than minimal governmental intervention in personal liberties and the economy is not usually allowed by law, usually in a written Constitution. limited government - basic principle of American government which states that government is restricted in what it may do, and each individual has rights that government cannot take away limited government - In this type of government everyone, including all authority figures, must obey laws. Constitutions, statements of rights, or other laws define the limits of those in power so they cannot take advantage of the elected, appointed, or inherited positions. limited government - restictions should be placed on the government to protect natural rights Limited government - The basic principle that government is not all-powerful and that it does only those things that citizens allow it to do line item veto - reject only parts of the bill which is only granted to govenors Line-item veto - An executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature. linkage institution - the channels or access points through which issues and people's policy preferences get on the government's policy agenda (elections, political parties, IGs, and mass media) linkage institutions - elections, political parites, interest groups, media linkage institutions - The channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda. In the United States, they include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media. List at least three methods of informally amending the Constitution. - Legislative actions are those in which Congress passes laws that alter or clarify the meaning of the Constitution. Executive actions

entail the use of presidential power and that can change the meaning of the Constitution. Judicial review or interpretation occurs when the judiciary interprets the Constitution and rules on cases that then become law Locke's viewpoints - influenced founding fathers a) natural rights to life liberty property b) consent of the governed c) limited gov. Majoritarianism - The tendency for the government to do what the majority of people want majority rule - the belief that policies should reflect the view of over half the voters majority rule - the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group mandate - ... Mandate - An official order or commission to do something; may be funded or unfunded Mandates - Requirements imposed by the national government upon the states. Some are unfunded mandates, i.e., they are imposed by the national government but lack funding. Mandates - requirements imposed by the national government upon the states. Some are unfunded mandates, i.e., they are imposed by the national government, but lack funding. mandates - terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants mandates - Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants. Marble cake federalism - Mixing of powers, resources, and programs between and among the national, state, and local governments. marbury v madison - This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review Marbury v. Madison - (1803) Established the power of judicial review.

Marbury v. Madison - an 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the US Constitution (established judicial review) Marbury v. Madison - The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789). Marbury v. Madison, 1803 - established the power of judicial review. Marxists - People who believe that those who control the economic system also control the political one. mcColloch v Maryland - SCOTUS decision that stated federal government could have Bank of America to facilitate their state commerce McCulloch v. Maryland - (1819) Established principle of national supremacy and the validity of implied powers. mcculloch v. maryland - ... McCulloch v. Maryland - An 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. In deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the Constitution. McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 - established principle of national supremacy and validity of implied powers. minority rights - a principle of traditional democratic theory that guarantees rights to those who do not belong to majorities and allows that they might join majorities through persuasion and reasoned argument minority rights - rights of the minorities including freedom of assembly and freedom of speech Monarchy - an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority national Supremacy clause - the constitutional provision that declares that the Constitution and laws of the United States take precedence over the constitutions and laws of the states natural rights - life, liberty property Natural rights - Rights people have from the state of nature including the right to life, liberty, and property natural rights - the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

natural rights philosophy - life liberty, property NCLB - No Child Left Behind - 2001 Pres. Bush designed to promote "standards-based education reform" via assessments that measure progress; results often determine funding necessary & proper clause - Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government Necessary and Proper Clause - Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government necessary and proper clause - federal government can make laws necesary and proper to carrying out the enumerated powers of the national government aka elastic clause New Federalism - system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states. New Federalism - System in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states. New Jersey Plan - Presented by William Paterson, did not argue with the need for a strong central government, gave Congress the right to tax, regulate and coerce states, legislature would be unicameral and each state would have the same vote new jersey plan - proposed by william patterson. called for equal representation. each sate regaurdless of population New Jersey Plan - the proposal at the constitutional convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of population New Jersey Plan - The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population Northwest Ordinance - Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states northwest ordinance - ways in which new states could enter union Of all of the articles, which Federalist Paper was the most famous and

significant? - Federalist No. 10. In this article, James Madison explained how a republic would minimize the effect of divisive political factions by dividing power among several different parties. This action would negate the effect of a single faction operating alone. Oligarchy - a political system governed by a few people Original Jurisdiction - The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. These are the courts that determine the facts about a case. orthodox(social) - people who believe that moral rules are derived from God, are unchanging and are more important than individual choice Pluralism - The argument that representative democracies are based on group interests that protect the individual's interests by representing him or her to the government pluralist theory - A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies. pluralist theory - theory of government emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among many groups, each one stressing their own policies pluralist theory - theory that says policy making process is very open to the participation of all groups with shared interests with no single group usually dominating. Tends to result in everyone getting SOMETHING that they want from the government as opposed to one group dominating. Police powers - powers of the states to protect the public health, safety, morals, and welfare of the public. Police powers - Powers of the states to protect the public health, safety, morals, and welfare of the public. policy agenda - issues that attract serious attention of public officials and others involved in politics policy agenda - The issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actively involved in politics at the time. policy gridlock - a condition that occurs when no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy. The result is nothing gets done

policy gridlock - A condition when no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy. The result is that nothing may get done policy making system - the procces in which policies evolves. peoples interests and concerns can be expressed policymaking institutions - The branches of government charged with taking action on political issues. The U.S. Constitution established three policymaking institutions-the congress, the presidency, and the courts. Today, the power of the bureaucracy is so great that most political scientist consider it a fourth policy making institution policymaking system - The process by which policy comes into being and evolves over time. People's interests, problems, and concerns create political issues for government policymakers. These issues shape policy, which in turn impacts people, generating more interests, problems, and concerns. political culture - The widely shared beliefs, values, and norms concerning the relationship of citizens to government and to one another. political gridlock - interests conflict and no collition that is strong enough to form a majority political ideology - A more or less consistent set of beliefs about what policies government ought to pursue Political issue - a result of people disagreeing on an issue and must be voted on political participation - all the activies in which citizens attempt to influence of selection of political leaders and policies they pursue political socialization - Complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values (family, school, media, religion, national events-all help to socialize) politics - the process by which we select our government leaders and what policies these leaders pursue Popular sovereignty - Principle in which the ultimate political authority rests with the people. Popular sovereignty - principle in which ultimate political authority rests with the people. Popular sovereignty - The basic principle that the power to govern belongs to the people and that government must be based on the consent of the governed popular sovereignty - The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government popular sovereignty - The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government power - one possessing or exercising power or influence or authority

Prior restraint - Judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful. In US law, the first amendment severely limits the ability of the government to do this privileges and immunities - clause that says that citizens must be given the same rights in each state privileges and immunities - provisons of the constitution according citizens of each state the privalages of citizens of other states. if you're in illinois, they're required to protect you. There are expections to the rule. privileges and immunities clause - states may not refuse police protection or access to their courts to a US citizen just because he lives in a different state Procedural due process - Due process is the principle that the government must respect all of the legal rights that are owed to a person according to the law. Due process holds the government subservient to the law of the land, protecting individual persons from the state. project grants - federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications project grants - federal grants given for a specific purpose and awarded on the basis of merits of applications; must be applied for project grants - grants federal government categorical grants that are given for a specific purpose and are based off the merits of application. these are common public common good - goods that everyone must share. ex) clean water, clean air, roads, such services can only be provided by the government public policy - A choice that government makes in response to a political issue. A policy is a course of action taken with regard to some problem. public policy - the course of action the government takes in response to an issue or problem Purpose of the Articles of Confederation - To provide unity for the separate states that loosely formed the new country Ratification - The formal approval of the Constitution by the states representation - relationship between the few leaders and many followers Representative (indirect) democracy - People elect representatives to govern them and to make laws and set policies representative democracy - a government in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote

representative democracy - A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people. representative democracy - same thing as republic Republic - a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them Republic - A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch republic - voting for a representative, not a direct democracy. Reserved powers - Powers held by the states through the 10th Amendment. Any power not granted to the U.S. government is "reserved" for the states. Reserved powers - powers held by the states through the 10th Amendment. Any power not granted to the US government is "reserved" for the states. reserved powers - Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people reserved powers - state government. issue licenses, regulate intrastate commerce, do elections revenue sharing - Under this policy, Congress gave an annual amount of federal tax revenue to the states and their cities, counties and townships. Revenue sharing was extremely popular with state officials, but it lost federal support during the Reagan Administration. In 1987, revenue sharing was replaced with block grants in smaller amounts to reduce the federal deficit Second Treatise of Government by John Locke - People form governments to protect the natural rights, giving up their freedom to govern themselves through a social contract between the government and the governed Separation of church and state - Concept that religion and government should be separate; basis for the establishment clause of the First Amendment. Separation of powers - A constitutional structure of government where legal authority is divided between various institutions. In the United States, the Constitution divides federal authority between the President, Congress and the Supreme Court, all of which have delimited powers and responsibilities. separation of powers - Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law separation of powers - Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

separation of powers - feature of constition that requires each of the three branches of government to be realitivly independent so that no one branch can control the other branch Separation of powers - powers of government are separated among three branches: legislative, executive, judicial. Separation of powers - Principle in which the powers of government are separated among three branches: legislative, executive, judicial. Separation of powers - The division of government's powers into three separate branches: executive, legislative, and judicial Shared powers - Powers which are held and exercised by more than one level of government. shay's rebellion - 6 month rebellion in which more than 1000 armed farmers attacked a federal arsenal to protest the foreclosure of farms in the western part of the state shay's rebellion - a series of attacts on courthouses by farmers led by daniel shays about forecloses. issues on articles of confederation. reviled economic problems Shay's rebellion - Farmers in western Massachusetts, in debt and unable to pay taxes, rebelled against foreclosures, forcing judges out of court and freeing debtors from jails,turning point for Articles of Confederation and encouraged leaders to seek a stronger central government Shay's Rebellion - this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes Shays' Rebellion - 1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor in the calling of the Constitutional Convention. Shays' Rebellion - 1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor in the calling of the Constitutional Convention. Shays' Rebellion - Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. single issue groups/voters - groups that are concerned by one issue, doesn't care about polititions view on other things Social contract - An agreement between rulers and citizens that the consent of the governed obligates both sides to honor, people can dissolve government if the government breaks the contract social contract - an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society

social contract theory - The belief that people are free and equal by natural right, and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; espoused by John Locke and influential in the writing of the declaration of independence. State of Nature - a wild primitive state untouched by civilization State of nature - People are naturally free and equal but that freedom led inevitably to inequality and eventually to chaos Substantive due process - Substantive due process (SDP for short) is an aspect of American jurisprudence under the Due Process Clause, involving substantive unenumerated rights. SDP is to be distinguished from procedural due process, which involves procedural unenumerated rights. Supermajority - a majority greater than a simple majority of one over half, e.g.,3/5, 2/3. Supermajority - A majority greater than a simple majority of one over half. e.g., 3/5, 2/3. Supremacy clause - "This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding." supremacy clause - Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. supremacy clause - clause in article six that states that constitution national laws and treaties are supreme over state laws Supremacy Clause - national laws are superior to state laws; article 6 of the constitution which makes the constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits TANF - Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. A 1996 national act that abolished the longtime welfare policy, AFDC (Aid for Families with Dependent Children) TANF gives the states much more control over welfare policy tenth amendment - powers not delegated by the consitution. if not listed in the constitution, its a state law Tenth Amendment - Protect state rights/power; "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." The Anti-Federalists - Against the new government of the Great Compromise, believed that the proposed government would be oppressive and that more individual freedoms and rights should be explicitly guaranteed

The Articles of Confederation-Central government's limitations - Central government consisted only of a Congress in which each state was represented equally, no executive or judiciary branches were created, the central government couldn't levy taxes (only could request money from the states), central government couldn't regulate commerce between states, no law enforcing powers granted to Congress, no process for amending the Articles, states retained all powers not granted to Congress The Bill of Rights - Compromise between Federalists and Ant-Federalists by agreeing to add ten amendments that guaranteed individual freedoms and rights, added in 1791 The Great (or Connecticut) Compromise - Roger Sherman created it, Bicameral congress, any law had to be passed by both Houses of Congress; census every 10 years to reapportion The Great Compromise - One house in which each state would have an equal vote (the Senate) and state legislatures would choose the members and a second house (the House of Representatives) in which representation would be based on population and all voters would directly elect the members Thomas Hobbes - English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) Three-fifths Compromise - Allowed southern states to count a slave as three-fifths of a person Three-Fifths Compromise - Between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the enumerated population of slaves would be counted for representation purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. Treason - a crime that undermines the offender's government unalienable rights - These rights are fundamental or natural rights guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the law. They include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Unfunded mandates - In United States law and politics, unfunded mandates are regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state or local governments or private entities for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government. unicameral legislature - one-house legislature Unicameral legislature - one-house legislature. Unicameral legislature - One-house legislature. unitary government - a centralized government in which all government powers belong to a single central agency unitary government - a way of organizing a nation so that all power is located at the central level

unitary government - a way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in a national government Veto - vote against virginia plan - proposed by edmond randolf. called for state rep and congress based on state population. wanted rep on a big sate Virginia Plan - Strong central government, proposed by Edmund Randolph and the work of James Madison, bicameral legislature: the larger house with members elected by popular vote and the smaller, more aristocratic house selected by the larger house from nominees from state legislatures, representation in both houses based on wealth or numbers Virginia Plan - Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population Weakness of the Articles of the Confederation - a. could not levy taxes or regulate commerce b. one vote in congress for each state c. territorial disputes between states What are examples of checks and balances between the legislative and executive branches? - The president appoints cabinet members, but the Senate has the authority to confirm appointments. The president sends troops into combat, but Congress declares war. The president can negotiate treaties, but only the Senate can ratify a treaty. The House of Representatives can bring impeachment charges against the president, and the Senate holds impeachment trials and votes on removal. What are John Locke's arguments in the Second Treatise on Civil

Government? - Locke argued that humans, in the state of nature, were born equal and that they possessed natural rights that no king had the power to void. The consent of the governed is the only true basis of a king or sovereign's right to rule. Therefore, a chief executive, according to Locke, is limited by this social contract with the governed What are legislative vetoes? Are they constitutional? - Legislative vetoes are a method by which Congress, in either one or both houses, blocks a proposed executive action. Vetoes are frequently used for presidential reorganization plans of the executive branch. These vetoes were declared unconstitutional in INS v. Chadha (1983), when the Supreme Court decided that they violated the doctrine of separation of powers. What are the criticisms of unfunded mandates? - Unfunded mandates are where states are forced to pay for programs that are required by federal law yet not funded by federal dollars. This forces states to either raise taxes or cut services to citizens. The decision regarding how citizens are taxed or supported is taken

out of the states' hands by the federal government. What are the differences among categorical grants, block grants, and revenue sharing? - Categorical grants are for specific purposes and often require local matching funds. Block grants are devoted to general purposes with few restrictions. Revenue sharing requires o matching funds and allows much greater freedom in spending decisions. What are the differences among power, authority and legitimacy? - Power is the ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions. Authority is the right to use power. People accept decisions made by people with the authority to make those decisions, which is the legitimate use of power, or legitimacy What are the differences between categorical grants and block grants? - Categorical grants, including project grants and formula grants, are federal aid that meets the criteria of a specific category and have strings attached, such as requirements to obtain the funds. Block grants go to states and local communities for more general

purposes, with fewer strings attached. States have greater control over block grants What are the four principal parts of the Declaration of Independence, and to whom is it addressed? - The Declaration of Independence is addressed to King George III of Great Britain, and has four parts. The first part is the preamble of introduction, the second is the theory of republican government, the third is the list of grievances (a collection of 27 complaints) and the fourth is the formal declaration of independence. What are the full faith and credit and privileges and immunities clauses of Article IV of the Constitution? - Article IV of the Constitution requires that states must recognize each other's laws and legal proceedings, or grant each other full faith and credit. The privileges and immunities clause refers to the fact that states may not discriminate against citizens of other states What are the provisions of the New Jersey Plan? - The plan proposed a unicameral legislature with one vote for each state, a weak executive elected by Congress, and a national judiciary appointed by the executive. The New Jersey

Plan represented the interest of the smaller states. What are Thomas Hobbes' arguments in Leviathan? - Hobbes believed that humans are basically selfish, individualistic, and constantly at war with each other. Therefore, people need an institution to govern them and to maintain order. Hobbes argued for a single ruler, even a strong monarch, to protect the rights of the weak against the wishes of the stro What are three examples of concurrent powers? - Both federal and state governments make laws for their citizens. Both federal and state governments have the power to tax, to maintain courts, to define crimes, and to appropriate private property for public use (eminent domain). The states may also exercise any power that the Constitution does not reserve for the national government. What is hyper-pluralism? - Hyper-pluralism is the idea that the U.S. contains so many groups that represent so many different interests that there is a virtual deadlock of government action What is pluralist theory? - In the U.S., which has a political system of widely scattered resources, government is

mainly concerned with a competition among groups. Policy results when the group with the dominant interest prevails. What is the constitutional basis of implied powers? - The necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, also known as the elastic clause, stretches Congress's powers to make laws that help it carry out its enumerated powers What is the constitutional basis of separation of powers? - It can be found in several principles, such as the separation of government into three branches, the conception that each branch performs unique and identifiable functions, and the limitation of personnel to a specific branch What is the intergovernmental lobby? - State and local governments act as any other groups in the policymaking process when it comes to hiring lobbyists to try to advance their interests and gain access to federal policymakers. School districts, cities, states, police chiefs and hospitals also hire lobbyists to represent and advance their interests. What is the Lame Duck Amendment? - This term refers to the Twentieth Amendment, which sets the end of the president and vice president's term on January 20, and the end of

senators' and representatives' terms on January 3. Officials who will not be assuming office in the new term and would therefore by ineffectual proposing legislation are known as lame ducks. What is the most common method of amending the Constitution? - The most common way to amend the Constitution is for a bill to pass by a two-thirds majority vote of each house of Congress and then be ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures. This method has been used What is the social contract theory of government? - The social contract theory is one of the basic principles of constitutional government in the U.S. It is based on the philosophies of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and JeanJacques Rousseau. It holds that people are free and equal and posses natural rights, and that they give up some of their natural freedoms in exchange for protection and services from the government What is the theory of democratic centralism? - Several leaders at the top of government solicit public opinion on a general policy question, consider the options, and then make a decision (in accordance with or against the

wishes of the public) that is in the best interests of that public. In this way, the policy choice of this leadership is implemented, and the faade of democracy is preserved. What major issue divided large and small states at the Constitutional Convention? How was it resolved? - Equitable representation for large and small states in the legislature. Large states pushed for representation determined by population; small states wanted equal representation for every state. The Great Compromise (also known as the Connecticut Compromise) created a bicameral national legislature. What powers are denied to the government by the Constitution? - The powers denied to the federal government are contained in Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution. They include suspending the writ of habeas corpus, passing a bill of attainder or ex post facto law, levying taxes on exports and granting titles of nobility What were the achievements under the Articles of Confederation? - The Treaty of Paris, signed with Great Britain in 1783, formally recognized the independence of the United States. The second accomplish was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which

established the principle that the territories could enter the union as states on an equal basis with the older states What were the provisions of the Virginia Plan offered at the Constitutional Convention? - The Virginia Plan was based on three principles. These included a strong national legislature with two chambers, one to be chosen by the people and one chosen by the lower house; a strong national executive to be chosen by the national legislature; and a national judiciary to be appointed by the legislature. This plan appealed primarily to the larger states, as it benefited their interests most What were the three central arguments against ratification of the Constitution put forth by the Anti-Federalists? - First, the Anti-Federalists supported states rights and feared a strong central government. Second, they believed that the Constitution would create an elite economic class that would abuse individual rights. Finally, they wanted fewer limits on popular participation in the political process. Which theory of government claims

that small groups of individuals and/or businesses dominate the policy making process in their own interests. - Elitism is the theory of government that claims that small groups of individuals dominate policy making writ of habeas corpus - a court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody writ of habeas corpus - court order stating you must have a reason for jailtime writ of habeas corpus - Latin for "that you have the body." It's used to bring a prisoner or other detainee (e.g. institutionalized mental patient) before the court to determine if the person's imprisonment or detention is lawful.