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EE 23353 Analog Communications

Chapter 1: Introduction

Dr. Rami A. Wahsheh

Communications Engineering Department

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Communication system. y 1.2 Analog and digital messages. 1.3 Signal-to-noise ratio, channel bandwidth, and the rate of communication. 1.4 Modulation.

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Elements of a Communication System

The Goal of a Communication System Designer: is to configure a system that transports a message signal from a source of interest across a noisy channel to a user at the other end of the channel.

Human Voice Television Picture Teletype message Data

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Elements of a Communication System

The objective is to deliver the message signal to the user both: 1 Efficiently and 2 Reliably 1. 2. Subject to certain design constraints:

1. Allowable transmit power. 2. Available channel bandwidth. 3. 3 Affordable cost of building the system system.

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1.1 Communication System

Converts the nonelectrical signal to electrical one The output is called either a
baseband signal or a message signal

Human Voice Television Picture Teletype message Data

Modifies the baseband signal for efficient transmission

Classification of Communication Systems

Classification of communication systems based on the transmitted range of frequencies. 1.Baseband system: transmits the information signal without modulation (not suitable for microwave or satellite links). 2.Passband system: shifts the frequency of the information signal to a higher frequency before transmission. t i i Modulation: is the process of shifting the baseband signal to passband range for transmission. Demodulation: is the process of shifting the passband 6 signal to baseband frequency range at the receiver.

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Baseband
Spectrum of a baseband signal, energy as a function of frequency: In telecommunications and signal processing, baseband is an adjective that describes signals and systems whose range of frequencies is measured from close to 0 hertz to a cut-off frequency. Baseband can often be considered as a synonym to lowpass, and antonym to passband and bandpass.

Passband
In telecommunications, optics, and acoustics a passband acoustics, (not to be confused with bandpass) is the portion of the frequency spectrum that is transmitted (with minimum relative loss or maximum relative gain) by some filtering device. In other words, it is a band of frequencies which passes through some filter or set of filters.
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Band-Pass Filter
A band-pass filter is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that range.

Bandwidth measured at half-power points (gain -3 dB relative to peak) on a diagram showing magnitude transfer function versus frequency for a band-pass filter
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1.1 Communication System

Converts the nonelectrical signal to electrical one The output is called either a
baseband signal or a message signal

IIs a medium through which di th h hi h the transmitter output is sent

Human Voice Television Picture Teletype message Data

Modifies the baseband signal for efficient transmission

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Transmission Media

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Transmission: Link Technologies

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Calculation of Decibel (dB)

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Definitions of dBm and dBW

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dB Hint

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1.1 Communication system

Converts the nonelectrical signal to electrical one The output is called either a
baseband signal or a message signal

Is a medium through which

the transmitter output is sent

Converts the electrical

signal to its original form---the message

Human Voice Television Picture Teletype message Data

Modifies the baseband signal for efficient transmission

Undo the signal modifications made at the transmitter and the channel

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Noise
The received signal looks different from the transmitted one due to the presence of noise (internal or external) and channel distortion.

The noise is one of the factors that limits the rate of communication.
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Noise
External Sources: interference from signals transmitted on nearby channels, human-made noise generated by faulty contact switches for electrical equipment, automobile ignition radiation, fluorescent lights or natural noise from lightning, as well as electrical storms and solar radiation, etc.

Crosstalk

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Noise
Internal Sources: thermal motion of electrons in conductors, random emission and diffusion or recombination of charged carriers in electronic devices. Without Noise

With Noise

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Solutions for External Noise

The effect of the external noise can be minimized or 20 eliminated.

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Solutions for Internal Noise

The effect of the internal noise can be minimized but can never be eliminated.
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Distortion
The attenuation of the signal increases with the length of the channel channel.

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Linear Distortion
The waveform is distorted because of different amounts of attenuation and phase shift suffered by different frequency components of the signal.

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Linear Distortion
It depends on both the channels type and length.

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Linear Distortion

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Solution for Linear Distortion

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NonLinear Distortion

The attenuation varies with the signal amplitude.

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NonLinear Distortion

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1.2 Analog and Digital Messages

Digital Messages: are constructed with a finite number of symbols. Example: A Morse-coded telegraph message is a digital message constructed from a set of only two symbols-mark and space. It is a binary message (two symbols). M-ary message is constructed of M-Symbols. Analog Messages: are characterized by data whose values vary over a continuous range and can assume an infinite number of possible values. Example: A speech waveform has amplitudes that 29 vary over a continuous range.

Noise Immunity of Digital Signals

Two symbols are encoded as rectangular pulses of amplitudes A/2 and A/2 The only decision at the receiver is the selection between two possible y p pulses received, not the details of the pulse shape. The data can be recovered correctly as long as the distortion and the noise are within limits.

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Noise Immunity of Digital Signals

In contrast the waveform in an analog message contrast, is important, and even a slight distortion or interference in the waveform will cause an error in the received signal. A digital communications system withstand noise and distortion. can better

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Noise and Distortion

Amplification of the received signal to make up for the attenuation is of little help because the noise will be amplified in the same proportion, and the SNR remains unchanged.

The incoming pulses are detected and new clean pulses 32 are transmitted to the next repeater station.

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1.3 SNR and Channel Bandwidth

The fundamental parameters that control the rate and quality of information transmission are: 1.The channel bandwidth B 2.The signal power S The bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequencies that it can transmit with reasonable fidelity. If a channel of bandwidth B can transmit N pulses per second, then to transmit KN pulses per second, we need a channel of a bandwidth KB.
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Bandwidth B

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Signal-to-Noise Ratio SNR

A high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is required for a high quality communication SNR = power of signal / power of noise In a realistic channel the noise is accumulating along the channel's path the signal amplitude is decreasing therefore the SNR is continuously decreasing along the channel.
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Signal Power S
Increasing the signal power reduces the effect of channel noise and allows transmission over a longer distance. distance The limitations imposed on communication by the channel bandwidth and SNR is highlighted by the information capacity theorem (Shannons Theorem): C=B Log2(1+SNR) bit/s
C: is the information capacity of the channel (number of bits that can be transmitted per second without error) B: is the channel bandwidth
36 SNR: is the received signal-to-noise-ratio

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1.4 Modulation
In modulation, one characteristic or more of a signal (generally a sinusoidal wave) known as the carrier is changed based on the information signal that we wish to transmit. The characteristics of the carrier signal that can be changed are the amplitude, phase, or frequency, which result in Amplitude modulation, Phase modulation, or Frequency modulation.

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Modulation Types
1.Continuous-Wave Modulation: Some parameters of the sinusoidal carrier wave is varied continuously in accordance with the message signal. A. Amplitude Modulation (AM): in which the amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier is varied in accordance with the message signal B. Angle Modulation: in which the instantaneous frequency or phase of the sinusoidal carrier is varied in accordance with the message signal.
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Modulation

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Modulation Types Cont

2. Pulse Modulation: Some parameters of a pulse train is varied in accordance with the message signal. A. Analog Pulse Modulation: a periodic pulse train is used as the carrier wave, and some characteristic feature of each pulse (e.g., amplitude, duration, or position) is varied in a continuous manner in accordance with the corresponding sample value of the message signal. B. Digital Pulse Modulation: the message signal is represented in a form that is discrete in both time and amplitude, thereby permitting its transmission in digital 40 form as a sequence of coded pulses.

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PAM

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Pulse Time Modulation Types

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Reasons for Modulation

1.Ease of Radiation: For efficient radiation of electromagnetic energy, the radiating antenna should be on the order of one tenth or more of the one-tenth wavelength of the signal radiated. For many baseband signals, the wavelengths are too large for reasonable antenna dimensions.
For example: the frequency of a human voice is in the range of 100-3000 Hz. The corresponding wavelength (=c/f=3x108 [m/s]/Frequency) is 100-3000 Km. The antenna size required would be impractical. That is why we modulate a high-frequency carrier, thus translating the signal spectrum to the region of carrier frequencies that corresponds to a much 43 smaller wavelength.

Reasons for Modulation

2. 2 Simultaneous Transmission of Several Signals: broadcasting the audio of several radio stations directly without modulation will result in interference. Modulation translates each signal to a different frequency q y range g and consequently q y the interference will not happen.

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Signal Power S
Transmitting several signals of different frequency range simultaneously is known as FrequencyDivision-Multiplexing (FDM). Division Multiplexing (FDM) At the receiver one receiver, can use a tunable bandpass filter to select the desired signal. Another method of Multiplexing several signals is called Time-Division-Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): the transmission time is shared by a number of signals by interleaving the pulse trains of various signals in a specific order. At the receiver, the pulse trains corresponding to various signals are separated.
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Reasons for Modulation

3. Effecting the Exchange of SNR with B: the amount of modulation used controls the exchange of SNR and the transmission bandwidth B.

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