Anatomical position Anatomical planes Anatomical quadrants Body regions Body cavities and membranes Directional terms Anatomical terms Organ systems & their components
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Subject stands erect Feet flat on floor Arms at sides Chin parallel to floor Palms, eyes & face facing forward facing the observer
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body or an organ Mid-sagittal plane divides body into equal right and left halves Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left halves Frontal (coronal) plane divides body into anter & posterior portions Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior & inferior portions Oblique plane cut the body at a slant or diagonal angle not perpendicular to the other planes
Sagittal section
Frontal section
Transverse section
Cut/plane?
Liver Serosae
Diaphragm
Lesser omentum
Pancreas
Small intestine
Parietal peritoneum Peritoneal cavity
Urinary bladder
Cut/plane?
Posterior Back muscles
Anterior
Quadrants
Stomach
10th rib
(a)
(b)
Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric region
Dorsal cavity
Ventral cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity: Pleural cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Cavities within the ventral cavity have double-layered serous membranes that surrounding organs. They produce serious fluid that reduces friction when the organs move against one another
Heart Diaphragm
(a) Pericardium
Lung
Diaphragm
(b) Pleurae
Directional terms: are used to describe the relationship of one body structure to another. Terms can be found in contrasting pairs such as: Superior & inferior Anterior/ventral & posterior/dorsal Medial & lateral Proximal & distal Ipsilateral & contralateral Superficial & deep Parietal & visceral Cephalic & caudal Intermediate
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Directional terms:
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Other helpful terms to be familiar with: i). Medullary ii). Cortical iii). Apical iv). Basal v). Lumen vi). Endovii). Epiviii). Periix). Hyper x). Hypo
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Common Names Head Ear Mouth Eye Cheek Chin Forehead Neck
Back of neck
Palmar Phalanges/digits Mammary Umbilical Inguinal Lumbar Gluteal Patellar Popiteal Sural Crural Tarsal Pedal Calcaneal Hallux
Palm Fingers Breast Navel Groin Lower back Buttocks Knee Back of knee Calf / posterior leg Leg Ankle Foot Heel Big-toe
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Anatomical Terms
Cephalic r. (head) Facial r. (face) Upper limb: Acromial r. (shoulder)
Axillary r. (armpit)
Brachial r. (arm) Cubital r. (elbow)
Antebrachial r. (forearm)
Carpal r. (wrist)
Palmar r. (palm)
Lower limb: Coxal r. (hip)
Patellar r. (knee)
Crural r. (leg)
Tarsal r. (ankle) Pedal r. (foot): Dorsum
Anatomical Terms
Cranial r.
Nuchal r. (back of neck) Interscapular r.
Crural r.
Tarsal r.
Calcaneal r. (heel)
Integumentary system
Principal organs: Bones, cartilages, ligaments Principal functions: Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acidbase balance
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Principal functions: Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease
Lymphatic system
Principal organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Principal functions: Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acidbase balance, speech
Respiratory system
Principal functions: Elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification
Urinary system
Principal organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia Principal functions: Rapid internal commun ication, coordination, motor control and sensation
Nervous system
Principal organs: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries Principal functions: Hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination
Endocrine system
Principal organs: Heart, blood vessels Principal functions: Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Circulatory system
Principal organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Principal functions: Nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood.
Digestive system
Principal organs: Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis Principal functions: Production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones
Principal functions: Production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones
Fig. A.12
Platysma Trapezius m. Clavicle
Copyright The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cephalic v.
Breast Biceps brachii m.
Fig. A.13
Internal jugular v. External jugular v. Omohyoid m.
Clavicle Internal intercostal mm. External intercostal mm.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Common carotid a.
Sternum
Subscapularis m. Coracobrachialis m. Lung Pericardium Pleura Diaphragm Stomach
Gallbladder External abdominal oblique m. Internal abdominal oblique m. Transverse abdominal m. Greater omentum
Large intestine
Urinary bladder
Penis Scrotum
Femoral n.
Femoral a. Femoral v.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Heart
Lobes of lung
Spleen Stomach
Large intestine
Rectus femoris m.
Esophagus
Pleural cavity
Spleen
Adrenal gland Pancreas
Superior mesenteric v .
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac a.
Ureter
Ovary
Uterine tube Uterus Tensor fasciae latae m. (cut) Sartorius m. (cut) Rectus femoris m. (cut) Adductor brevis m.
Urinary bladder
Pectineus m. Gracilis m. Adductor longus m.
Vastus intermedius m.
Adductor longus m. (cut) Vastus lateralis m. Vastus medialis m.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Right subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic trunk External intercostal m.
Ribs
Internal intercostal m.
Thoracic aorta
Esophagus
Diaphragm
Abdominal aorta
Quadratus lumborum m.
Ilium Sacrum
Anterior superior spine of ilium
Brim of pelvis
Small intestine
Cecum
Sigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Sigmoid colon
Seminal vesicle
Epididymis Scrotum
Glans
Testis (a) Male
The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
Labium minus
(b) Female
McGraw -Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections