ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY
ASPECTOS LINGSTICOS GOING TO EXPRESIONES DE FUTURO LA OBLIGACIN Y LA PROHIBICIN. MUST Y MUSTNT. WILL EL PRIMER CONDICIONAL

OUTLINE

VOCABULARY

1. PHOTOGRAPHY 2. OPTICAL PRECEDENTS: CAMERA OBSCURA 3. CHEMICAL PRECEDENTS 4. MAIN FIGURES AT THE DISCOVERY OF PHOTOGRAPHY NIEPCE DAGUERRE FOX TALBOT: THE CALOTYPE SCOTT ARCHER: THE WET COLLODION ETC 5. PHOTOGRAPHIC STYLES: REALISTIC CREATIVE 6. PHOTOGRAPHIC GENRES: SCIENTIFIC ON ADS PRESS PHOTOGRAPHY ARTISTIC PHOTOGRAPHY PHOTOMONTAGE

PHO ETICS

// / l / / h / /w/ / j/

/r/

ACCURATE AESTHETIC APERTURE APPETITE ATTEMPT CELLULOID CHAMBER CHEMICALLY COATED DEVICE DIFRACTION EMULSIFY EXPOSURE HASTEN HOLE NITRATE PINHOLE PHOTOMONTAGE

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

1. PHOTOGRAPHY Photography is the art of producing images from the camera obscura on chemically coated surfaces (metal, or paper) by the use of light. It was and still is a revolutionary technique which allows us to reproduce images in a high scale and with a realism never known before. It was born at beginning of the 19th century thanks to the mixing of two different phenomena: An optical precedent: The formation of images on the camera obscura (on a plane surface throuhg the projection of light rays). A chemical precedent: the special capability of the reaction of some substances to light effects.

And so, photography is the antecedent of the cinema (pictures or images in motion). From its discovery to present days, photography has experienced a great technological evolution. The appetite for realism shown by the 19th century society will be deeply satisfied first by photography and later by the cinema. OPTICAL PRECEDENTS. CAMERA OBSCURA. The camera obscura (Latin; "camera" is a "vaulted chamber/room" and "obscura" means "dark" so it means "darkened chamber/room") is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen. It is used in drawing and for entertainment, and was one of the inventions that led to photography. The device consists of a box with a hole in one side. Light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside where it is reproduced, upside-down, but with colour and perspective preserved. The image can be projected onto paper, and can then be traced to produce a highly accurate representation.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://members.fortunecity.co.uk/chilefotos/camaraoscura.jpg& Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

Using mirrors, as in the 18th century overhead version it is possible to project a right-side-up image. As a pinhole is made smaller, the image gets sharper, but the projected image becomes dimmer. With too small a pinhole the sharpness again becomes worse due to diffraction. Some practical camera obscuras use a lens rather than a pinhole because it allows a larger aperture, giving a usable brightness while maintaining focus. Its potential as a drawing aid may have been familiar to artists by the 15th century.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotografiad.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/10/camera01_light-bulb.jpg

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

Johannes Vermeer from Deft, who was hired as painter in the 17th century, was known for his magnificent attention to detail. It has been widely speculated that he made use of such a camera, but the extent of their use by artists at this period remains a matter of considerable controversy. Such cameras were later adapted by Joseph Nicephore Niepce, Louis Daguerre and William Fox Talbot for creating the first photographs. Today, the camera obscura is used for entertaiment and is easy to built .

http://albertis-window.blogspot.com/2010/06/pinholes-on-vermeers-canvases.html

CHEMICAL PRECEDENTS From ancient times it has been known that silver salts gets dark after being in sunlight. In the 19th century silver salts were objects of systematic studies. So it was possible from the beginning to emulsify paper with silver nitrate and place objects on the paper to get the silhouettes of those objects when exposed to the sunlight. The main problem was in fixing these images produced by light. So in this sense it is due to the discoveries of the photography.

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

THE MAIN FIGURES IN THE DISCOVERY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHY

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotografiad.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/10/camera01_light-bulb.jpg

NICEPHORE NIEPCE He was the first person to get the non fixed negative. For his first experiments, Niepce positioned sheets of silver salted paper at the back of the camera obscura which blackened with day light. In 1816 he produced the first image of nature, a view from a window. This picture required an exposure of eight hours.

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotografiad.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/10/camera01_light-bulb.jpg

This picture was a negative and the image vanished because in broad daylight the coated paper becomes completely black. On his way to discover photography Niepce, established the basis of photoengraving (used to print photos and graphical documents).

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

LOUIS DAGUERRE In 1829 Nipce agreed to go into a partnership with Louis Daguerre . Nipce died only four years later, but Daguerre continued to experiment. Soon he had discovered a way of developing photographic plates, a process which greatly reduced the exposure time from eight hours down to half an hour. He also discovered that an image could be made permanent by immersing it in salt. Details of the process were made public on 19 August 1839, and Daguerre named it the Daguerreotype. The Daguerreotype process, though good, was expensive, and each picture was a once-only affair. That, too many, would not have been regarded as a disadvantage; it meant that the owner of the portrait could be certain that he had a piece of art that could not be duplicated. If however two copies were required, the only way of dealing this was to use two cameras side by side. There was, therefore, a growing need for a means of copying pictures, which daguerreotypes could never satisfy.

HENRY FOX TALBOT. THE CALOTYPE Different, and in a sense a rival to the Daguerreotype, was the Calotype invented by William Henry Fox Talbot, which was to provide the answer to that problem. The negative is small and poor in quality, compared with the striking images produced by the Daguerreotype process. By 1840, however, Talbot had made some significant improvements, and by 1844 he was able to bring out a photographically illustrated book entitled "The Pencil of nature." Compared with Daguerreotypes the quality of the early Calotypes was somewhat inferior. However, the great advantage of Talbot's method was that an unlimited number of positive prints could be made.

http://www.elangelcaido.org/fotografos/talbot/talbot08.html

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

FREDERIC SCOTT COLLODION

ARCHER.

THE

WET

In 1851 a new era in photography was introduced by Frederick Scott Archer who introduced the Collodion process. This process was much faster than conventional methods, reducing exposure times to two or three seconds, thus opening up new horizons in photography.

The collodion process required that the coating, exposure and development of the image should be done whilst the plate was still wet.

The wet collodion process, though in its time a great step forward, required a considerable amount of equipment on location. There were various attempts to preserve exposed plates in wet collodion, for development at a more convenient time and place, but these preservatives lessened the sensitivity of the material. It was clear, then, that a dry method was required. It is likely that the difficulties of the process hastened the search for instantaneous photography.

http://cwfp.biz/kevinklein/collodion.html

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

RICHARD MADDOX. GELATIN The next major step forward came in 1871, when Dr. Richard Maddox discovered a way of using Gelatin (which had been discovered only a few years before) instead of glass as a basis for the photographic plate. This led to the development of the dry plate process. Dry plates could be developed much more quickly than with previous techniques. Initially it was very insensitive in comparison to other processes, but it was refined to the extent that the idea of factory-made photographic material was now becoming possible. The introduction of the dry-plate process marked a turning point. No longer did one need the cumbersome wet-plates, no longer was a darkroom tent needed. The day was very near that pictures could be taken without the photographer needing any specialised knowledge. Celluloid had been invented in the early eighteen-sixties, and very thin celluloid was being produced as a backing for sensitive material. GEORGE EASTMAN is particularly remembered for introducing flexible film in 1884. Four years later he introduced the box camera, and photography could now reach a much greater number of people.

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://lh5.ggpht.com/nosologadgets/SHiaKcTzcBI/AAAAAAAABX4/Y3nM6wVxzLc/Eastman.jpg

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

Other names of significance include HERMAN VOGEL, who developed a means by which film could become sensitive to green light, and EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE who paved the way for motion picture photography. Popular in the Victorian times was stereoscopic photography which reproduced images in three dimensions. It is a process whose popularity waxed and waned - as it does now - reaching its heights in the mid-Victorian era.

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://ateopoeta.blogia.com/upload/20101011125613-muybridge-galloping-horse.jpg

THE PHOTOGRAPHIC STYLES We can use photography to express ourselves. Our attitude about what we see combine with what we perceive will be shown through the camera lens. 1. REALISTIC PHOTOGRAPHY Reality is captured in an objective way. So, in this sense we can talk about the document-picture, for example, the ones we can find every day at the press. 2. CREATIVE PHOTOGRAPHY These pictures show artistic creativity freely. Creative photography appeared in the middle of the 19th century and at the beginning was so influenced by painting that the subjects of the photographs were the same as the subjects in painting. Later, photography ran free from conventionalities and received others aesthetic aspects and technical manipulations which led to the rebirth of photography to reborn as a new and independent media of artistic expression.
Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

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ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

PHOPTOGRAPHIC GENRES 1. SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY

In this field, photography is meant to be a precious working tool because of the possibility to catch images that are no accessible to the human eye. The microscopic images of micro organisms, the macro images taken by satellites and also naturalist and underwater photography are notable examples.

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.culturasushi.com/w p-content/uploads/2009/07/huevos_atun.jpg

2. PHOTOGRAPHY ON ADVERTS In this field, photography tries to make products more attractive in oerder to get more successful sales. So accurate lightning, colour, pretty models and special effects due to photo retouching will play an important roll in that matter.

http://www.taringa.net/posts/imagenes/5744870/Publicidad-graficamuy-bueno.html

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

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ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

3. PRESS PHOTOGRAPHY Photography has become an essential support element for news. The press photographer must take pictures of the present world. We can talk about the illustrated feature in which the photographer analyzes a subject by offering the most amounts of visual information required, accompanied with his own point of view.

4. ARTISTIC PHOTOGRAPHY Aesthetic function is really important in this type of photograph. The photographer creates aesthetic messages that are able to suggest different ideas. Sometimes pictures have some element of critic al and social denouncement.

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_eq3Lo0Wsjws/S8 XLPYLbPlI/AAAAAAAAAFM/8vkifdQd8Sw/s1600/chemamadoz.jpg

5. PHOTOMONTAGE This is a technique that allows us to create fantastic situations or impossible shapes. Basically, it consists of cutting and fixing pieces of pictures and placing them on to a 2D space according to a previous idea. Nowadays, the artists of this type of media work on their computers by using special software such as Photoshop )

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_skw LqHqUUR4/RjEUolI5KmI/AAAAAAAAAUw/tokdQYSfRtk/s400/lon esome_city_dweller_by_herbert_bayer.jpg

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

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ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

1. VOCABULARY Vocabulary
A Accurate Aesthetic Aperture Appetite Attempt C Celluloid Chamber Chemically Coated Controversy Conventionality Cumbersome D Device Difraction Dim E Emulsify Exposure H Hasten Hire Hole L Less (to less) Location N Nitrate O Optical Overhead P Pinhole Plate
Carmen Castillo

Pronunciation
/'kj r t/ adjetivo /es'et k / | /'p t (r)/ sustantivo /'p ta t/ n / 'tempt/ verbo transitivo /'selj l d/ n uncountable /'t e mb (r)/ sustantivo /'kem k l/ /'k t d/ sufijo /'k ntrev :si/ /k n'ven n/ sustantivo /'k mb s m/ adjetivo /d 'va s/ sustantivo /da 'frk n/ sustantivo /d m/ adjetivo

Translation
Adecuado Esttica Abertura Apetito Intentar Celuloide Habitacin Qumicamente Cubierto Controversia Convencionalismo Pesado y voluminoso Invento,artilugio Difraccin Oscuro Emulsionar

/ k'sp

(r)/ sustantivo

Exposicin Acelerar, apresurarse Arrendar Agujero

/'he sn/ verbo /ha r / /h l/ sustantivo

/l

'ke

n/ sustantivo

Sitio, posicin Nitrato Optico Por encima, por lo alto Agujero pequeo, poro

/'na tre t/ /' pt k l/ adjetivo / v 'hed/ adverbio:

/ple t/ sustantivo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

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ART & DRAWING UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

Photoengraving Photomontage R Regard Right side up Rival S Strike U Upside-down V Vanish /'vn / Desvanecer psaida n/ Al revs /stra k/ Golpear /r 'g :d/ /ra tsa d p/ /'ra v l/ Rival Considerar /'f /'f t t n'gre v / n countable m n't : / Fotograbado Fotomontaje

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING

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