Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

A
Abrasion:
The scraping of the surface by rocks frozen into moving ice

Adit mining:
An adit is an opening or passage and adit mining is one that is done in hilly districts where a mineral seam is exposed on a hillside.

Afforestation:
Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

Agriculture:
Agriculture also called farming or husbandry is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel and other products used to sustain life.

Alluvial terraces:
A terraced embankment of loose material adjacent to the sides of a river valley.

Arid:
A region is arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

B
Barrages:
A barrage is a type of dam, which consists of a line of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water passing the dam.

C
Charsa:
It is an irrigation system in which animal power is used to pull water from a well.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

Cirque/Corrie:
A cirque or corrie is an amphitheater-like valley head, formed at the head of a valley glacier by erosion.

Climate:
Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental measurements in a given region over long periods.

Commercial fishing:
Fishing on a large scale for commercial purposes.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

Condensation:
The change of state from a gas to a liquid.

Contour ploughing:
Contour ploughing is the farming practice of ploughing across a slope following its elevation contour lines.

Cyclones:
A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a lowpressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

D
Dams:
A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams.

Deforestation:
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.

Deserts:
A desert is a landscape or region that receives an extremely low amount of precipitation, less than enough to support growth of most plants.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

Drought:
A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply whether surface or underground water.

F
Fishing:
Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish.

Fish farms:
Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture, and involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

Flood plains:
A floodplain is a flat or nearly flat land adjacent a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge.

Forests:
Large, extensive areas dominated by trees.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

G
Glaciers:
A slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles.

Gorges:
A gorge is a deep ravine between cliffs often carved from the landscape by a river.

Groundwater:
Groundwater is water located beneath the earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

I
Indus River:
It is a major river that flows through Pakistan.

Irrigation:
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil.

M
Minerals:
A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

Mountains:
A large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level

N
Non-renewable resources:
A natural resource such as coal, gas, or oil that, once consumed, cannot be replaced.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

O
Open cast mining:
Open-pit mining, open-cut mining or opencast mining is a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow.

Overfishing:
Overfishing is the act whereby fish stocks are depleted to unacceptable levels, regardless of water body size.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

P
Plains:
A plain is land with relatively low relief, that is flat or gently rolling.

Plateau:
In geology and earth science, a plateau, also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain.

Plucking:
Plucking is a glacial phenomenon, which erodes and transports bedrock.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

Pollution:
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.

Precipitation:
Precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

R
Rapids:
A rapid is a section of a river where the river bed has a relatively steep gradient causing an increase in water velocity and turbulence.

Ravines:
A ravine is a landform narrower than a canyon and is often the product of stream-cutting erosion.

Ridges:
A ridge is a geological feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

Relief Rainfall:
Relief rain is when moist air from the sea rises over a mountain and the air gets cold and forms clouds and the rain mostly falls on one side and becomes less at the bottom.

Renewable resources:
Any natural resource (as water or solar energy) that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

S
Salinity:
Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water or in soil.

Sand-dunes:
A ridge of sand created by the wind; found in deserts or near lakes and oceans.

Scree:
A mass of small loose stones that form or cover a slope on a mountain.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

Siltation:
The act of depositing silt at the bottom of a water body.

Snowfield:
A snow field is a permanent accumulation of snow and ice, typically found below the snow line

Streams:
A stream is a body of water with a current, confined within a bed and stream banks.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

T
Terracing:
Make or form (sloping land) into a number of level flat areas resembling a series of steps.

Tube wells:
A tube well is a well that is made by inserting a long pipe into the ground to extract the groundwater.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

V
Valleys:
In geology, a valley or dale is a depression with predominant extent in one direction.

W
Waterlogging:
Waterlogging refers to the saturation of soil with water.

Pictorial Dictionary Fatima Farrukh

Water table:
The level below which the ground is saturated with water.

Weather:
Short term daily changes in atmospheric conditions.