Digital Re-print September | October 2012

Probiotics: modulators of gut bacteria dialogue

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FEATURE

Probiotics:
robiotics have been used in humans and livestock animals for a long time. These additives, once administered to the animals, enter into the gastrointestinal tract where they exert their actions. Whereas, historically, the main effect attributed to these products was the direct modulation of certain groups of bacteria (mainly lactobacilli and enterobacteria), today it is well known that probiotics exert several and complex actions in the gut. Some studies have related their beneficial effects on a modulatory effect of the host immune system and, more recently, on gut bacteria communication. This article will briefly describe the effect of probiotics modulating gut bacteria communication.

modulators of gut bacteria dialogue

by Marisol Castillo, DVM, PhD, Rubinum Animal Health SA, Spain

Modifying gut bacteria

It seems logical that the use of live bacteria in feed may modify gut microbial profile either directly, by producing some chemical substances, or indirectly by modification of nutrient availability and overall gut environment. It also makes sense that when an unknown bacteria is introduced into the animal gut tract, it reacts in a such way that produces a response in the local, and sometimes systemic, immune response. This effect seems to be more pronounced when non-commensal bacteria are given to animals, mainly Bacillus spp. species. In this regard, it is well known that there is a type of dialogue between the gut bacteria and the animal gut cells, and is in fact called cross-talk process. Bacteria belonging to the animal commensal microbiota have the ability to modify or begin the expression of host gut receptors as well as to modulate the gut glycosylation pattern, both quantitatively and qualitatively by changing distribution
20 | September - october 2012

of such receptors. In this way, they can improve therefore their own gut colonisation and, what is more, create new potential sites for their attachment. So, an optimal gut bacteria population is crucial to prime the immune system in the correct way, which is especially important in immature animals, such as commercially

reared piglets. In fact, the resident microbiota is usually described as the major source of antigenic material for the animal. Several studies have demonstrated an optimised immune response when probiotics are administered (higher amount of antibodies in colostrum, gut content and blood, higher specific gut immune cells).
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Disrupting bacteria communication

Apart from the direct gut bacteria modification and immune effect, new recent studies have demonstrated the effect of some bacteria belonging to Bacillus spp. to disrupt bacteria communication, a fact that can explain some of the effects of probiotics based on this bacterium. It has been described that there is a communication between gut bacteria, called quorum sensing that allows bacteria to get a consensus on whether the intestinal environment has been effectively colonised before making the energetic investment required for the initiation of their metabolic response to colonize or infect the host (by producing toxins, adherence factors). In particular, some gram-negative bacteria typical from the gastrointestinal tract (Yersinia, E. Coli, Salmonella) produce specific kinds of molecules (N-acyl-homoserinelactones). These molecules are not only produced but also recognised by these bacteria, giving to them the possibility to know when the population has reached the optimal population level to start animal host infection. When this threshold level is reached, enteropathogens start inducing the expression of some specific genes that express for invasion and infective factors. In this way, bacteria belonging to this group, guarantee the most suitable time to

start gut colonisation and invade host to succeed in host infection to cause damage. In particular, different in vitro trials run by Rubinum SA in collaboration with CRESA, have demonstrated that B. cereus var. toyoi has an effect against the gut colonisation by some potential gut enteropathogens, such as

between them. This new information opens a new concept in the probiotics mode of action studies. Taking this in mind, the use of one probiotic with this ability may be helpful in some specific situations in those situations in which we want not only to reduce the amount of these specific

"The use of one probiotic with this ability may be helpful in some specific situations in those situations in which we want not only to reduce the amount of these specific enteropathogens in the gut, but also to avoid the potential of these bacteria to invade gut epithelium and therefore animal body"

Yersinia and Salmonella spp by destroying the chemical substances cited above. It seems therefore that probiotics are not only able to directly modify gut specific bacteria populations and profile host immune response, but also they can interrupt the way used by enteropathogens to communicate

enteropathogens in the gut, but also to avoid the potential of these bacteria to invade gut epithelium and therefore animal body. More inforMation: Website: www.rubinum.es

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September - october 2012 | 21

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Insect damaged wheat:

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Probiotics:
modulators of gut bacteria dialogue

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