CASCADES the Changing Aurora: in Situ and Camera Analyses of Dynamic Electron precipitation Structures vehicle 40.

017

Experimenter Package Design Review 25 May 2004

Dartmouth College Cornell University University of New Hampshire University of Alaska, Fairbanks Alfven Laboratory, KTH University of California, Berkeley

Table of Contents
1.0 Experiment overview 2.0 Instrumentation and subsystem array 3.0 Experiment responsibilities and heritage 4.0 Testing required 5.0 Mechanical systems 6.0 Power 7.0 TM and interface connections 8.0 Times and altitudes of experiment events 9.0 Squib circuits and deployments 10.0 Monitors 11.0 Aspect sensors 12.0 Radar 13.0 Trajectory data 14.0 Outgassing, magnetic cleanliness, RFI 15.0 Vehicle performance 16.0 Range support 17.0 Launch conditions 18.0 Comprehensive success criteria 19.0 Minimum success criteria 20.0 Open questions and concerns 21.0 List of contacts

A.0 Cornell Instrumentation Appendix B.0 Imager Instrumentation Appendix C.0 PFF Deployment Model Appendix

1.0 Experiment Overview

Science: The purpose of the Cascades sounding rocket mission is the investigation of motions and structure of electron precipitation in pre-midnight poleward edge discrete aurora. Our principal scientic objective is the investigation of spatial and temporal structures within electron precipitation and low-frequency electric eld activity in the topside ionosphere. Cascades will address the following questions: What are the horizontal motions of auroral arc structures; how do they compare to local plasma motions and to visible structures at the footpoint? What drives these motions? What are the parallel motions of small-scale Alfvenic structures What is the auroral context of these motions as given by 2-d camera images, from the ground view and from the main payload view Payload: The experiment consists of a main payload and four subpayloads: two identical wire-boom electric eld subpayloads (E-eld subpayloads) with GPS position and timing, and two free-ying particle detector subpayloads (i.e., particle-free-yers, or PFFs) with GPS position and timing. The payloads 100 km magnetic footpoint will be tracked in real time by a dedicated narrow-eld auroral camera from Kaktovik, and these images together with those from all-sky cameras and from an onboard, eld-aligned camera will provide the auroral context for the in situ plasma measurements. We are planning a launch from the Poker Flat Research range in winter 2005. Technology: Our primary technology development objectives are the development of small autonomous payloads (i.e., particle free yers, a.k.a., PFFs), GPS packaging and integration with instrumentation, and ties to the upcoming Magnetospheric Constellation Draco mission. Science Team: There are many investigators from many dierent institutions who will contribute to the Cascades mission. Kristina A. Lynch is the principal investigator and is responsible for the overall mission. A complete list of investigators and engineers can be found in section 20 of this document and their contributions to the mission are listed below. Dartmouth College, with support from the University of New Hampshire, will be responsible for the overall system design, particle detectors and the PFF subpayloads. Dartmouth College School of Engineering will be responsible for the onboard camera to image the visible aurora. Cornell University will be responsible for providing the electric eld and plasma wave subpayloads. Cornell is also responsible for the 5 GPS systems. Heritage: With the exception of the onboard imager (which will be own on Sersio in winter 2004, before Cascades) and the PFF subpayload and pivot deployment system, all other instrumentation and subsystems have design and ight heritage, as noted throughout the text. In particular we build heavily on the highly successful Sierra payload own this past winter; the E-Field subpayloads were designed for Sierra and will be own again on Sersio. The Cornell electric eld package will be in its third version, after Sierra and Sersio; the Sersio version will be identical to those proposed here, with no particle detectors, and with snapshot HF capability. The deectable aperture electron detector was designed for the Enstrophy mission; the deectable aperture is a simple modication of an instrument

Figure 1: Cascades payload array. with extensive UNH sounding rocket ight heritage. Similar aperture deection designs have been used by other experimenters on Freja and on FAST. The main payload particle detector deployers, hinged booms, have been own on a number of missions. The PFF pivot deployment system is a straightforward mechanical design. The onboard imager is comprised of mostly commercial parts with ight heritage; the rst version will be own on Sersio. For the ground observations, the UAF/GI investigators have many years of experience making optical auroral observations and have participated in many rocket programs.

2.0 Instrumentation and Subsystem Array

The ve Cascades payloads are intended to form an array with the two Cornell subpayloads separating along the magnetic eld direction and the two particle free-yers (PFFs) forming an L-shape with the main payload in the perp-B plane. An inertial ACS system is required so that the array can be congured with respect to the apogee magnetic eld line. Figure 1 illustrates the concept.

2.1 Main-Payload Instrumentation and Subsystems

2 Heeps (Hemispherical Energetic Particle Spectrometer) particle detectors mounted in forward deck structure on short hinged booms (see Figure 2 and Figure 3): HEEPS-e- (HE): electrons, 10 eV to 15 keV swept electron energy detector, 32 one msec energy steps per sweep, 32 sweeps/sec (sweep synchronized to GPS). Imaging over 360 degrees in 30 bins. G 1.2e-4/cm2/sr/eV/eV. This detector is a copy of the deectable HE on the PFFs, but the deection system will not be activated on the (ACS-controlled) main payload. HEEPS-ion (HI): ions, 6eV to few 100eV, 16 sweeps per 1.024 sec, 32 2 msec steps. Imaging over 360 degrees in 64 bins. BAGEL (Bg): high-speed eld-aligned electron detector mounted xed in center of forward deck structure (no deployment). 20 eV to 2 keV in 32 1/4 msec steps, 125 sweeps/sec. (See Figure 4.) Auroral imaging camera: with motorized despinning prism. Looks down the eld line from the aft end of the main payload. (See Figure 5.) Science magnetometer: deck-mounted below Bagel instrument. (See Figure 2 and Figure 6.) COUGAR GPS receiver: for 5 meter positioning and microsecond timing; GPS 1 PPS clock embedded in TM stream.

2.2 Cornell Subpayload Instrumentation and Subsystems

This subpayload is described in detail in Appendix A. It contains: Science magnetometer on rigid mount (no deployment). COWBOY (Cornell Wire Boom Yo-Yo) E-eld booms with damper system; wire booms are 12 meters tip-to-tip. DC/VLF/HF E-eld plasma wave instrument (DC to 5 MHz). COUGAR GPS receiver for 5 meter positioning and 150 nanosecond timing. GPSbased telemetry synchronizer.

2.3 PFF Instrumentation and Subsystems

This subpayload is described in the mechanical section below, in Appendix C, and in the NSROC material. It contains: HEEPS-e-deectable: Deectable-aperture energetic electrons. 10 eV to 15 keV swept electron energy detector, 32 one msec energy steps per sweep, 32 sweeps/sec (sweep synchronized to GPS). Imaging over 360 degrees in 30 bins. G 1.2e-4/cm2/sr/eV/eV. Deectable aperture points 6-deg-eld-of-view along local -B within 20 degrees of PFF spin axis. (See Figure 7.) Science magnetometer on rigid mount (no deployment). COUGAR GPS receiver for 5 meter positioning and microsecond timing; GPS 1 PPS clock embedded in TM stream.

2.4 Ground based imaging

Kaktovik narroweld and all-sky cameras: Narroweld camera real-time tracked to payload footpoint Poker narroweld and all-sky cameras

3.0 Experiment Responsibilities and Heritage

- Main Payload NASA/NSROC - Structure, deck, skins X - Nosecone eject systems (LEO/FEOS) X - Power/ timer/pyro-firing systems X - Aspect magnetometer X - Science magnetometer - Attitude Control System (gyro-based ACS) X - Release Mechanism (pin puller) for Detector Booms X Dartmouth Cornell

Subpayload Ejection:E-field subpayload Deployer Subpayload Ejection: PFF Deployer 6.4 Mb/s PCM encoder Particle Instruments Particle detector booms Imager Sun sensor electronics GPS Wrap-Around Antenna GPS Receiver #1 GPS Receiver #2 (required by NASA/NSROC) GPS TM synchronizer GPS Internal Re-radiator to subpayload GPS (splitter) GPS Internal Re-radiator to subpayload GPS (antenna) TM Transmitter & Antenna Video digitization/compression for Dartmouth Imager

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

-E-field Subpayloads (2 Identically Configured) - Structure, deck, skins - Subpayload Ejection Systems (Springs) - Power / Timer / Pyro-firing systems - Science/Aspect Magnetometer - Solar Aspect Sensor - COWBOY boom system with damper - Pyro Release mechanism for COWBOY booms (cable cutter) - Rotation angle monitor for COWBOY boom system - 6.4 Mb/s PCM encoder - GPS Receiver - GPS Preamp - GPS TM synchronizer - TM Transmitter and Combination S-band/GPS Antenna - PFF Subpayloads (2 Identically Configured) - Structure - Skins - Science/Aspect Magnetometer - Particle Instruments - Sun sensor electronics - PCM encoder - GPS receiver and antenna - GPS preamp - TM Transmitter and Antenna

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

Previous Missions Sersio Sierra Caper Scifer Phaze2

Cascades Experiment (35.035) (40.014) (40.012) (40.006) (40.010) - Dartmouth/UNH -- HEEPS X X X X X - Dartmouth/UNH -- High-speed Bagel (new) - Cornell -- HF E-field X X - Cornell -- DC/VLF E-field X X X X X - Cornell -- B-field X X X - Cornell -- GPS TM Synchronizer X X - Cornell -- GPS Receiver X X - Cornell -- Yo-Yo boom X X - Dartmouth -- Imager X

4.0 Testing Required

Besides the standard environmental testing that is done at the payload level during integration at NASA WFF, the following tests are required by the experimenters in order to prove the ight readiness of several new systems on the Cascades payload. We anticipate that these tests would take place prior to the start of integration at WFF, during the nal stages of development of these systems. Pre-integration Testing of the Dartmouth Camera, including vibration testing of Dartmouth Camera receiver only at WFF (1 test) Magnetic cleanliness testing of PFFs Pre-integration testing of PFF GPS system Pre-integration testing of PFF deployment system Flight testing of NIACS

5.0 Mechanical Systems

The main payload consists of a forward experimental section, a telemetry section, an attitude control system (ACS) and an imager. Sub-payloads PFF 1 and PFF 2 are located between the forward experimental section and the telemetry section. Sub-payload down (E-eld) is located aft of the ACS and imager. Sub-payload up (E-eld) is located just under the nosecone. We request that NASA/Wallops provide the TM and skin sections for the main payload, as well as the subpayload skins, lower telemetry section, and interior decks which serve as the interior support for the wireboom system, as was done for Sierra. For the PFFs, NASA will provide the skins, transmitters and antenna. Other payload structures will be fabricated by the experimenters.

5.1 Openings, Doors, Skins, and Skirts

The entire nosecone is ejected prior to nal burn. A LEOS system is used to eject the nosecone prior to Nihka ignition in order to help achieve the apogee requirements. After subpayload up separation and subpayload down separation, the forward experimental sections boom systems and PFF deployers will be exposed by ejecting the spring skin section.

5.2 Booms Antennas

There will be two deployable elements on the main payload consisting of a short boom supporting the Dartmouth/UNH HEEPS-E electron detector and a short boom supporting the HEEPS-I ion detector. The booms will utilize the short ip down arms with pin-puller release mechanisms used on Caper (40.012). For the two E-Field subpayloads, a small, light weight, and dynamically stable boom system for the electric eld measurement is used (see Appendix A). This is a design developed at Cornell University that rapidly deploys the wire booms into a stable disk-like geometry. The initial form of this design was successfully own on Sierra and the updated design was own on Sersio prior to use in Cascades.

5.3 Subpayloads - E-Field

Please refer to Appendix A for the following discussion regarding the E-eld sub-payload and COWBOY booms. The sub-payload is congured as a short cylinder with a moment of inertia transverse to the spin axis exceeding the spin axis moment. A concentric spool is placed around the inner payload and positioned close to the center of mass. The spool can rotate about the symmetry axis and is attached to the sub-payload cylinder with a combination bearing and magnetically controlled damper. Four wire booms are wound around the spool and sensing spheres are placed at the end of each wire boom. During deployment, the wire booms unwind like a yo-yo despin mechanism, with the exception that the outer spool will rotate with respect to the sub-payload cylinder and as the spool rotates it damps energy from the system. After the wire booms are deployed a pyro activated brake is engaged, which locks up the spool with respect to the inner payload.

5.4 PFFs
Description: The two particle detector freeyers PFFs (see Figure 8 and NSROC mechanical systems section) are autonomous small payloads. They carry their own TM systems and transmit directly to the ground via 9-inch wraparound antennae. They are deployed from the main payload after the main payload has been aligned to near the apogee magnetic eld line for the electric eld subpayload deployments, so that their spin axes (and detector aperture planes) are nominally within 6 degrees of eld alignment throughout the ight. As the trajectory carries the PFFs northward, their spin axes will move rst towards and then away from eld-alignment, and the electron detector aperture deection system will maintain the eld-line-looking capability using the onboard magnetometer. This deection

system will also correct for misalignments from possible PFF coning. The design is based on a standard diameter and standard NASA TM components. It will be a very compact payload, but does not require a great deal of expensive redesign or miniaturization. Constraints: The design of the PFF is limited by the following constraints: Stability: Deconvolution of the magnetometer data requires a simple rigid body motion, i.e., spinning and (minimal) coning about the body axis parallel to the main payload spin axis. This requires balancing of this small payload to high accuracy, and absolute rigidity of the structure (i.e., no loose cables). Magnetic cleanliness: The magnetometer is by denition quite close to the payload so non-magnetic connectors, etc, must be used. Autonomy: The PFF must work by itself with only the HVON command coming after launch, triggered by a push-button at deployment. Size: The system must t within the envelope determined by the TM antenna; this restricts number of battery packs, redundant systems, etc. Spin rate: The spin rate is limited from below by the stability requirement and from above by the electron detector deector system. A spin rate of a few Hz is desirable. Ejection: The PFFs must be placed in an L-shape with the main payload, in a plane perpendicular to apogee-B, and less than 0.5 km from the main payload at apogee.

5.5 Experiment Weight Volume Estimates

Dimensions of the main payload and PFF instruments are given in Figures 3-6; dimensions for the subpayloads in Appendix A. The following are estimates, not measurements. Main-Payload HE HI Booms Bagel Electronics Imager Science Magnetometer Main-Payload Experiments Total E-Field subpayloads E & B-Field electronics GPS Electronics Science Magnetometer COWBOY boom system ERPA H x W x D in. 3.5 x 5.7 diam 2.5 x 4.0 diam 3.8 x 2.7 x 7.8 6.5 x 5.5 x 5.9 14 x 8 x 6 1.44x 1.41 x 5.9 lbs. 1 1 2 4 4 3.5 0.3 16 lbs.

4 x 5.5 3 x 5.5 1.5 x 1.5 12 x12 2.7x 3.5

x x x x x

5.9 5.9 5.9 12 2.3

6 3 0.5 6 1

E-Field subpayload Experiments Total PFF subpayloads HE Electronics Science Magnetometer PFF subpayload Experiments Total

17 lbs.

3.5 x 5.7 diam 3.85 x 5.5 x 5.9 1.44 x 1.41 x 5.9

1 2 0.5 3.5 lbs.

The MIC total payload estimate is removed from this DR document since the NSROC mechanical section will provide this. Present estimates of payload weight allow a nominal apogee of 691 km.

6.0 Power Requirements

6.1 Main Payload Power Required
Particle/mag/GPS experiment +28 V 350 mA Imager experiment +28 V 1500 mA

6.2 E-eld Subpayload Power Required

Cornell Experiment +18 V 1.2 A continuous (3.7 A for 10 sec) -18 V 0.7 A continuous (3.2 A for 10 sec)

6.3 PFF Subpayload Power Required

Experiment +28 V 150 mA The PFFs will have external contacts for battery charging and power control while stowed.

6.4 General Comments - Power Systems for Main and E-eld payloads
Independence and grounding: For the main payload and all four subpayloads, each experiment should have independent control of power-on and power-o for the purposes of trouble shooting and interference checking. The Dartmouth and Dartmouth/UNH experiments may share a single +28V battery pack. The +18V and -18V Cornell power should not be shared with any other user. All battery packs and telemetry systems should be referenced to ground at a single point on only one deck of the rocket chassis. We are trying to avoid noise pickup which may be caused by multiple chassis grounds. 18V: We require separate battery charging circuits for the +18V and -18V battery packs because of the substantially higher power consumption of the +18V battery compared to

the -18V battery. It is not acceptable to charge across the +/-18V battery pack this will result in an incomplete charge of the -18V side of the battery pack. Please wire the +18V and -18V batteries as two separate batteries (even though they may be located in the same battery box) with completely separate charging circuits. TEST signal: In addition to the payload power control described above, a TEST signal is required for the Dartmouth/UNH experiment. The TEST function requires +28V at 100mA. This line powers internal test oscillators for payload checks. Power to this line should come only from the umbilical so that there is no chance of the test oscillators being powered during ight. HVON: The Dartmouth HV ON requires +28V at less than 20mA. Altitude switch holdo of these functions is not required. HV supplies that cannot be operated in air have internal altitude switches. In ight, HV should be timed to turn on (minimum altitude 160 km) and remain on. For the PFFs, the HVON is triggered by the deploy. Subs: On the E-Field sub-payloads, the 18V power to the Cornell Power Amplier Box needs to be supplied by a relay controlled by the electronic timer. The Power Amplier Box takes 18V at +/-2.5A for a maximum of 10 seconds. The electronic timer will activate the 18V to this box just prior to COWBOY wire boom system deployment. A POWER AMPLIFIER TEST function should be designed into the umbilical and test suitcase to activate the 18V to the Power Amplier Box, to permit testing of the wire boom system without running the payload timers. GPS: For ground testing and pre-ight use, Cornell requires a separate umbilical power source for each of the ve (5) Cornell GPS receivers. The Cornell GPS receivers require +12V at approximately 200 mA through the umbilical. No on-board power switching is required. This power source will be diode isolated from other power sources inside of the Cornell electronics box.

7.0 Telemetry and Interface Connections

7.1 Main Payload TM and Connector
Main payload imager TM and connector specications are listed in Appendix B. Main payload TM requirements for all other experiments are: Main Payload non-imager instrument PCM requirements, 8 bit words Signal Size Type Rate Total 1. B-Field (3 ch, 16 bits) 6 words Serial 1 Ks/s 48 Kb/s 2. GPS Data 1 Ks/s 8 Kb/s 3. GPS Timing 19.2 Kb/s 4. HEI e- image 1 word Serial 32 Ks/s 256 Kb/s 5. HET e- Total counts 1 word Counter 2 Ks/s 16 Kb/s 6. HES e- Sweep monitor 1 word Analog 1 Ks/s 8 Kb/s 8. HEB e- Bias monitor 1 word Analog 250 s/s 2 Kb/s 9. HII Ion image 1 word Serial 32 Ks/s 256 Kb/s 10. HIT Ion Total counts 1 word Counter 2 Ks/s 16 Kb/s 11. HIS Ion Sweep monitor 1 word Analog 500 s/s 4 Kb/s

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

HIB Bias monitor Bagel Total counts Bagel Bias monitor Bagel Sweep Box 1 Current Box 2 Current Solar sensors

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

word word word words word word word

Analog 250 s/s Counter 4 Ks/s Analog 250 s/s Analog 4 Ks/s Analog 250 s/s Analog 250 s/s Analog 8 Ks/s

2 32 2 32 2 2 64

Kb/s Kb/s Kb/s Kb/s Kb/s Kb/s Kb/s

TOTAL

~0.8 Mb/s

The NASA connector to these experiment signals is as follows. For Box1 (HI and Bagel instruments) the connector is a normal density, nonmagnetic, 25-pin on box, 25-socket on cable, Positronics (ITT part number in parenthesis) SND25M0000G (DBMA25PNMB) on box, SND25F0000G (DBMA25SNMB) on cable. ________________________________________________________________ Box 1 Nasa Connector returns with ? may be omitted on NASA side Power and event Pin Return 1 14 2 15 3 16 sequencing signals Signal twisted pairs +28v power +28v power (redundant) HVTO High Voltage Turn On (+28->Altitude switch->+28H) TEST Pulse amp test

analog power input analog power input analog power input analog power input

Differential Signals Pin+ PinSignal 4 17 MAJF 5 18 GCKI 6 19 HII 7 20 HIT 8 21 BgT 9 22 MinF

twisted pairs PCM Major Frame sync Gated shift ClocK for HEEPS I HEEPS I image serial data HEEPS I total counts Bagel Counts PCM Minor Frame rate

clock - input from Nasa input from Nasa serial 32k/sec count 2k/sec count 4k/sec clock - input from Nasa

Single-Ended Signals w/returns Pin Return Signal twisted pairs 10 23? HIB HEEPS I Bias Monitor 11 BgB Bagel Bias Monitor 24 HIS HEEPS I Sweep Monitor 12 25 BgS Bagel Sweep Monitor 13 B1C Box 1 Current returns with ? may be omitted on NASA side

analog analog analog analog analog

250/sec 250/sec 500/sec 4k/sec 250/sec

Available pins: NONE Possibly available pins: 23 ________________________________________________________________

For Box2 (HE, mag, GPS) the connector is a high density, nonmagnetic, 44-pin on box, 44socket on cable, Positronics (ITT part number in parenthesis) SDD44M0000G (DBMA44PNMB) on box, SDD44F0000G (DBMA44SNMB) on cable. ________________________________________________________________ Box 2 Nasa Connector data returns with ? may be omitted on NASA side Power and event sequencing signals Pin Return Signal twisted pairs 1 2 +28v# power analog 3 4 +28v# power (redundant) analog 5 6? HVTO High Voltage Turn On analog 7 8? HVTO High Voltage Turn On (redundant) analog 9 TEST Pulse amp test analog ___ # +28v goes ONLY to the LVPS board K1 and NOWHERE else, +28H is Differential Pin+ Pin10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Signals Signal MAJF GCKEI HEI GCKET HET GCKMAG MAG MinF Signals Signal HEB HES HeAp1 HeAp2 B2C

power input power input power input power input power input DIFFERENT

twisted pairs PCM Major Frame sync Gated shift ClocK for HEI HE image serial data Gated shift ClocK for HET HE total counts Gated shift ClocK for MAG Interleaved MAG data X, Y, Z; 2 wds each PCM Minor Frame rate w/returns twisted pairs HEEPS E Bias Monitor HEEPS E Sweep (Energy) HEEPS E Aperture 1 not needed on Main, only on PFF HEEPS E Aperture 2 not needed on Main, only on PFF Box 2 Current

clock - input from Nasa serial clock serial 30k/sec serial clock serial 2k/sec serial clock serial 6k/sec clock - input from Nasa

Single-Ended Pin Return 26 27 28 29? 32 33? 34 36 35? 37?

analog analog analog analog analog

250/sec 1k/sec 1k/sec 1k/sec 250/sec

38 40 42 44

39? 41? 43? *

GPS SUN 1_PPS +28ka

asynch serial, (needs to be true RS-232, use Max232/Max233) asynch 19.2k RS-232 Sun Sensor combined conditioned analog analog 8k/sec 1PPS, time event, sampled at 1/major frame +20v TO +28v for GPS "keep alive" to wire OR into +5 regulator * return is shared: 2, 4, 6?, 8?

Available pins 30, 31 Possibly available pins: 6, 8, 29, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43 ________________________________________________________________

7.2 E-Field Subpayload TM and Connector(s)

Refer to Appendix A.

7.3 PFF TM and Connector

The PFFs each require a 640 kbit link, and use 10 bit words. The PFFs will be stowed inside of a main payload conductive skin section and will use a re-radiator scheme for testing while on the launch pad. A similar scheme was used successfully for the Enstrophy payload. Time tagging of the telemetry data will be done by embedding the 1 pulse-per-second (1PPS) output from the Cornell GPS receiver into the PCM telemetry data. This will be done by connecting the 1PPS signal to the time event module of a standard WFF93 PCM encoder. During post-ight analysis, the experimenters will decode the GPS data and note the locations of the 1PPS in the telemetry matrix and determine the UTC time of each transmitted word in the telemetry for the entire ight. The 1PPS will be used in real-time to synchronize the sweeps of the Dartmouth UNH electron detectors on the main payload and the two PFFs. The accuracy of the sweep synchronization will be on the order of 150 nS. Experimenter requirements for PFF TM are: PFF Subpayload PCM requirements, 10 bit words: Size 6 words 1 bit 1 1 1 1 1 1 word word words words words word Type Rate Total Serial 1 Ks/s 60 Kb/s Serial 40 Ks/s 40 Kb/s 0.625 Kb/s Serial 30 Ks/s 300 Kb/s Counter 2 Ks/s 20 Kb/s Analog 1 Ks/s 10 Kb/s Analog 1 Ks/s 10 Kb/s Analog 1 Ks/s 10 Kb/s Analog 250 s/s 2.5 Kb/s

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Signal B-Field (3 ch, 16 bits) GPS Data GPS 1 PPS HEI image HET Total counts HES Sweep monitor HeAp1 Aperture monitor HeAp2 Aperture monitor HEB Bias monitor

10. Box current 11. Solar sensors

1 word 1 word

Analog 250 s/s 2.5 Kb/s Analog 8 Ks/s 80 Kb/s TOTAL 490 Kb/s

For Box2 (HE, mag, GPS) the connector is a high density, nonmagnetic, 44-pin on box, 44socket on cable, Positronics (ITT part number in parenthesis) SDD44M0000G (DBMA44PNMB) on box, SDD44F0000G (DBMA44SNMB) on cable. ________________________________________________________________ Box 2 Nasa Connector data -- PFF This connector is the same as Box 2 -- Main See above. ________________________________________________________________

8.0 Times and Altitudes of Experiment Events

A list of events from the experiment viewpoint; see Timeline for ocial chronology. Main Payload Events 1. Nosecone eject prior to Nihka ignition for altitude. 2. Payload separation 3. ACS: roll control to 4 Hz 0.5 Hz for subpayload stability and remove coning 4. Aft skirt eject 5. ACS: maneuver spin axis antiparallel to apogee B-eld 6. Camera on 7. Eject subpayload UP against apogee B-eld vector @ 6-7 m/s and eject subpayload DOWN along apogee B-eld vector @ 6-7 m/s; HVON at deploy 8. Eject forward skirt surrounding main payload experiment 9. ACS remove cone 10. GPS re-rad o 3 sec after fwd skirt eject 11. Eject PFF 1 and PFF 2, perpendicular to B and to each other, 3.0 m/s 12. ACS remove cone and roll control to TBD 13. Main booms deploy 14. ACS remove cone and roll control to 1.5 Hz nal roll rate for Imager after booms deploy

15. ACS OFF 16. Main payload HVON above 160 km Subpayload(s) Events 1. Enable COWBOY damper at eject + 3 sec 2. Deploy COWBOY antenna at + 7 sec 3. Engage COWBOY brake at +42 sec 4. Disable COWBOY damper at +52 sec

9.0 Squib Circuits and Deployments

9.1 Pyrotechnics and pin pullers
On the main payload, the two fold-down booms for the electron and ion detectors will be released by one or more dual bridge-wire retractable actuators (pin pullers), type IMT 18CC (228-50000), to be supplied by NASA/NSROC. On each of the E-Field subpayloads, the COWBOY wire boom systems will be released by a pyrotechnic cable cutter (Holex 2800 guillotine) to be supplied by NASA/NSROC. In addition, the brakes for the COWBOY booms will be engaged by a pin puller type IMT 18CC (228-50000) supplied by NASA/NSROC. Design of the release mechanisms will be the same as own on Sierra. Pin pullers will be needed also for the PFF pivot releases.

9.1 Deployments overview

The nosecone is ejected rst and kicked sideways (standard NASA system) before the nal motor burn. The E-eld subpayloads each are ejected along the spin axis with a ring of twelve springs in a circular arrangement, achieving a high separation velocity using existing stock components while maintaining acceleration limits. After the subpayloads are separated from the main, the small containment disc holding the spheres is ejected back towards the main payload (at a slow velocity), allowing the release of the wire booms. The wireboom deployment mechanism is on an angular momentum damper assembly, allowing the release of the wirebooms to an orthogonal conguration. After the electric eld payloads are released from the main (at 6-7 m/s separation velocity), the spring skin section surrounding the main payload particle detectors is ejected at a few m/s. The PFFs are then released (see description below), and nally the main payload particle booms are deployed (see description below.) Critical examination of timer timelines and timer errors will be necessary for this mission. Note should be taken of accelerations in light of extreme subpayload separation velocities.

9.2 Eeld subpayload deployment

See Appendix A for subpayload information. Requirements for clean subpayload deployments are listed in Vehicle Performance and Success Criteria sections below.

9.3 PFF deployment

See Appendix C for a theoretical rigid-body-mechanics deployment model. Figure 9 shows the deployment plan for the PFFs, a simple pivot system. The main payload spin force is used to eject the free-yers like back-spun frisbees. The PFF payloads represent a non-negligible fraction of the total payload mass and their deployment will cause some despin of the main payload. The exact separation velocity will depend on the mass properties of the PFFs and of the main payload. Estimates show a separation velocity of about 1.4 m/s is attainable for a starting main payload spin rate of 4 Hz. This translates to a main payloadPFF separation of just under half a kilometer at apogee. The PFFs will be deployed (simultaneously) after the electric eld subpayloads, with their spin axes nominally parallel to -B at apogee. Main payload ACS roll control can be used before release if any adjustment is needed to achieve the desired separation velocity. It is important that the separation vectors between the main and each PFF be roughly perpendicular to each other, and be in the perp-B plane. Preliminary expectations from the PFF deploy model (Appendix C) are as follows: A 90-deg separation array with a velocity of 32 cm/sec/Hz is attainable. The PFFs need to be stowed at very slightly dierent angles from the diameter. The model angle epsilon is between a deckplate diameter, and the line from the hinge point to the PFF cg. Initial epsilons should be 0.05 rad and 0.038 rad. These slightly dierent epsilons, and slightly dierent release points in the pivots, allow orthogonal separation vectors with simultaneous release commands. The spin rate of the PFFs will be approximately 0.7 times the main payload spin rate. They back-spin, so they come o slower. With a main payload spin of 4 Hz, a separation velocity of 1.2 m/sec gives a 360 m separation at apogee. The PFF spin rate would be 2.8 Hz. This plan depends critically on accurate CG knowledge for both the PFFs and Main, and critical placement of the stowed PFFs.

10.0 Monitors
The experimenters will provide boom position monitors (micro-switches) for the main payload HI and HE booms. The position of these two switches will be encoded by the experiment and included in one of the serial data channels. On the PFFs, a pushbutton mechanically released at deploy will trigger HVON within the PFFs. On each of the electric-eld subpayloads, Cornell will provide monitors for the COWBOY boom system. An optical shaft encoder will provide angular position and angular velocity of the rotating spool and will be encoded by the Cornell experiment.

11.0 Aspect Sensors

A 3-axis science magnetometer is required on the main payload. NASA/NSROC will want an additional main payload aspect magnetometer for their attitude system. On the four subpayloads the science magnetometers will be used for aspect determination. Sun sensors will be needed for each payload. The imager on the main payload will not use a roll rate sensor; instead it will optimize for the ACS-controlled nominal roll rate.

12.0 Radar Beacon

A radar beacon is not required by the experimenters.

13.0 Trajectory Data

Absolute trajectory knowledge is required at the 500 meter level, however, relative positioning of the ve payloads is required at the 5 meter level. These requirements are satised by the accuracy of the data supplied by the ve Cornell GPS receivers. The relative positioning calculations will be performed by Cornell.

14.0 Outgassing Requirements, Magnetic Material Sensitivity, RFI Susceptibility

Outgassing: The particle detector experiments on the main and PFF subpayloads are sensitive to payload outgassing and steps need to be taken to keep outgassing to a minimum. These steps include proper material selection (see NASA Reference Publication 1124) and payload cleanliness. Requirements for this payload are summarized below: Machined parts should be thoroughly cleaned of all machining uids and inks before installation. Paper stick-on labels are not acceptable. Acceptable materials include 3M Kapton tape (92), DC340 Heat Sink Compound, nowax lacing cord, GE RTV-11 potting compound, and Stycast 2850FT epoxy. Delrin, Teon and Lexan are also acceptable. Phenolic, PVC, and Nylon materials should be avoided. Handling of the structure should be minimized to avoid greasy ngerprints. In addition, a dry nitrogen purge of the payload during integration and on the launcher is required. This minimizes the moisture absorption of the particle detectors. Once the nosecone is installed, the dry nitrogen purge is to be connected to the outside telemetry skin through a y-a-way disconnect.

Magnetic cleanliness: The 5 science magnetometers should be located as far as possible from the batteries and high power circuits, and from any high-permeability metal. Magnetic materials should not be used in the vicinity of the HE, HI, and Bagel particle detectors, because magnetic elds from these materials could aect the path of the charged particles that these instruments are sensing. Given the small volume of the PFFs, nonmagnetic connectors must be used throughout. On the main payload, nonmagnetic connectors are to be used in the forward deck structure. The PFFs will be developed and evolved with measurements in the Wallops mag cal facility. RFI: If any DC-DC converters are used they must operate above 20 kHz.

15.0 Vehicle Performance

15.1 Minimum Altitude
Apogee between 700 and 800 km was requested. Nominal apogee is presently 691 km, given the payload denition at present. This is a reasonable compromise, but all eorts should continue to be made to minimize payload weight.

15.2 Coning Angle

Main and ACS: For the main payload, the coning should be driven to zero by the ACS prior to the subpayload ejections. After all deployments have taken place the ACS should null the coning and then be disabled for the remainder of the ight, since the payload is rigid (no oppy booms.) A well-designed well-balanced payload will be essential. Creative placement of balance weights will be needed to maintain balance before and after deployments. IMPORTANT NOTE re SUBPAYLOADS: The initial E-eld subpayload coning halfangle must be less than 3 degrees immediately after ejection. All contributions to tip-o error must be minimized to achieve a subpayload coning half-angle of less than 3 degrees immediately after ejection. There will be no ACS on the subpayloads, and the following guidelines should be followed to minimize the initial coning angle, and minimize the rate of growth in the coning angle of the subpayloads. Dynamically balancing the subpayloads. Designing the subpayload separation systems to minimize deployment asymmetries. Arranging the components at the outside edges of each deck so that the roll moment of inertia is maximized, while keeping the payload as short as possible. Clustering the heaviest components (such as batteries) close to the C.G. so that the pitch moment of inertia is minimized. PFFS: For the PFFs, minimal coning is also desired, but the electron detector has a deectable aperture which can correct for cone angles and misalignment to B of up to 0 degrees. Still, the PFF payloads should be designed to minimize coning as their science depends on a stable rigid body motion (magnetometer analysis) and a magnetic-eld-aligned view (electron detectors) within the view of the deectable aperture.

15.3 Pointing and Payload Array Formation Requirements

The experiment consists of a main payload and four subpayloads, being two each of two kinds. The two identical E-eld subpayloads will be separated by hundreds of meters in a linear conguration along the trajectory, and the two identical PFF subpayloads will be separated perpendicular to the trajectory forming a triangle conguration with the main payload (see Figure 1.) The PFF subpayloads should be ejected perpendicular to B with separation velocity 1.5 m/s. The E-eld subpayloads should be ejected forward and backward with the apogee B-eld vector with separation velocity 6-7 m/s. The spin vector of the main payload and the two E-Field subpayloads will be parallel to B. The main payload will have a helicopter geometry. These maneuvers require a gyro-based attitude control system. The E-eld subpayloads will be actively aligned only once, at deployment, antiparallel to apogee B. The main payload, however, will need to be aligned to within 6 deg of the local magnetic eld throughout the science portion of the ight so that the imager is pointed down the eld line. To do this we will align to apogee-B after deployments; see Performance report from NSROC for description. There are a number of unusual restrictions on the pointing for this mission. An important science goal will be studying the propagation of electric eld waves along the magnetic eld line from one E-eld subpayload to another. Thus we wish to have, for a few hundred seconds about apogee, the two E-eld subpayloads on the same magnetic eld line. Perfomance calculations show that it is feasible to have the payloads magnetically conjugate to within 100 m of the same eld line for approximately 100 s near apogee, while the subpayloads are more than 4 km separated along the eld line. This requires that the E-eld subpayloads be ejected, not along the local magnetic eld line, but along a separation vector such that at apogee they will be magnetically conjugate. Roughly, this means ejecting along a line parallel to the apogee magnetic eld vector. The PFF payloads will form the perpendicular part of the array. Their exact positions are not so restrictive, but they need to be (a) not too far away from the main (minimizes ejection velocity) and (b) not forming a straight line with the main payload (means ejections are not symmetric).

15.4 Despin
After all deployments, a nal main payload spin rate of approximately 1.5 Hz is desired to ensure payload stability and achieve the scientic objectives. The camera places restrictions on the error of this nal roll rate.

15.5 Attitude Control System

A gyro-based ACS is required on the main payload to satisfy the pointing, coning, and despin requirements detailed in the previous 3 sections.

16.0 Range Support

Dry nitrogen purge of payload (particle detectors, imager) required during build-up and on launcher. Realtime display of magnetometer, all sky camera, MSP data from Poker Flat, and internet access to realtime satellite data (ACE, GOES, etc.) Realtime display of magnetometer, all sky camera, MSP, induction magnetometer data from Kaktovik. Phone contact with Kaktovik. Radar realtime data feed from Poker Flat to Kaktovik. On-site generation of ight telemetry data on CD within one day of launch using Programmable Telemetry Processor (PTP) with data in PTP Stamp time format is requested.

17.0 Launch Conditions

Poker Flat Research Range winter Poker campaign, 2005 Before or near local magnetic midnight Azimuth as close as possible to magnetic north Solar illumination at apogee Launch angle chosen for maximum apogee altitude Launch requires: bright, active auroral display along the trajectory real-time auroral imaging at the downrange site in Kaktovik solar illumination of payloads at apogee (desired) It is necessary to hold the count at T minus 2 minutes for up to 30 minutes at a time Moon in last or rst quarter or below horizon at Kaktovik

18.0 Comprehensive Mission Success Criteria

Altitude: 691 km. Main payload dynamics: Coning angle 2.5 deg; ACS manuevers nished well before 300 km; Spin rate 1.5 0.1 Hz; Angle between spin axis and B not greater than 6 deg above 200 km altitude.

 E-eld subs dynamics: Coning half angle not to exceed 50 deg during ight; Angle between spin axis and B not greater than 40 deg. PFF dynamics: Coning half angle not to exceed 10 deg during ight; Angle between spin axis and B not greater than 10 deg. Array formation: Two E-eld subs magnetically conjugate within 100 m for 100 sec about apogee; E-eld subpayload separation at apogee of 4 km; PFFs and main payload forming an angle not more than 130 deg; PFF-main-PFF plane at least 70 deg to B. Instrument performance: 5 GPS providing location and timing; 2 E-eld instruments providing DC through HF data; 3 HEEPS e- providing synchronized data; 1 high-speed Bagel providing eld aligned electron data; 1 HEEPS ion providing ion distribution functions; 5 science magnetometers providing data that can be deconvolved to 1-2 nT accuracy with 0.1 s time resolution; Imager providing data showing 400 m structure (5 deg eld of view) at the payload magnetic footpoint with 30 Hz resolution. TM reception: All data received. Ground data: Narroweld imaging from Kaktovic tracking the payload footpoint; Allsky images provided from Poker and Kaktovic. Science: Crossing of an active auroral arc system, with passage northward into the polar cap; Alfvnic event recorded at polar cap edge; Alfven velocity measured by Eeld subpayload delay and PFF perpendicular structure signature; Perpendicular shears recorded on upleg or downleg.

18.0 Minimum Success Criteria

The parameters of minimum success are dependent on the performance analyses and tradeos between predicted performance and payload resources (weight, power.) The criteria below will need to be revisited as performance studies evolve. Altitude: 610 km Main payload dynamics: Coning angle 2.5 deg; ACS rings completed by 350 km altitude; Spin rate 1-2 Hz; Angle between spin axis and B not greater than 6deg during science portion of ight. E-eld subs dynamics: Coning half angle not to exceed 50 deg during ight; Angle between spin axis and B not greater than 40 deg. PFF dynamics: Coning half angle not to exceed 20 deg during ight; Angle between spin axis and B not greater than 20 deg. Array formation: Two E-eld subs magnetically conjugate within 200 m for 100 sec about apogee; E-eld sub separation of 4 km at apogee; PFFs and main payload forming an angle not more than 150 deg; PFF-main-PFF plane at least 60 deg to B.

 Instrument performance: 5 GPS providing location and timing; 2 E-eld instruments providing DC through HF data; 3 HEEPS e- providing synchronized data; 1 high-speed Bagel providing eld aligned electron data; 1 HEEPS ion providing ion distribution functions; 5 science magnetometers providing data that can be deconvolved to 10 nT accuracy with 1 s time resolution; Imager providing data showing 400 m structure (5 deg eld of view) at the payload magnetic footpoint with 15 Hz resolution. TM reception: All data received with minimal dropouts. Ground data: Narroweld imaging from Kaktovic tracking the payload footpoint; Allsky images provided from Poker and Kaktovic. Science: Crossing of an active auroral arc system, with passage northward into the polar cap; Alfvenic event recorded at polar cap edge; spatial/temporal structure discerned and measured.

20.0 Open Questions and Specic Concerns

Mechanical design of imager/ACS area Imager alignment: optical alignment of deck and main payload spin axis Mechanical design of PFF and deployer PFF and main payload balancing before/after deployments Timer error management NIACS development

21.0 List of Contacts

PI -Kristina Lynch Department of Physics and Astronomy Dartmouth College (603) 646-9311 Kristina.Lynch@Dartmouth.edu Co-Is ------Paul M. Kintner 302 Rhodes Hall School of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-5304 pmk1@cornell.edu Marc Lessard Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 (603) 646-2608 Marc.Lessard@dartmouth.edu Hans Stenbaek-Nielsen Geophysics Institute University of Alaska hnielsen@gi.alaska.edu Roger L. Arnoldy Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 (603) 862-2751 roger.arnoldy@unh.edu James W. LaBelle Department of Physics and Astronomy Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 (603) 646-2973 James.LaBelle@dartmouth.edu Mark L. Psiaki Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 220 Upson Hall Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-9100 mlp4@cornell.edu Thomas Hallinan Geophysics Institute University of Alaska hallinan@gi.alaska.edu John Bonnell

Space Sciences Laboratory University of California, Berkeley jbonnell@ssl.berkeley.edu Chris Chaston Space Sciences Laboratory University of California, Berkeley ccc@ssl.berkeley.edu Nikolay Ivchenko Alfvn Laboratory, KTH, Stockholm ivchenko@plasma.kth.se Goran Marklund Alfven Laboratory, KTH, Stockholm marklund@plasma.kth.se Engineering Design --------------------------Kevin G. Rhoads Wilder 317A, HB 6127 Department of Physics and Astronomy Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3528 (603) 646-2972 kevin.rhoads@dartmouth.edu Steven Powell 321 Rhodes Hall School of Electrical & Computer Engineering Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-4551 sp35@cornell.edu Paul Riley Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 (603) 646-2326 paul.riley@dartmouth.edu Mark Widholm Space Science Center Morse Hall

University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 (603) 862-4597 Mark.Widholm@unh.edu David Rau Space Science Center Morse Hall University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 (603) 862-3147 david.rau@unh.edu Henry H. Harjes Department of Physics Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 (603) 646-0116 Henry.H.Harjes@dartmouth.edu David Collins Science Division Electronics Shop, 1A Wilder Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3528 (603) 646-3374 david.collins@dartmouth.edu Ralph Gibson Department of Physics and Astronomy Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3528 (603) 646-3528 ralph.gibson@dartmouth.edu Students -----------Rob Michell Wilder 317A, HB 6127 Department of Physics and Astronomy Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3528 (603) 646-2972 rob.michell@dartmouth.edu Armin Ellis

Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 (603) 646-2326 armin.ellis@dartmouth.edu Jonathan Tullis Wilder 317A, HB 6127 Department of Physics and Astronomy Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3528 (603) 646-2972 jonathan.tullis@dartmouth.edu

Figure 2: Forward experiment section (from Brian Hall).

Figure 3: Heeps detectors.

Figure 4: Bagel detector.

Figure 5: Onboard imager.

Figure 6: Science magnetometer, on main, both PFFs, and both subs. Mounting holes (0.125 diameter) are at 3.392 and 4.730 from non-connector end of 1.41x1.44x5.895 chassis; connector clearance at end is 1.5; 1.41 by 5.895 surface is ush to deck.

Figure 7: Deectable aperture electron detector.

Figure 8: PFF mockup.

Figure 9: PFF deployment.